Photography
Group members：
Jia-Qing Yao(49814055)
Bo-Jia Chen(49814021)
Teacher:Ru-Li Lin
Outlines
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The evolution of the camera
Understanding Camera Lenses: Focal Length &
Aperture
 Understanding Camera Exposure: Aperture, ISO
& Shutter SpeedUnderstanding Depth of Field
 Understanding Depth of Field
 Understanding White Balance
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Conclusions
Reference
Prehistoric Fine Arts
Cave paintings are paintings
found on cave walls and
ceilings, and especially refer to
those of prehistoric origin.
The earliest such art
in Europe dates back to
the Aurignacian period,
approximately 40,000 years
ago
Ancient Art
Pompeii frescoes
Erotic art in Pompeii and
Herculaneum was
discovered in the ancient
cities around the bay of
Naples (particularly of
Pompeii and Herculaneum)
after extensive excavations
began in the 18th century.
Medieval
Most surviving art from
the Medieval period was religious
in focus, often funded by
the Church, powerful
ecclesiastical individuals such
as bishops, communal groups
such as abbeys, or wealthy
secular patrons. Many had
specific liturgical functions —
processional crosses and altarpiec
es
Renaissance
The Renaissance is
characterized by a focus on
the arts of Ancient
Greece and Rome, which led
to many changes in both the
technical aspects of painting
and sculpture, as well as to
their subject matter. It began
in Italy, a country rich in
Roman heritage as well as
material prosperity to fund
artists
The first camera of world
Now this
Photography
Heliography is
the photographic process
invented by Joseph
Nicéphore Niépce around
1822, which he used to make
the earliest known permanent
photograph from
nature, View from the
Window at Le Gras The
process used bitumen ,as a
coating on glass or metal,
which hardened in relation to
exposure to light. When the
plate was washed with oil of
lavender, only the hardened
image area remained.
earliest surviving camera photograph
One of the oldest photographic portraits known in 1839
The digital camera
Photpgraphy by smart phone in this century
Understanding Camera Lenses: Focal
Length & Aperture
INFLUENCE OF LENS FOCAL
LENGTH
Understanding Camera Exposure:
Aperture, ISO & Shutter Speed
Each setting controls exposure differently:
Aperture: controls the area over which
light can enter your camera
Shutter speed: controls the duration of
the exposure
ISO speed: controls the sensitivity of
your camera's sensor to a given amount
of light
EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: APERTURE,
ISO & SHUTTER SPEED
Shutter speed
Shutter Speed
Typical Examples
1 - 30+ seconds
Specialty night and low-light photos on a tripod
2 - 1/2 second
To add a silky look to flowing water
Landscape photos on a tripod for enhanced
depth of field
1/2 to 1/30 second
To add motion blur to the background of a
moving subject
Carefully taken hand-held photos with
stabilization
1/50 - 1/100 second
Typical hand-held photos without substantial
zoom
1/250 - 1/500 second
To freeze everyday sports/action subject
movement
Hand-held photos with substantial zoom
(telephoto lens)
1/1000 - 1/4000 second
To freeze extremely fast, up-close subject motion
Slow Shutter Speed
Fast Shutter Speed
Aperture Setting
Aperture
Setting
Relative
Light
Example
Shutter
Speed
f/22
1X
16 seconds
f/16
2X
8 seconds
f/11
4X
4 seconds
f/8.0
8X
2 seconds
f/5.6
16X
1 second
f/4.0
32X
1/2 second
f/2.8
64X
1/4 second
f/2.0
128X
1/8 second
f/1.4
256X
1/15 second
Wide Aperture
f/2.0 - low f-stop number
shallow depth of field
Narrow Aperture
f/16 - high f-stop number
large depth of field
CAMERA EXPOSURE MODES
Most digital cameras have one of the
following standardized exposure modes:
Auto ( ), Program (P), Aperture
Priority (Av), Shutter Priority (Tv),
Manual (M) and Bulb (B) mode. Each of
these modes influences how aperture,
ISO and shutter speed are chosen for a
given exposure. Some modes attempt to
pick all three values for you, whereas
others let you specify one setting and
the camera picks the other two (if
possible). The following charts describe
how each mode pertains to exposure:
Understanding Depth of Field
CONTROLLING DEPTH OF FIELD
f/8.0
f/5.6
f/2.8
Understanding White Balance
Color Cast
Daylight White Balance
Relative intensity has been normalized for each temperature (in Kelvins).
color temperature of some common
light sources
Color Temperature
Light Source
1000-2000 K
Candlelight
2500-3500 K
Tungsten Bulb (household variety)
3000-4000 K
Sunrise/Sunset (clear sky)
4000-5000 K
Fluorescent Lamps
5000-5500 K
Electronic Flash
5000-6500 K
Daylight with Clear Sky (sun overhead)
6500-8000 K
Moderately Overcast Sky
9000-10000 K
Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky
F-number
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Aperture value (f / #) = N = lens focal length f / aperture
hole diameter D
Aperture value can be regarded as a ratio of f / #, such as f /
1, f/1.4, f / 2
We take the denominator of this ratio as described in the
aperture value N, that is, 1,1.4,2
Examples: 50mm focal length of the lens, the diameter of the
aperture hole formula from the previous Example thrust
reverser as: D = f / N
Aperture value 1, the aperture hole diameter is 50mm
Aperture value of 1.4, the aperture hole diameter of
approximately 35mm
Aperture value, the aperture opening diameter of
approximately 25mm
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We set f is the lens focal length, aperture hole to set the
aperture value to a diameter d, formula is a = F / D, if we
desire to half of the aperture hole diameter is set to D, D
projections:
When the diameter d, the area of the circle c is C = 1/2 * c,
seeking D =?
Life R = D / 2, r = r / 2
C = R ^ 2 * π, c = r ^ 2 * π
R^2*π=r^2*π/2
R = sqrt (r ^ 2/2) = r / sqrt (2) = sqrt (2) * r / 2
Then D = R * 2 = sqrt (2) * (d / 2) / 2 = sqrt (2) * d / 2
The new aperture value A should be: (Known: f / d = a)
A = f / D = f / (sqrt (2) * d / 2) = f / sqrt (2) / d * 2 = sqrt (2)
* (f / d) = sqrt (2) * a
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Checking
1 Radius: 50/2 = 25
Area: 25 ^ 2 * pi
3 half of the area: 25 ^ 2 * pi / 2
4 reverts back half of the area of the radius value: sqrt (25 ^ 2 * π /
2 / π) = sqrt (25 ^ 2/2) = sqrt (2) * 25/2
Then into: sqrt (25 ^ 2/2) * 2 = sqrt (50 ^ 2/8) * 2 = sqrt (50 ^ 2/2)
= sqrt (2) * 50/2 diameter
6 new aperture value: 50 / sqrt (50 ^ 2/2) = 50 / sqrt (2) / 50 * 2 =
sqrt (2) * 50
Note: sqrt (2) is the square root of 2
After completion of the above calculation can be simplified to a
formula: A = sqrt (2) * a
Means, aperture value * square root of 2 can calculate the value of
the small aperture.
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If we start to f / 1, under = behalf of approximation:
1 * root 2 = 1.414 close to 1.4
1.4 * square root of 2 = 1.979 close to 2
2 * root 2 = 2.828 close to 2.8
2.8 * square root of 2 = 3.959 close to 4
4 * square root of 2 = 5.656 close to 5.6
5.6 * square root of 2 = 7.919 close to 8
8 * root 2 = 11.313 nearly 11
11 * root 2 = 15.556 nearly 16
16 * root 2 = 22.627 nearly 22
22 * root 2 = 31.112 close to 32
Conclusions
Due to the rapid development of the
mobile phone, the phone combines
camera so that everyone can take a
picture at any time.
 The functional requirements of the
camera more and more, the machine is
getting smaller and smaller, the precision
of the relative production will increase,
thus increasing the cost.
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Reference
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Medieval
Renaissance
The first camera of world
Now this
Photography
earliest surviving camera photograph
One of the oldest photographic portraits known in 1839
The digital camera
Photpgraphy by smart phone in this century
http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/depth-of-field.htm
http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-exposure.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography
http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lenses.htm
F-number