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Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine of Medieval Azerbaijan
Chapter · January 2001
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2472.2721
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Medicinal Plants Used In Traditional Medicine
Of Medieval Azerbaijan
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Alakbarov F.U.
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SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL
METHODS
RESUTLS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
SUMMARY 
Azerbaijani people have a rich and ancient tradition in the field of phytotherapy. There are
numerous medicinal plants described in medieval Azerbaijan manuscripts on medicine and
pharmacology which date back to the 9th_18th centuries AO1. As a result of preliminary
studies 365 s~ecies of plants described in medieval sources have been identified and analyzed2.
The recent study supplemented the list of the identified plants with 359 new species. About 40
medieval sources including 17manuscripts have been selected as the objects of the recent study.
As a result of the present study 724 species of plants described in medieval sources on
medicine and pharmacognosy have been identified. These plants belong to four sections
(Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae), to 6 classes (Equisetopsida,
Polypodiopsida, Gnetopsida, Pinopsida, Monocotyledones, Oicotyledones) and 143 families.
Most of identified species belongs to the following families: Asteraceae ­62 species (8,6%);
Fabaceae ­61(8,4%); Apiaceae ­40(5,5%); Lamiaceae ­32(4,4%); Poaceae ­31 (4,4%);
Brassicaceae
­28(3,9%);
Rosaceae
­26(3,7%);
Chenopodiaceae
­18(2,5%);
Solanaceae
­17(2,3%);
Liliaceae
­15
(2,1%);
Ranunculaceae
­15(2,1%);
Cucurbitaceae
­11(1,5%);
Polygonaceae
­11(1,5%);
Caryophyllaceae
­9(1,2%);
Euphorbiaceae ­9(1,2%); Zingibiraceae ­9(1,2%). Along with vascular plants physicians of
those times used a number of species of lichens belonging to three genera: Lecanora,
Roccella and Usnea. Some species of mushrooms also were used: Polyporus officinalis Fries.,
Tuber album Sow., Tuber melanosporum Vitt., Morchella esculenta Pers., etc. It has been
established that the identified plants were used to treat numerous diseases including: infectious
diseases of external tissues (150 species); urinary diseases (92 species); diseases of liver and
biliary tract (73 species); pneumonia and pleurisy (71 species); cardiovascular diseases (63
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species), etc. Out of total 724 species of plants described in the Medieval sources on medicine
and pharmacognosy, 422 species (58,3%) belong to indigenous plants and occur in the territory
of modern Azerbaijan. Comparative analysis shows that only 166 of them are currently being
used in modern phytotherapy of Azerbaijan. It must be noted that 60 of mentioned species are
known as plants of folk medicine, whereas the 106 species are currently being used in scientific
medicine of Azerbaijan. The fundamental studies and reference books on medicinal plants of
Azerbaijan do not contain any information about other 256 indigenous species that are
described in the medieval manuscripts on medicine and pharmacognosy. Therefore, these 256
species (60.7%) are no longer used in the modern Azerbaijan phytotherapy. The identifying
medicinal plants can be applied in the modern medicine once they have been experimentally
and clinically tested.
INTRODUCTION 
Development of different sciences including medicine in the Middle East was associated with
coming of Islam in this region in 7th century. The great empire created by Muslims and
named Khalifat rapidly melted the various cultures of the Islamic domain. Since then, the
Greek, Persian, Turkic, Indian, Arabic schools of medicine deeply influenced each other. As a
result, so­called Islamic Medicine appeared and became to spread in the large area from
Spain to India.
Azerbaijan as a part of the Muslim World has the rich and ancient traditions in the field of
phytotherapy. During the 9th­18th centuries AD, a number of medical writings were created and
spread in Azerbaijan. The books by such great physicians as Biruni, Ibn Sina and Razi were
extremely famous in this region. Besides, a number of medical books were written by the
Azerbaijani scholars such as Muhammad bin Namvar Tabrizi (12th­13th centuries), Yusif Ibn
Ismail Khoyi (13th­14th centuries), Hasan Ibn Riza Shirvani (17th century), Haji Suleyman
Gajar Iravani (17th century), Murtaza Gulu Khan Shamlu al­Ardabili (17th century), Abu al­
Hasan Maragi (18th century), etc. These books were written in Persian, Turkic (Azerbaijani)
and Arabic languages and included descriptions of numerous medicinal plants.
The medical traditions of each separate region of the Islamic World, including Azerbaijan have
their own peculiarities. These differences are associated with historical, cultural, ethnographic,
biogeographical and botanical peculiarities of each region. Since early times, the people in
Azerbaijan used the medicinal plants, which were unknown in other regions of the Middle East.
They include endemic and rare species typical to Azerbaijan, such as Pinus eldarica Medv.,
Tulipa Karabachensis A. Grossh., Quercus araxina (Trautv.) A.Grossh., Qu. castaneifolia
C.A.M., etc.
In spite of this rich heritage, the traditional phytotherapy in Azerbaijan has not been
satisfactorily investigated. Until recently, we had no information about the quantitative and
qualitative composition of plant species described in medieval Azerbaijan sources. These plants
had not been identified and classified into taxonomic and therapeutic groups. Since 1987, the
author of the present study has been engaged in identifying and analyzing the medicines
described in these manuscripts. As a result of this work, numerous medicinal plants used in
Azerbaijan during the Middle Ages have been identified1,2 The results of the studies are
partially summarized in the present paper.
MATERIAL

Information on medicinal plants was collected from the medieval manuscripts. The Institute of
Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences has one of the richest collections of
medieval writings in the world. This collection contains about 40,000 written sources
including 12,000 medieval manuscripts: the monuments of literature, sciences, philosophy and
religion. The Institute's collection includes 390 medieval manuscripts and 27 printed books on
medicine and pharmacognosy written in the following languages: Persian ­ 222 manuscripts,
Turkic (Azerbaijani and Turkish) ­ 71 manuscripts, and Arabic ­ 70 manuscripts. The oldest of
them dates back to the 9th century, the latest to the 20th.
For studying the medicinal plants used in Azerbaijan during the Middle Ages, a wide range of
the medieval sources on medicine and pharmacognosy has been analyzed. The information
about medicinal plants has been collected from the books written by the Azerbaijani,
Persian and Arabic authors highly valued in the medieval Azerbaijan. About 40 medieval
sources of the 10­18th centuries including 21 manuscripts have been selected as the objects of
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the recent study. The list of the studied manuscripts is given below:
1.
"Kamil al­Sina'at al­Tibbiyat" by Ali bin Abbas al­Majusi al­Arjani (d. 994).
2.
"Zakhira­i­Kharazmshahi" by Zeynaddin bin Abu Ibrahim al­Jurjani (1045­1137)
3.
"Adwar al­Hammiyat" by Muhammad bin Namvar Tabrizi (1194­1245)
4.
"Kitab al­Hafi fi Ilm al­Madawi" by Mahmud bin Ilyas (13th­14th centuries).
5.
"Zakhira­i­Nizamshahi" by Rustam Jurjani supposedly in the13th century.
6.
"Jam' al­Baghdadi" (written in 1311) by Yusif Ibn Ismail Khoyi ( Ibn Kabir ).
7.
"Ekhtiyarat­i­Badi'i" (1369) by Ali bin Huseyn al­Ansari (1329­1404)
8.
"Kifayat al­Mujahida" (1423) by Mansur bin Muhammad.
9.
"Jam' al­Fawa'id" (1511) by Yusif bin Muhammad al­Harawi.
10. "Karabadin" by Muzaffar bin Muhammad Huseyn Shafai (1586/7­1628/9)
11. "Siraj al­Tibb" by Hasan Ibn Riza Shirvani (17th century).
12. "Fawa'id al­Hikmat" by Haji Suleyman Gajar Iravani (17th century).
13. "Tuhfat al­Mu'minin" (1669) by Sayyid Mir Muhammad Mu'min (d. 1697).
14. "Arwah al­Ajsad" by Shamsaddin bin Kamaladdin Kashani (17th century).
15. "Kitab­i­Ruju' al­Sheikh" by Sheikh Ajal al­Sharif (17th century).
16. "Khirga" (1678) by Murtaza Gulu Khan Shamlu al­Ardabili.
17. "Tibbnama" copied in 1712 by Muhammad Yusif Shirvani.
18. "Zad al­Musafirin" (1729) by Muhammad Mahdi bin Ali al­Nagi.
19. "Mualijat­i­Munfarida" (1775/6 ) by Abu al­Hasan Maragi.
20. "Karabadin­i­Kabir" (1777) by Muhammad Huseyn Khan Alavi Samarkandi.
21. "Manafe' al­Nas" copied in 1833 by Muhammad Attar Salyani.
All mentioned manuscripts have been collected from various regions of the
Azerbaijan Republic. They have been copied in our country and belonged to Azerbaijani
owners. Based on this, one may conclude that mentioned books were widely used by the
medieval Azerbaijani physicians and, therefore, these writings may be considered as the most
popular medical books of the Medieval Azerbaijan.
Besides, the modern editions and translations of such valuable sources as "al­Qanon fi­t­Tibb"
by Ibn Sina, "Kitab as­Saydana fi­t­Tibb" by Abu Reihan Buruni, "Kitab al­Hawi" by Zakariya
Razi were analyzed as well. By the way, the most influential medical manuscript housed at the
Institute of Manuscripts in Baku is Avicenna's (Ibn Sina's) "Canon", which was copied in 1143,
a little more than 100 years after the text was written.
METHODS

Study of the medieval sources on medicine and pharmacy is associated with numerous
difficulties and requires involving various sciences. Medieval sources were handwritten in the
Arabic script employing medieval scientific terminology and medieval scientific ideas.
Medieval Azeri scholars collected medical information from a wide range of sources written by
Indian, Chinese, Arabic and Greek scholars. Consequently, the same concepts were often
identified by numerous foreign terms.
Scholars of those times used more than 2,000 names to nominate hundreds of species of
medicinal plants in 27 languages and dialects including Azeri, Turkish, Arabic, Persian,
Ancient Greek, Latin, Ancient Hebrew, Chinese, Hindi, Sanskrit, Ancient Syrian, Coptic,
Berber, etc. The scientific terminology of such modern languages as Azeri, Arabic and Persian
is not the same as used during the medieval period. Other languages (Coptic, Ancient Greek,
Latin, and Ancient Syrian) ceased to exist many centuries ago and consequently hamper the
correct identification of many medieval terms. In the recent study, the facts and methods of
both the social (history, philology, philosophy, etc.) and the natural (botany, zoology,
mineralogy, chemistry, medicine, pharmacology, etc.) sciences have been used to try to solve
these difficulties.
Identification of the medieval terms has been carried out according to modern and medieval
dictionaries. However, sometimes special dictionaries do not contain necessary information or
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offer various interpretations of the same terms. Fortunately, the medieval manuscripts on
pharmacy contain detailed biologic descriptions of medicines.
These descriptions have also been analyzed to identify plant species. The modern scientific
literature and reference books on flora helped the author in various stages of this work:
Achundov, 18933; Budge, 19134; Sharaf Muhammad, 19285; Bedevian, 19366; Abou Charr et
al., 19617; Al­Rawi, 19648; Kamal, 19679; Alami, 197110; Ahmed et al.,197211; Ulman,
197812; Jayaweera, 1980­198213; Imtiaz­ul­Haq, et al, 198614; Palewitch, et al., 198615;
Zargari, 199116, etc.
RESUTLS 
As a result of the present study, 724 species of plants described in medieval sources on
medicine and pharmacognosy have been identified. These plants belong to four sections
(Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Gymnospermae, and Angiospermae), to six classes
(Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida, Gnetopsida, Pinopsida, Monocotyledones, and Dicotyledones)
and 143 families. The results of systematic analysis are given in Table1.
Table 1. Classification of Identified Species According to Classes
Classes
Equisetopsida
Polypodiopsida
Gnetopsida
Pinopsida
Monocotyledonts
Dicotyledones
TOTAL
Quantity of species
%
2
0.3
6
2
17
113
584
724
0.8
0.3
2.3
15.6
80.7
100.0
Physicians of those times used a number of species of lichens belonging to three genera:
Lecanora, Roccella and Usnea. Out of approximately 30 000 species of lichens, 700 species are
wide spread in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Many of them are traditionally used in medicine.
(Table 2). Some species of mushrooms also were used: Polyporus officinalis Fries., Tuber
album Sow., Tuber melanosporum Vitt., Morchella esculenta Pers.
The identified vascular plants belong to the following families: Asteraceae ­ 62 species (8,6%);
Fabaceae ­ 61 (8,4%); Apiaceae ­ 40 (5,5%); Lamiaceae ­ 32 (4,4%); Poaceae ­ 31 (4,4 %);
Brassicaceae ­ 28 (3,9%); Rosaceae ­ 26 (3,7%); Chenopodiaceae ­ 18 (2,5%); Solanaceae ­ 17
(2,3%); Liliaceae ­ 15 (2,1%); Ranunculaceae ­15 (2,1%); Cucurbitaceae ­ 11 (1,5%);
Polygonaceae ­ 11 (1,5%); Caryophyllaceae ­ 9 (1,2%); Euphorbiaceae ­ 9 (1,2%);
Zingibiraceae ­ 9 (1,2%). The results of the present study indicate that these 16 families
contain about 54% of identified plants. The remaining 121 families include 45% of the
medicinal plants.
Table 2. Application of Lichens In Medieval Azerbaijan Phytotherapy
Genera
Medieval Names
Lecanora
javiz­i­jandum
Roccella
hizaz al­sakhir,
gul­i­sang,
hana­i­kureish
ushna
Usnea
Application in traditional
medicine
Diuretic, haemostatic,
tonic. Crushes stones in the urinary
bladder
Haemostatic. Treats
inflammations, tumors and
hepatitis.
Antiseptic,
diuretic, tonic, analgesic. In
treatment of tumors, diseases of
liver, stones in urinary bladder,
tachycardia.
Application in modern scientific
medicine
These species are not widely
used in modern medicine
These species are not widely
used in modern medicine
The species of this genus are used
in preparation of the antibacterial
medicines.
It has been established that at least 17 species of Pinopsida were used in the medieval
Azerbaijani phytotherapy. They include endemic and rare species typical to Azerbaijan, such as
Pinus eldarica Medv. and Pinus hamata (Stev.) D.Sosn. The results of the study are
summarized in Table 3.
The author of the present study attempted to classify identified species according to their
therapeutic applications. It has been established that the identified plants were used to treat
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numerous diseases including: infectious diseases of external tissues (150 species); urinary
diseases (92 species); diseases of liver and biliary tract (73 species); pneumonia and
pleurisy (71 species); cardiovascular diseases (63 species), various fevers and colds (63
species), injuries of bones and soft tissues (62 species), rheumatism, gout and osteoarthritis (60
species), infectious diseases of eyes, ears, mouth (55 species), diseases of stomach and bowels
(47 species), etc.
As various parts of the plants were used to treat different diseases, the same species have been
included in various theraupeutical groups. Names of diseases are given according to the
medieval sources and, sometimes, may not coincide with modern terminology.
Out of total 724 species of plants described in the Medieval sources on medicine and
pharmacognosy, 422 species (58,3%) belong to indigenous plants and occur in the territory of
modern Azerbaijan Republic.
Table 3. Conifers Used In Traditional Medicine of Medieval Azerbaijan
(Indigenous and Exotic Species*)
Botanical names
Medieval
names
sarv
abhal, arduj
needles, cones
Wood, needles, cones, resin
ar­ar, arduj
­­­
Resin, needles, seeds, bark of
the root
­­­
Taxus baccata L.
sanubar­i­
kuchek, tannub
sanubar, sham,
kaj
zarnab
Cedrus Deodara Laws.
divdar
Wood, resin, needles
Cedrus Libani Barr.
sharbin
Wood, resin, needles, seeds
Pinus brutia L., P.
halepensis Mill.
sanubar­i­
kuchek,
tannub
sanubari­kabir
Resin, needles, seeds
Cupressus sempervirens L.
Juniperus foetidis­sima W., J.
oblo nga M.B., J.polycarpos
C.Koch., J.pyg­maea
C.Koch., J.rufescus Link.
Juniperus
Sabina L.
Pinus eldarica Medv
Pinus hamata (Stev.) D. Sosn.
Pinus pinea L.
Vegetative parts applied
needles
Wood, needles, resin, cortex,
bark of the root
Traditional application
in medicine
Antiseptic, diuretic, astringent
Astringent, diuretic. In treatment of
tumors, ulcers, asthma
Antiseptic, diuretic. In treatment of
colds and intestinal worms
­­­
­­­
Tonic, astringent, antiseptic,
diuretic. In treatment of heart diseases
Antiseptic, astringent, tonic. In
treatment of neurotic disorders
Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic. In
treatment of tumors, diseases of liver
and headaches
Antiseptic. In treatment of ulcers,
burns, diseases of liver, lungs and
kidneys
In treatment of ulcers, shedding hair,
paralysis, diseases of lungs, liver and
kidneys
* The exotic species are indicated by the bold tipe.
Comparative analysis shows that only 166 of them are currently being used in modern
phytotherapy of Azerbaijan. It must be noted that 60 of mentioned species are known as plants
of folk medicine, whereas the 106 species are currently being used in scientific medicine of
Azerbaijan. The fundamental studies and reference books on medicinal plants of Azerbaijan do
not contain any information about other 256 indigenous species that are described in the
Medieval manuscripts on medicine and pharmacognosy 17,18. Therefore, these 256 species
(60.7%) are no longer used in the modern Azerbaijan phytotherapy.
DISCUSSION 
As a result of the recent studies, numerous plants used in phytotherapy of the medieval
Azerbaijan were identified. Of course, the identified 724 species do not represent all medicinal
plants of the medieval phytotherapy. It is impossible to find, identify and analyze all of them.
Therefore, each new study may add new species to this list. However, the mentioned 724
botanicals include the principal plants of the medieval Azerbaijani phytotherapy. Today, we
have more detailed information about the medical armamentarium of the Middle Ages.
Not only Azerbaijan, but also the whole Muslim East used most of these medicinal plants. Such
medicines as saffron, licorice root, cinnamon were famous in all countries of Orient, including
the non­Islamic regions of India and China. However, it does not mean that the medical
traditions were identical in all parts of the huge Muslim World, and the Azerbaijani
phytotherapy had not its own peculiarities.
The traditional phytotherapy in Azerbaijan consisted of two separate branches: the people or
folk phytotherapy, and professional medieval (Islamic) phytotherapy. Indeed, the professional
Islamic medicine was based on the common theoretical principles in all Muslim countries. On
the contrary, the folk phytotherapists used the specific methods of treatment based on the local
medical beliefs. Since ancient times, the Azerbaijani people applied the endemic and rare
species typical to this country. Besides, as distinct from the professional physicians, the folk
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healers in Azerbaijan used the specific methods of acupuncture (childag) and
physiotherapy with the help of medicinal plants. During the long historical period, the folk
phytotherapy and professional Islamic medicine deeply influenced each other.
Azerbaijani physicians of the Middle Ages widely used botanicals, which are similar to our
present armamentarium. For example, Inula helenium L. was applied against rheumatism,
pneumonia, cough, bad mood, diseases of heart and kidneys, and Papaver somniferum L. ­ in
treatment of nervous diseases, insomnia and various pains. Botanicals of modern
phytotherapy were used by medieval physicians more widely than we use them today. For
example, Inula helenium was applied as a mild antidepressant more than 1000 years ago.
Recently, these properties of Inula helenium have been proved by the modern studies as well19.
Muhammad Mu'min, the author of the 17th century, recommended to treat cancer of skin with
the help of cabbage's (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves. It was recommended to apply the fresh
threshed leaves or their juice on the patient's skin20. The future experimental studies have to
check this medieval recommendation.
Despite the wide application of Crocus sativus L. in medieval phytotherapy, nowadays this
plant is almost forgotten by modern scientific medicine. Most of Azerbaijani authors of the
Middle Ages recommended to use saffron in treatment of diseases of liver, heart and as a tonic.
For these porpoises, the homeopathic doses of saffron were applied. Today, saffron's infusion is
successfully used by some traditional healers in Azerbaijan for treatment of the liver diseases.
Cloves (buds of Syzygium caryophyllatum (Linn.) Als. ) were famous as the tonic and
analgesic medicine. Recently, in the Republic of Azerbaijan these spices are used only in
prapration of food.
Most of identified plants are not included in the list of species recommended for medical
application by Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan. Therefore, they are forgotten by the modern
scientific medicine. Besides, these plants are no longer used even in the folk medicine of
Azerbaijan. Some examples of them are given below.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. This well­known decorative plant is not used by scientific
medicine in Azerbaijan. According to the modern literature it may cause allergia21. However, it
may be supposed that this herb has the antimicrobial and anti­inflammatory properties. For
example, the medieval sources inform that the decoction amaranth's leaves is good against
tumors and diseases of skin. Besides, the fresh leaves' juice was used to heal wounds. To treat
ulcers in mouth and inflammation of gums, it was recommended to rinse the mouth with the
decoction of dried amaranth's leaves22.
Anacyclus ciliatus Trautv. It was considered that seeds of this plant strengthen an organism,
and have the diuretic, antipyretic, anti­inflammatory, sudorific, lactogenic and
expectorant properties23.
Doronicum macrophyllum Fish. The root of this herb was used as a tonic. It was believed that it
strengthens liver, heart, digestion and organs of senses. Decoction of the root was prescribed
against arrhythmia24, 25.
The identified medicinal plants may have therapeutic value once they have been experimentally
and clinically tested.
REFERENCES 
1.
Alekperov F.U., Antixenobiotics in traditional phytotherapy of medieval Azerbaijan.
Proceedings of International Symposium on Study of Xenoboitics. 1: 72. 1992
2.
Alekperov F.U., Plants of Islamic medicine in the medieval Azerbaijan. Abstracts of the 11th
Iranian Congress on Physiology and Pharmacology. 1: 166. 1993
3.
Achundov Abdul­Chalig. Die pharmacologishen grundsaetze des Abu Mansur Muwaffak bin
Ali Harawi. Halle, 1893.
4.
Budge E.A.M. The Syrian book of medecines. London: Oxford University Press, 1913.
5.
Sharaf Muhammad. An English­Arabic dictionary of medicine. Cairo, 1928.
6.
Bedevian A.K. illustrated polyglotic dictionary of plant names. Cairo, 1936.
7.
Abou­Charr C.I., Ades J. Medicinal plants of Lebanon. Pakistan J. Sci. Indust. Res. 1961; 4:
153­7.
8.
Al­Rawi A., Chacravarty H.L. Medicinal plants of Irak. Techn. Bull. Min. Agric. Baghdad,
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1964; 146: 109.
9.
Kamal H. Encyclopedia of Islamic medicine. Cairo, 1967.
10.
Alami R. et al. Medicinal plants in Kuwait. Ministry of Health. Kuwait, 1975.
11.
Ahmed Z.F., Rizu A.M., Hammouda F.M. Glucosonalates of Egyptian Capparis species.
Phytochemistry, 1972; 11: 251­6.
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Ulman M. Islamic medicine. Edinburg, 1978.
13.
Jayaweera D.M.A. Medicinal plants used in Ceylon, 1980­1982; 1­5.
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Imtiaz­ul­Haq, Mahboob­ur­Rahman. Medicinal plants of Upper Swat (N.W.F.P.) Pakistan.
Hamdard Medicus, 1986; 29 (3): 73­87.
15.
Palewitch et al. Medicinal plants of Israel: An ethnobotanical survey. Herbs, Species and
Medicinal Plants. Oryxpress, 1986; 1: 282­345.
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17.
Zargari Ali. Medicinal plants. Tehran, 1991; vol.1­5.
Damirov A.I., Prilipko L.I., Shukurov D.Z., Kerimov Y.B. Medicinal Plants of Azerbaijan.
Baku: Maarif Press, 1988.
18.
Flora of Azerbaijan. Baku: Academic Press, 1961; 1­8
19.
Petkov V. Modern phytotherapy. Sofia, 1988
20.
Muhammad Mu'min. Tuhfat al­mu'minin. The manuscript from the collection of the Institute
of Manuscripts in Baku, Code: M 243/3747, p. 468
21.
Tyler V.E., Brady L.R., Robbers J.E. Pharmacognosy. 9th edition. Philadeiphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1988, p. 430
22. Alekperov F.U. Comparative analysis of medicinal plants of medieval (13th­18th centuries) and
modern Azerbaijan. Baku: Ornak Press, 1992, p.57
23.
Haji Suleyman Gajar Iravani. Fawa'id al­Hikmat. The manuscript from the collection of the
Institute of Manuscripts in Baku, Code: B 39/19955, p. 35
24.
Hasan Ibn Riza Shirvani. Siraj al­Tibb. The manuscript from the collection of the Institute of
Manuscripts in Baku, Code: B 559/219955, pp. 25, 27­42
25.
Ali Ibn Husein Ansari. Ikhtiyarat­i­Bad'i. The manuscript from the collection of the Institute
of Manuscripts in Baku, Code: D 6/1136, p. 47
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