Words of the Day
AP Review #3
Define the following terms in your notebook:
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Experiment
Hypothesis
Population
Random Selection
Experimental Group
Answers
• Experiment: research method that
involved manipulation of an IV under
controlled conditions; measures effect on
DV
• Hypothesis: Prediction of how two or
more factors are likely to be related
• Population: All of the individuals in the
group in which the study applies
Answers
• Experimental Group: Subgroup of the
sample in an experiment that receives the
treatment or IV
• Random Sample: A method of choosing
members of a population so that every
individual has an equal chance of being
chosen for a sample
Social Relations
Attraction
Conflict and Prejudice
Altruism and Peacemaking
How do we relate to others?
Aggression
I love you…no wait. I hate you.
I am not sure, but you are hot.
Throughout your life (and in particular
during high school) you will feel a lot of
powerful emotions towards others.
Three of the big ones will be…
– Attraction
– Love
– Aggression
Attraction
being drawn towards something
5 Factors of Attraction….
Proximity
• The more you are around something, the more
likely you are to be attracted to it.
…ever spent a week at camp??
Mere exposure effect
• Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.
• And the greater exposure the more likely you will
find similarity
Similarity
• Birds of the same
feather do flock
together.
• Similarity breeds
content. In
background, attitudes,
and values
Reciprocal Liking
• You are more likely
to like someone
who likes you.
• Why?
• Except in
elementary
school!!!!
Liking through Association
• Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction.
• If I wanted ____ to like me and I knew she loved
Godiva chocolate, I would start showing up every time
she ate Godiva.
• Godiva is the UCS and the happy feeling is the UCR.
At this point I am neutral but hope to become the CS
when she associates me with chocolate.
• Once she experiences acquisition every time she sees
me she will become happy (CR)
• So don’t try to pick someone up at the dentist – they
may associate you with those negative stimuli
Physical Attractiveness
Matching Hypothesis
States that people tend to pick partners who are
about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves
The Hottie Factor
• Physically attractiveness often predicts greater
success in certain areas of life
– For example dating frequency (they date more).
• Research shows…they are perceived as…
– Healthier
– happier
– more honest
– have better personalities
– greater job competence
– and more successful than less attractive
counterparts.
What is beauty?
• Some people say beauty is facial symmetry.
What is considered beautiful??
Beauty and Culture
Are these cultures really that
different?
LOVE
• Passionate Love:
– an aroused state of
INTENSE positive
absorption of another.
• Compassionate Love:
– the deep affectionate
attachment we feel for
those with whom our
lives are intertwined.
What makes compassionate love
work?
• Equality
• Self-disclosure
Aggression
• Any physical or
verbal behavior
intended to
hurt or destroy.
• Two types
– Hostile
– Instrumental
• Hostile
– Aggression that has no clear purpose
– Rachel just felt angry one day and
kicked the ---- out of Sam = hostile
• Instrumental
– Aggression that has a purpose
– Rachel wanted Sam’s lunch money and
slapped him aside the head to get his
cash = aggression has a goal =
instrumental
• There are many theories to why aggression
exists.
• How would the main theorists view
aggression?
– Freud??
• Defense mechanism
– Skinner??
• A reinforced learned behavior
– Bandura??
• Observational learning
The Biology of Aggression
• Genetics
• Neural
Influences
(aggression in
the brain)
• Biochemical
The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive Principle:
• When one is frustrated they become
aggressive
• the blocking of an attempt to achieve
some goal creates anger which
generates aggression.
Goals can be:
•Sports or work
•Relationship
•Body Condition etc…
Hot Weather and Aggression
Can we learn to be aggressive
or gentle?
Bandura
thought
so…
They can be learned…through models...but…
Once learned they are difficult to change.
If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and
think about what we are teaching our kids
Aggression and TV
Watches
=
• By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in
school
•2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week.
•By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed
8000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV
•Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain
•As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behaviora strong positive correlation.
•How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?
• Even though aggression gets
most of the research…
sometimes people do positive
things towards each other
– This is called pro-social behavior
(PSB)
• Altruism
– Unselfish regard for the welfare
of others.
• However, there are some
exceptions
• Kitty Genovese case.
Words of the Day
Review #4
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Confounding Variables
Placebo
Quasi-Experiment
Naturalistic Observation
Survey
Case Study
Answers
• Confounding Variables- Factors that cause
differences between the experimental group and
the control group- ex: experimental bias
• Placebo- Physical or psychological treatment
given to the control group that resembles the
treatment given in the study
• Quasi-Experiment- Measurement of DV when
randomly assigned to groups of a randombly
selected sample is not possible; can suggest
cause and effect
Answers
• Naturalistic Observation- Careful observation
of humans or other animals in real-life situations;
provides behavior data; lacks experimental
control
• Survey- Obtain large samples of abilities,
beliefs, or behaviors through questions; can get
distorted, response bias; ex: post factoretrospective survey look at effect and seek
cause
• Case Study- Intensive investigation of the
behavior and mental processes to a specific
person; provides detailed data
Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Effect
 Stabbed
and eventually murdered by a man in
NYC while more than 35 people watched or
listened
 Bystander

Effect
bystanders less willing to help if there are other
bystanders around
WHY???
 Diffusion


of Responsibility
The presence of others may diffuse the sense of
individual responsibility
People tend to assume that someone else will
take action so they need not to do so
Bystander Effect #2
Pluralistic Ignorance
• People seem to decide what appropriate
actions to take by looking at other
people
Example: If we are sitting in the classroom and
we hear a really loud noise and I look at you
guys and you guys do nothing…I think to myself
“they must know what the noise is” and you
look at me and think the same thing. And none
of us do anything!!
Social Exchange Theory
• The idea that our social behavior is an
exchange process, which we maximize
benefits and minimize costs.
Social Responsibility Norm
• A societal rule that tells people they
should help others who need help even
if doing so is costly
Wrap Up
Answer the following questions in your
notebook:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is mere exposure effect?
Give an example of bystander effect.
What are the five factors of attraction?
How can TV and video games affect
aggression in children?