The Greek World 500- 440BC
Syllabus Point
Notes
Sources
geographical
context of ancient
Greece
Ancient times
Primary source
- Crops of wheat, barley, oliva, figs and grapes were
produced
- Anima- Sheep (wool famous), cattle, pig and gats
- Soprata a combined of five secreted village
- Remains of sculpture, pottery, plays, songs, literature and
the arts in general.
Persian
Wars
Notes
Persian
imperialism
Ancient times
Ionian
Revolt
Ancient times
-
Battle of
Period
-
West of the Eurotes rivers between Mt Parnon and Mt Taygetusl
Mt Taygetusl provide fuel and seasonal game
Iron mined for the production of bronze
Hot dry summers and mild winters but for flooding of the rivers
Sources
Darius l decided to dived the empire into 20 satrap
Local governors -> satrap -> Mitraily commandments -> King
Darius l want to extant the Persian empire
Greeks and Persian were friendly
Ionian under Persian control could continue to trade but suffer the burden of Tranny
Aristagoras, (Tyrant of Miletus) fearing punishment began a full rebellion against the empire
Aristagoras got helped from Sarius brother Aristagoras of 200 fleet and soldiers
Geral Megabates then betrayed Aristagoras
Sparta and the Peloponnesian League had no committed
Only Athens (sent 20 ships) and Eretria (sent 5 ships) offered helped to the Ionian rebels
Notes
Primary source
- Herodotus blames the Ionian Revolt on
Aristagoras the tyrant of Miletus.
- Herodotus saw the conflict as one between
two incompatible civilisations - tyranny and
democracy
- Peac setemenst with Ionia consatined with
new domestic goverment
Sources
Marathon
Start of battle
Ancient times
- Athlian army of 10000 sercue landsacpe of Marthon for there advantage
- Plaeto sent 600 to 1000 men to help Athelian
Primary source
- Report infom Eretria fell and
Persian are coming to attack Athlian
army
Role of Miltiades
Ancient times
Primary source
- Herodus reports 6400 Persian died
while only 142 Athelian deied
Wepons
- Persian- Bows/Awroor and Sheiled
- Greeks- Helmets, Spear, Swords,
Sheield
-
Inter-war
period
Wars
Worked under Drius friest but rebel in the iron revlot
Was elected general before Marathon campaign and had knowledge on Persian
Tacticus
Tactics of attacking the Persian head on so they dofd not shoot arows
Marched army back to AThena in case of Persian attack
Persian
Ancient times
- Darius l son Xerxes had to put down the reblians in Egypt and Babylon
- Xerxes sacred trade routes and mineral resources of the Black sea
- Xerxes planed a joint of land and sea following Mardonius
- Undertook a massive preparations program to have a successful invasion into
Greece
- Placed supy depots of food and other provocions along the Thracian and
Macedoinon coastline
Primary source
- With 10000 men and 800 Ships
Xexes sart his attack on Greece
- Raised 200 000 men at Sardis
from all over the empire, 5 million
is an exaggeration (Herodotus)
Greek
Ancient times
- Power of ten gernals control the city voted by the society
- Ostracised banned of citizens uszed first time in 487 BCE
- Thermopylae made Atehens strongest sea power in greece
- Mitradied leader attack Paros loss battle
- Athens and Aegina keept on fighting between each other
- Hellenic congress called where all sattes worked together to beat Persian army
- King Leonadries of Sprata had control of this army to fight Persia
Primary source
- Mitradied Accused of takin birbe
but was woned and died
- Ostracised recalled men off abllit to
fight
- Oracl at Dephil was against this
figting
Notes
Sources
Thermopylae
Ancient times
- Fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas and 300 Sprtan
men
- Developed a sense of nationalism and a united Greece.
- Spartans sacrificing themselves for their brothers, began to break the will of the Persian
Primary source
- Greek traitor Elphiatles led the Persian
surrounded Greek force = 4000 Greeks dead
and 20000 Persians dead
Artemisium
Ancient times
- 271 Greek ships under command of Eurybiades
- An inconclusive naval battle that was fought on the same three days as the Battle of
Thermopylae,
- The Persians marched into Attica and destroying Athens
Primary source
- According to Herodotus Athens was
evacuated because of the Greeks defeat at
Artemisium and Thermopylae
Salamis
Ancient times
- Athenians were safely in Salamis the navy waited in the Bay of Eleusis
- Themistocols trick Persian by trapping them between Salmins and the mainland
- Greeks regained crontroll of the Aegean Sea and Xerxess supply and community chain
was in danger
Primary source
- Thermointes threatened that Athens will
withdraw
- Some Persian stay in Greece but the Iroina
Greek revolt against them once more
- Aeschlus’s play = The Persians still to this
day
Plataea
Ancient times
- Mardonius stay in command of the Persian army in Grreece
- Atehns and Sprta once aginfought between each other Athen thranetd to withdraw the
army
- Greeks victory when took to higer ground to escape and Persian fell for it
- Plataea put an end to the invasion of mainland Greece and from this point, the Greeks
took the offensive.
Primary source
Ancient times
- Greek fleet had crossed the Aegean to Mycale where it destroyed the remaining Persian
fleet
- Mycale was both a land and sea battle: could have taken place on the same day as
Plataea
- The battle of Himera on the northern coast of Sicily decided the Greek victory
Primary source
-
Mycale
Secondary source
- Greeks army 40,000 but modern historians
say 100000-80000 army
Role and
contribution
Notes
Sources
Themistocles
Ancient times
- Interpections of the Delphic Orcal;s “Woodern Wall” speech secrues Athens victory
- Understood the Persian navy thus need to reduce the effectivness
Primary source
- Dcree of Themistovoles - Record Trozen
imscriptionsuported by Herpdutcus accun
Leonidas
Ancient times
- King of Sparta 490 - 480 BC died at Thermopylae
- Lured persina in a narrow path which made the Greeks kill most of them off
- Saved troops by sending them away once he realised all was lost, delayed Persians
roughly for days
Primary source
- Orcal at Dephi pedrcied his death
- Herodutus quotes when Leonidas knew they
were losing he sent the Greek away just level the
300 Sprtan left
- Becmae a legend and Greeks need for moral
boast
Pausanias
Ancient times
- Sprtan King lead forces in the Battle of Platea
- Tacticus of using archcres to take out the Persian resulting in Greek wining
Primary source
- Herodutus quotes “the fines victory in all history”
Eurybiades
Ancient times
- Peloponnesian allies refused to Athenian commander so Eurybiades put in charge
- Spartan commander in chef of Greek Navy = Artemisium + Salamis
- Refused to chase Xerxes and destroyed the Hellspoint bridge to proctor Grrece
- Awwared an oliva weath a prive fo valour on return to Spartan
Primary source
- Herodutus quotes Eurybiades and Themistocles
work well togather
Reasons
Greek victory
Ancient times
Persian defeat
-
Persians were not a particularly coherent force
-
Hoplities were superior to the Persian army as they fought as a united
people
Greek leadership under Themistocles Leonidas Pausanias Eurybiades
develop defence and battle tacticud
Greeks fough for their homeland
Development
/ Conrtobition
Athens to
Athenian
Empire
Delian
League
-
Weather were even aginst the Persian - Storm damage
some ships
Notes
-
Sources
Athens was well qualified for the leadership of the Athenian alliance
Orgins = Grew out of the Hellenic League formed in 481 BC
Aims
-
Offensive and Defensive
Liberate the Greeks of Asia Minor
Maintaining freedom
Provide further security from Persian
attack
Primary source
Primary source
Organisation
- Mebership- When ally join it would be
permit
- Finces - Payment of 460 tablet annually
- Headquarters- Delian League
- Voting- All sattes independent and allow
their own goverment
the Battle of
Eurymedon
Ancient times
- The Battle of the Eurymedon was a double battle, taking place both on water and land
- Between the Delian League of Athens and her Allies, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.
Primary source
- “Naxos left the league and the
Athenians made war on the place.
After a siege, Naxos was forced back
to allegiance.” – Thucydides
Role of
Cimon
Ancient times
- The son of Miltiades, the hero of Marathon had a military skill
- Commander who led the Greeks to the final victory over the Persians at Eurymedon and thus saw
the aims of the League fulfilled
He was fair and clever, helping Athens to grow and develop into a great city, and eventually, an
empire
Primary source
Role
Aristides the
Just
Ancient times
- Aristides was an Athenian aristocrat, statesman, and general.
- Ensure a smooth organisation of the Delian league
- He led the Athenian troops to victory over the formidable Persians
Primary source
Delian League into the
Athenian Empire
Delian League
Security from
Persian army
Need for Greek
fleet
Rule over the
sates
Atehlian
hegemony
Growth of
Athenian wealthy
Growth of
Athenian Fleet
Subjugation and
compulsion
Atehlian Empire
Anual contribution
to Athans
Nature of Athenian
imperialism with allies
Ancient times
- Spartan and other city feared the power Athelian was gaining
-
Primary source
- Imperial policy of Cimon helped relationship
with Spartan
Athens dominate by
Percials bring wealth
and prestige to Athens
Thetes- Lowest free class that worked in Athenian army
Primary source
- Ostracism- Cimon
Ostracism- Kicking somebody out of town not allowed back in
Citizenship law- Only allowed for people who parents were both citizens.
Improved women states in society by making men mary from their class
Impact of Persian Wars
Notes
Sources
Athens and Sparta
Ancient times
- Rively between the two city-states still continued after the Persian
invasion
Primary source
- Common language and religious belief
Peloponnesian
League
Spartan responses to
Athenian Imperialism
Nature
- Corinth.Elis and Tegea with
Sparta
Composition- Provide protection and
security
Ancient times
- Sparta did not provide support for their ally Aegina (459-458 BCE)
- Cimon returned from exile which bough the peace between both nations
Primary source
- Member sear an oath and had to have the
same Emmys as Sparta
- Thao's revolt and had Sprtran support
Primary source
- Spartan reclaimed there martian empire