Etiology Chart – Respiratory Definition Symptoms Treatment An inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by pathogens (most commonly Escherichia coli or E. coli) entering the urinary meatus. When it is caused by a bacterial infection it is called a urinary tract infection (UTI). It is more common in female individu- als because of the shortness of the urethra. – Frequent urination – Dysuria – Burning urination – Hematuria – Lower back pain – Bladder spasm – Fever – Antibiotics – Increased fluid intake Glomerulonephritis, or nephritis, is an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney. Acute glomerulonephritis usually follows a streptococcal infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever. – Chills – Fever – Fatigue – Edema – Oliguria – Hematuria – Rest – Restriction of salt – Maintenance of fluit – Electrolyte balance – Antipyretics – Diuretics A type of UTI, is an inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis (upper end of the ureter), usually caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. The infection usually starts in the urethra or bladder and travels to the kidneys, but can also be caused by an infection somewhere else in the body that travels in the bloodstream to the kidneys. It can cause permanent damage to the kidneys or spread to the bloodstream, creating a life-threatening condition. – Chills – Fever – Abdominal pain – Fatigue – Hematuria – Pyuria – Antibiotics – Nephrectomy Renal/Urinary Calculus A renal calculus, renal lithiasis, or urinary calculus, is a kidney stone. A calculus is formed when minerals and salts in the urine precipitate (settle out of solution). Some small calculi may be eliminated in the urine, but larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter. – Intense Pain – Hematuria – Nausea & vomiting – Urge to void – Urinary retention – Increasing fluids – Pain medications – Antispasmodic agents – Straining urin – Extracoporeal shock-wave lithotripsy Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) results from the progres- sive loss of kidney function. It can be caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins, and endocrine disease such as diabetes mellitus. Long-term substance abuse and alcoholism can also lead to renal failure. Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect many body systems. – Nausea – Vomiting – Diarrhea – Weight loss – Convulsions – Muscle irritability – Uremic frost coma – Dialysis – Diet modifications – Restrictioons – Strict blood presure control – Careful skin and mouth care – Control of fluid intake – Kidney transplant – Headache – Dizziness – Nausea – Vomiting – Oliguria or anuria – Mental confusion – Convulsions – Coma – Death – Restricted diet – Cardiac medications – Cardiac medications – Dialysis – Kidney transplant Uremia a.k.a. Azotemia is a toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream. It can result from any condition that affects the proper functioning of the kid- neys, such as renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, and hypotension. If treated quickly, permanent damage can be prevented. Untreated or poorly managed uremia can result in irreversible damage. Urethritis An inflammation of the urethra, usually caused by bacteria (such as gonococcus), viruses, or chemicals (such as bubble bath solutions). It is more com- mon in male than female individuals. – Painful urination – Redness and itching at the urinary meatus – Purulent discharge – Sitz baths – Warm, moist, compresses – Antibiotics – Increased fluid intake Cystitis Acute Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Etiology Chart – Respiratory
