Course Student Learning Outcome #1:
Pathophysiology of a Disease Process
Pathophysiology
Disease
Medications & Treatments
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Medications:
o Loop Diuretics for volume
overload or pulmonary edema
o Calcitriol and/or Vitamin D
for Hyperparathyroidism
o Phosphate Binders for
Hyperphosphatemia
Treatment: Dialysis, kidney
transplant, & Wearable Artificial
Kidney device
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
***START HERE***
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Risk Factors
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Occurs when the GFR is less than 15
mL/min
Many chronic diseases can cause
ESRD (diabetes- #1 cause,
Hypertension, Vascular Disease, &
Urinary Tract Obstruction.
The final stage of Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD)
Each nephron in a normal kidney
contributes to the total glomerular
filtration rate (GFR). ESRD is a
terminal illness defined as having
a glomerular filtration rate of less
than 15 mL/min
At this stage the kidneys can no
longer function properly. When
the kidneys lose their filtering
abilities, dangerous levels of
fluid, electrolytes and wastes can
build up in the body
Signs & Symptoms
Nursing Diagnoses
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Decreased Cardiac Output
Excess Fluid Volume
Acute Pain
Impaired Renal Tissue Perfusion
Impaired Urinary Elimination
Activity Intolerance
Disturbed Body Image
Diagnostic Tests
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GFR test: MDRD (Modification of
Diet in Renal Disease Study)
Renal ultrasound
Complete blood count (CBC)
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Urinalysis
Kidney biopsy
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Nausea/Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Change in amount of urine
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Swollen feet/ankles
Hypertension
Metallic taste
Pruritis