ENGLISH 9
SY 2022-2023 I FIRST QUARTER
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Reviewer
Word Formation
“Vocabulary is a matter of word-building as well as
word-using,” said David Crystal.
● One of the ways to enrich our vocabulary is
through compounding words.
● Compound words were once common to
Anglo-Saxons as kennings.
● These are two-word phrases that contain
compressed metaphors.
Word Formation: Definition
(derived words)
the process or result of forming new words or group of
words with the same root.
the ways in which new words are made on the basis of
other words or morphemes
Types of Word Formation
● Compounding
● Clipping
● Blending
● Acronym
● Eponym
● Borrowing
● Derivation
● Back-Formation
Compounding
● where two or more words joined or combined
together to make a new (longer) word
○ Examples
■ raincoat
■ basketball
■ chairman
■ classroom
■ haircut
■ swimming pool
■ watermark
■ earthworn
■ door knob
■ shoe box
■ flower vase
■ school principal
■ flash light
■ coconut oil
■ timetable
■ fan fiction
Clippings
● where a word is reduced or shortened without
changing the meaning of the word
○ Back clipping - Removing the end portion
of a word
■ Examples:
● Bicycle = Bike
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Fore clipping - Removing the beginning
portion of a word
■ Examples:
● Gas- Gasoline
● Math- Mathematics
● Gym- Gymnasium
● Sub- Submarine
○ Middle clipping - Retaining only the middle
part of a word
■ Examples:
● Fridge- Refrigerator
● Flu – Influenza
Blending
which parts of two or more words combine to
create a new word whose meaning is often a
combination of the original words.
○ Examples:
■ Cybernetic + Organism = Cyborg
■ Emotion + Icon = Emoticon
■ Information + Commercial =
Infomercial
■ Internet + Citizen = Netizen
■ Smoke + Fog = Smog
Acronyms
A word or name formed as an abbreviation from
the initial components in a phrase or word
usually in the form of individual letters.
○ Examples:
■ RADAR – Radio Detection and
Ranging
■ NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
■ NASA – National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
■ DEPED – Department of
Education
Eponyms
which a new word is formed from the name of a
real fictitious person.
○ Examples:
■ America – Amerigo Vespucci
■ August – Augustus Caesar
■ Celsius – Anders Celsius
■ Mach – Ernst Mach
■ Volcano – Vulcan, Roman God of
Fire
■ Victorian – Queen Victoria of
England
Borrowing
word from one language is borrowed directly into
another language
○ Examples:
■ Algebra (Arabic)
■ Democracy (Greek)
■ Cookie (Dutch)
■ Haiku (Japanese)
■ Murder (French)
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Pizza (Italian)
Yo-yo (Tagalog)
7. Derivation
● a derivation affix attaches to the base form of a
word to create a new word.
● Examples
○ Prefix:
■ Aero (air) – Aero
■ Agri (related to farming) –
Agriculture
■ Anti (against or opposed to) –
Antibiotics
■ Cardio (related to heart) –
Cardiology
○ Suffix: -Cycle (circle or cycle) bicycle,
tricycle
■ -ess (feminine) – duchess
■ -ful (characterized by or full of) beautiful
8. Backformation
● which an actual or supposed derivational affix
detaches from the base form of a word to form a
new word.
● Examples:
○ Automate – Automat(ion)
○ Babysit – Babysitt(er)
○ Brainwash – Brainwash(er)
○ Commentate – Commentat(or)
○ Destruct – Destruc(tion)
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Character 1. Beowulf
The protagonist of the epic,
a Geatish hero who fights the monster Grendel,
Grendel’s mother, and a fire-breathing dragon
the strongest, ablest warrior around.
In his youth, he personifies all of the best values
of the heroic culture.
In his old age, he proves a wise and effective
ruler.
Character 2. King Hrothgar
The king of the Danes.
enjoys military success and prosperity until
Grendel terrorizes his realm.
A wise and aged ruler,
represents a different kind of leadership from that
exhibited by Beowulf.
a father figure to Beowulf and a model for the kind
of king that Beowulf becomes.
Character 3. Grendel
a horrible demon who lives in the swamplands of
Hrothgar’s kingdom
Preys on Hrothgar’s warriors in the king’s
mead-hall, Heorot,
Grendel fits solidly within the ethos of vengeance
that governs the world of the poem.
Character 4. Grendel’s Mother
Grendel’s mother seems to possess fewer human
qualities than Grendel
But, her terrorization of Heorot is explained by her
desire for vengeance—a human motivation
Character 5. The Dragon
An ancient, powerful serpent
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guards a horde of treasure in a hidden mound.
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Beowulf’s fight with the dragon constitutes the third
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The Epic of Beowulf
In fighting both literal monsters and monster within
our lives, one should be determined, and one
should also seek help from the people around
him/her.
he possessed selflessness and bravery that help
conquer even the strongest monsters - Beowulf
Full Story Summary - Beowulf: Full Book Summary
| SparkNotes
Full Story Explanation - Beowulf: Full Book
Analysis | SparkNotes
Full Title - Beowulf
Author: oral tradition at first, established by
scops, then 2 priests in the early 11th century wrote
the only surviving manuscript
Type of Work - Poem
Genre - heroic epic, though smaller in scope than
most classical epics
Language - Anglo-Saxon (also called Old English)
Point of View - Third person omniscient view
Protagonist - Beowulf
Major Conflict - (1) Grendel’s domination of Heorot
Hall; (2) the vengeance of Grendel’s mother after
Grendel is slain; and (3) the rage of the dragon
after a thief steals a treasure that it has been
guarding.
Rising Action -Grendel’s attack on Heorot,
Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel, and Grendel’s
mother’s vengeful killing of Aeschere lead to the
climactic encounter between Beowulf and
Grendel’s mother.
Climax -Beowulf’s encounter with Grendel’s mother
constitutes the moment at which good and evil are
in greatest tension.
Falling Action - Beowulf’s glorious victory over
Grendel’s mother leads King Hrothgar to praise
him as a worthy hero and to advise him about
becoming king. It also helps Beowulf to transform
from a brazen warrior into a reliable king.
Themes -The importance of establishing identity;
tensions between the heroic code and other value
systems; the difference between a good warrior
and a good king
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and final part of the epic
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Heorot - a great mead-hall build by King Hrothgar,
where his warriors can gather to drink, receive gifts
from their lord, and listen to stories sung by the
scops, or bards. (paradise)
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What does Grendel resent about Hrothgar and his
battle, so he forgoes the sword to ensure a fair
men? the jubilant noise from Heorot/ Hrothgar
contest.
military conquest/ the community
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If Beowulf dies, who will he blame? God or Fate
What does Grendel do at Heorot? Grendel
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Where did Beowulf and Grendel battle? Heorot
terrorizes the Danes every night, killing them and
defeating their efforts to fight back.
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Hall
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What advantage does Beowulf have in the
Grendel killed 30 men the first night he
battle?Beowulf may spring up and grab Grendel at
attacked Heorot
close range since Grendel thinks he's asleep,
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How long did Grendel’s wrath reign? 12 years
giving him the element of surprise. Second,
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Why is Hrothgar’s throne untouched by Grendel?
Beowulf has an advantage over everyone who has
he and his throne were protected by God
faced Grendel before him because of his
Almighty.
incredible strength.
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Who is Healfdane’s son? King Hrothgar -the living
Beowulf’s men can’t help. They don’t have
kenning
super-human strength, and their swords don’t
Why does Beowulf come to Heorot? He hears of
work against Grendel.
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the original 14 (one was eaten when Grendel came
men, determined to defeat Grendel.
in)
How many men does Beowulf bring? Fourteen
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Who meets Beowulf’s men at the shore? the
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Hrothgar's closest friend and advisor were killed by
suggest about the values of a warrior culture? He
Grendel's mother in her quest for vengeance.
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Where do the monsters live? Tightly knit. An
on the battle field, and his own heroic feats. Sets
enemy hall with a big cave that is lighted by an odd
up boasting to achieve immortality through scops.
fiery fire./ swamp
How does Beowulf convince the man of his
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heroics? He boasts of not only his own successes
on the battle field, but also those of his father and
What’s important about Grendel’s parentage?
descended from Cain(jealous /murderer)
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Who is the audience? It's critical to recognize that
grandfather. by talking about his ancestry and
Beowulf is a Christian poem about characters who
his past accomplishments
are pagans. The poet and his audience were
What does Beowulf say has brought him to
Christians, even though the story takes place
battle?He chained five enormous giants,
before the Scandinavian peoples had become
exterminated the entire species, and hunted sea
Christians.
monsters by swimming in the darkness of the
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Who does Grendel’s mother attack? Eschere,
What does Beowulf’s way of identifying himself
tells about his father’s and grandfather’s prowess
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What is left at Heorot Hall at the end? The arm,
hung on the rafters as a trophy.
after confirming their mission
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Who is defeated and how? Grendel is defeated;
has his arm ripped off.
Watchman confronted them and let them pass
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How many men are left by the battle’s end? 13 of
Beowulf sails to Denmark with a small company of
(14)
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What advantage does Grendel have in battle?
sorrow of Healfdane’s son is an example of
Hrothgar’s plight. Inspired by the challenge,
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How will the victor be rewarded if he succeeds?
night. (Songs from across the sea)
Hrothgar honors Beowulf and lavishly pays him.
How does he intend to make it a fair fight?He has
After winning, he returns home where he is
observed that Grendel does not use weapons in
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well-liked and respected by his own people. He
ascends to the position of king of the Geats.
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Epic
greedy she wolf - is an example of a kenning that
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means huge or grand
refers to Grendel’s mother
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old expression of something big, like
adventure, monsters, journeys, and heroes
What is important about the details of travels
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through the lake? Beowulf holds his breath for
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hours. Superhuman strength. Also Christ
which recounts the heroic deeds of a hero
allegory.
in a quest which includes good vs. evil
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What won’t work against Grendel’s mother?
world - Beowulf of the
What does work against Grendel’s mother? The
Anglo-Saxons
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What finally becomes of Grendel? He died in the
lair of blood loss. Beowulf takes his head back to
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Herot.
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What do the men erroneously assume of Beowulf?
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he went into the pool.
What does Beowulf return with? Grendel’s head
and the hilt of the giant’s sword
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Who is finally mentioned at the very end of this
section? Wealhtheow
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Describe what the Geats did to Beowulf’s body per
his request. Cremated in a huge funeral fire; ashes
sealed up in the tower by the sea, with all the
dragon’s hoard—lasting testament to the Geats’
cowardice.
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What happened to all the gold? Walled up into the
tower with Beowulf’s ashes.
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How does Beowulf compare to modern heroes?
Superman, Thor, Hulk
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What kind of man did this culture value? The
Heroic code - bravery, perseverance, sacrifice,
loyalty, duty to the tribe and king, and honor.
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Did Beowulf live up to these values? Possession of
courage and strength, pride, individualism and
dislike of humiliation, and a taste for revenge are
attributes that embody the heroic code. Beowulf
exemplified these characteristics in the epic
named for him, behaving as a true hero and a
model of the heroic code.
Punctuation and Capitalization
help readers understand and interpret sentences
better.
some are required to prevent misreading
depend on what the writer wishes to achieve
A. Capitalization
They believe he’s dead. It’s been 7-8 hours since
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Greatest surviving epics in the
Beowulf’s sword, Hrunting.
giant’s sword, found in her own lair.
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LITERARY EPIC - long narrative poem
occurs when the first letter in a word is an uppercase
letter.
a. All sentences begin with capital letters.
● We enjoyed reading the book.
● Those girls finished cleaning the
counter.
b. Proper nouns begin with capital letters.
● Mrs. Clark asked if Amy would
help.
● Uncle Rob took us to Texas.
c. A capital letter begins the first, last, and
any important word in the title of a book,
magazine, song, movie, poem, or other
work.
● Read the last chapter of Tom
Sawyer.
● She saw Snow White when she
was five years old.
B. Punctuation
● Period (.)
● Question Mark (?)
● Exclamation Point (!)
● Comma (,)
● Colon (:)
● Semicolon (;)
● Quotation Mark (“,”)
1. Period.
● A complete sentence that makes a statement
ends with a period (A sentence is a group of words
containing a subject and predicate.
○ Examples
1. It’s your birthday.
2. You blow out the candle.
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3. He went to Canada last week.
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5. Colon :
● A colon shows the reader that a list or
explanation follows.
○ Example:
1. I will need the following items: scissors,
paper, glue, and paint.
2. He had many reasons for joining the
club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose
some weight, and to get out of the house.
Most abbreviations end with a period.
○ Examples
○ 1. Doctor – Dr.
○ 2. Road – Rd.
○ 3. Street – St.
○ 4. Professor – Prof.
2. Question Mark ?
● A question ends with a question mark.
○ Example:
■ 1. How are you?
■ 2. Are you free today?
■ 3. Can I ask you a favor?
■ 4. What makes you happy?
6. Semicolon;
● signals a pause longer than a comma but briefer
than a period.
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3. Exclamation Point!
● used at the end of a sentence to indicate great
surprise
● also used for emphasis when making a point.
(strong feeling / excitement)
● Be careful not to use exclamation mark too often.
○ Example:
■ 1. That ride was fantastic!
■ 2. Amazing!
■ 3. I can’t believe he is going to
marry her!
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4. Comma ,
● A comma separates things in a series
○ Example:
■ Cellphone, laptop, and tablet are
my gadgets here at home.
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A comma comes before the conjunction that
compounds independent clauses.
○ Example:
1. She finished her work, and then she
went to bed.
2. I already ate rice, but I still want to eat
pasta.
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A comma separates an interruption from the rest
of the sentences.
○ Example:
1. Mr. Walker, our teacher, is very happy
on the result of our quiz.
2. Mathematics, my favorite subject, is
hated by most of the students.
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A comma separates quoted words from the rest
of the sentence.
○ Example:
1. “I wanted to go,” she said.
A comma separates items in an address or date.
○ Example:
■ Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
■ Miami, Florida
■ September 11, 2022
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Used to separate two independent clauses. One
or both of the clauses are short and the ideas
expressed are usually very similar.
○ Example:
■ He loves studying; he can't get
enough of school.
■ What an incredible situation; it
must make you nervous.
■
To separate groups of words that are themselves
separated by commas.
○ Example:
■ 1. I took a holiday and played golf,
which I love; read a lot, which I
needed to do; and slept late, which
I hadn't done for quite a while.
■ They plan to study German, for
their travels; chemistry, for their
work; and literature, for their own
enjoyment.
7. “Quotation Mark”
● Quotation marks are used to identify the exact
words of a speaker
○ Examples
■ President Bush said, “We will not
tire, we will not falter, and we will
not fail.”
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The Canterbury Tales
The setting is Tabarb Inn in Southwark, England,
where pilgrims gather on their way to pay homage
to Saint Thomas Becket of Canterbury, a 12th
century archbishop murdered in his church by the
men of King Henry II. (Medieval English)
Geoffrey Chaucer
The man who wrote Canterbury Tales
Father of English Literature
Lived from 1340 - 1400
Born in London, England
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Chaucer is a Christian, yet recognized that many
people in the church were venal and corrupt.
Canterbury Tales
written in the late 1387-1400, in Middle English
a frame narrative
collections of tales 24 stories
magnum opus or masterpiece of Chaucer
popularized English in mainstream literature
one of the most important works in English
literature
After the Black Death, many Europeans began to
question the authority of the established Church.
story telling contest of 29 pilgrims as they travel
from London to Canterbury
the prize is a free meal in the Tabard Inn
supposedly 116 stories, yet only 24 was written
talks about gender relation and religion issues.
19. The Manciple: Trade Class, provider of provisions
for a college or court or monastery
20. The Reeve: Middle class steward
21. The Summoner: clergy, An official who brings
persons accused of violating Church law to court
22. The Pardoner: clergy, pardons people’s sins for a
donation to the church
23. The Host: trade class, the leader of the group
(narrator)
Vocabulary
- palmers -wears crossed palm leaves
- motley-costume similar to a court jester’s
- martyr -murdered
- coy -clever, simple
- connoisseur -takes care of dining in fine restaurant
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Frame Narrative -a story within a story
Other frame stories - Giovanni Boccaccio’s
Decameron, the Book of Job, the Arabian Nights,
the Asian collection of fables, Panchatantra
Most controversial pilgrims - Wife of Bath
General Prolougue - framework or the main story
Pilgrims’ stories - framework stories
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Canterbury Tale's Characters:
Ruling Class, Wealthy, Middle Class, Peasant
1. The Knight -ruling class, highest among the
pilgrims
2. The Squire -ruling class, the son of the knight
3. The Yeoman -peasant class, servant who
accompanies the knight and squire
4. The Prioress -clergy, wealthy - a nun
5. The Monk - clergy and wealthy, a priest
6. The Friar - clergy, wealthy - sings well, and plays
instruments
7. The Merchant - -wealthy, expert in currency
8. The Oxford English - -middle class, student of
philosophy
9. The Sergeant of the Law - -middle class, lawyer
appointed by the King
10. The Franklin - -middle class, man of leisure
11. The Tradesman - the haberdasher, the dyer, the
carpenter, the tapestry maker, and the weaver
● Trade class– group who appear as a unit
12. The Cook -Trade class cook
13. The Skipper/ Shipman - peasant class- a veteran
sailor
14. The Physician -middle class, like a doctor
15. Wife of a Bath -middle class seamstress,
well-traveled and very social
16. The Parson: clergy, modest and poor.
17. The Plowman: peasant, the parson’s good-hearted
brother.
18. The Miller: trade class worker who uses equipment
to make flour.
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Allusion
an implied or indirect reference especially in
literature a poem that makes allusions to classical
literature
a reference, typically brief, to a person, place,
thing, event, or other literary work with which the
reader is presumably familiar.
allows a writer to compress a great deal of
meaning and significance into a word or phrase.
● Example
- His smile is like kryptonite to me.
- Achilles’ heel (alluding to the one weakness
of Achilles)
- Arrow of love (allusion to Cupid)
- Looking like Venus (alluding to the goddess
of beauty)
- His nose grew big almost like Pinocchio’s.
- Our computer is not working due to Trojan horse.
- Oh, chocolate is my Achilles’ heel!
- Be a Good Samaritan, not for a day, but for
always.
- This beach resort is like the Garden of Eden.
Apostrophe
● a poetic phrase or speech made by a character
that is addressed to a subject that is not literally
present in the literary work.
● The Subject may be dead, absent, an inanimate
object, or even an abstract idea.no capacity to
reply
● Oh!
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Example
Thank you, my guardian angel, for this parking
space!
Heaven, help us.
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star / How I wonder what
you are
Oh! traffic, when will you start moving!
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Oh lovely moon, how you inspire me to write is
beyond understanding.
Why, oh, why dear sun, do I need to be screened
from your stinging rays?
Wow, you are a lovely dress! I am buying you!
Death, why now when I am just learning to live?
Shakespearean Sonnet
consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, with the
rhyme sheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
● Example Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare
Let me not to the marriage of true minds -A
Admit impediments. Love is not love -B
Which alters when it alteration finds, -A
Or bends with the remover to remove. -B
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark -C
That looks on tempests and is never shaken; -D
It is the star to every wand'ring bark, -C
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken. -D
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks -E
Within his bending sickle's compass come; -F
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, -E
But bears it out even to the edge of doom. -F
If this be error and upon me prov'd, -G
I never writ, nor no man ever lov'd.-G
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