LEARNING
Behaviorism
chapter 7
A change in behavior due to
experience.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov: Russian Scientist Early 1900’s
Unconditioned Stimulus
UCS
A stimulus that leads to a certain response
without any previous training.
ex. Food
Unconditioned Response
UCR
A response that occurs naturally and
automatically when the UCS is presented.
Ex. Salivation to food (natural).
Neutral Stimulus
NS
A stimulus that has no effect on the
organism.
Ex. Bell
Conditioned Stimulus
CS
A neutral stimulus paired with the UCS.
Ex. Bell ----Food
Conditioned Response
CR
A learned response.
The Office
John B. Watson
Little Albert
Generalization
A response spread from one specific
stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the
original.
Ex. White rat –White fur – White beard etc..
Discrimination
The ability to respond differently to distinct
stimuli.
Ex. White fur vs. Black fur
Extinction
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned
response because the CS (bell) is repeatedly
presented without the UCS (Food).
Aversion Conditioning Phobias
and Treatment
Aversion Conditioning:
(Garcia) Learning to hate
what you love. Example
“Clockwork Orange”
Systematic
Desensitization: Slowly
deconditioning phobias
(baby steps)
Flooding/Exposure:
Sudden overwhelming
exposure to fear (roller
coaster)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Subject operates on the environment and
produces a result that will influence whether
he or she will operate in the same way in
the future.
Shaping
B.F. Skinner
1904 – 1990
Walden Two
Shaping
Skinner Box
Behavior Modification
Schedules of
Reinforcement
Behavior Modification
B.F. Skinner
TERMS TO KNOW
+ POSITIVE:
TO PRESENT (ADD)
- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)
REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE
BEHAVIOR
PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A
BEHAVIOR.
EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star,
High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy
NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT
TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE
STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE
IN THE RESPONSE.
EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance
conditioning, Increased freedom or removal
of restrictions after grades or appropriate
behavior increases.
POSITIVE
PUNISHMENT
Give something bad to DECREASE a
behavior.
EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock,
lecture from P’s, A “Switch”
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT
The removal of a good stimulus, causing a
decrease in the response.
Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to
watch T.V. or play Games, not having
dessert, being suspended from school
(supposedly).
CHART
+R
- R
GIVE GOOD
TAKE BAD
+P
- P
GIVE BAD
TAKE GOOD
B.F. Skinner
Behavior Modification
TERMS TO KNOW
+ POSITIVE:
TO PRESENT (ADD)
- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)
REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE
BEHAVIOR
PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A
BEHAVIOR.
EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star,
High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy
NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT
TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE
STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE
IN THE RESPONSE.
EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance
conditioning, Increased freedom or removal
of restrictions after grades or appropriate
behavior increases.
POSITIVE
PUNISHMENT
Give something bad to DECREASE a
behavior.
EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock,
lecture from P’s, A “Switch”
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT
The removal of a good stimulus, causing a
decrease in the response.
Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to
watch T.V. or play Games, not having
dessert, being suspended from school
(supposedly).
CHART
+R
- R
GIVE GOOD
TAKE BAD
+P
- P
GIVE BAD
TAKE GOOD
Schedules of Reinforcement
Ratio = Behavior
Interval = Time
Schedules Experiment
O = attempt X = reward
X OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX
X OOX OX OOOOOX OOX OOOOX
10 seconds X, 10 Seconds X, 10 seconds X
5 seconds X, 15 seconds X,
15 seconds X, 5 seconds X,
(5 20 30 45 50 60)
10 seconds X,
10 seconds X
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement depends on a certain
amount of behavior being emitted.
OOOXOOOXOOOXOOOXOOOX
Examples: Subway card, piece work,
Commission.
Variable Ratio
The number of required responses varies
around some average rather than being
fixed.
OXOOOOXXOOOOOOOOOXOOOX
Examples: Slot Machine, Sports (Baseball),
Most Sales Jobs.
FIXED
INTERVAL
Reinforcement is available at a
predetermined time.
10 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 10 seconds X,
Examples: School Bells, hourly pay, yearly
salary, holidays.
VARIABLE
INTERVAL
The time at which a reinforcer will be
available varies around some average rather
than being fixed.
3 seconds X, 12 seconds X, 7 seconds X, 25
seconds X.
Examples: Weather, earthquakes, phone
calls.
Graph of Schedules
STORY
Concepts of Learning
Primary Reinforcer =
natural reinforcer.
Conditioned
Reinforcer=Signal for
a reinforcer or
punisher.
Feedback
Necessary for learning.
Finding out the results
of an action or
performance.
Transfer
Positive Transfer
A previous learned
response helps you to
learn a new task.
Negative Transfer
A previously learned
task hinders learning.
Practice
The repetition of a task helps to bind
responses together.
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Learned Helplessness
Seligman
Numerous experiences
in which actions have
no effect on your
world.
Learned Depression
Learned Laziness
Chaining
Responses that follow one another in a
sequence are put together.
Swimming, Bowling
Social Learning
All learning in a social situation.
Albert Bandura “a more complex
explanation for behavior is needed.”
Observational Learning
Imitation – Parent to child. (Speech
patterns, personal habits)
How you react to others.
Modeling
Behavior of others increases the chance that
we will do the same thing. (Social
situations)
Disinhibition
Threatening activity.