Gender Differences among Hunter-
Gatherers
Sexual division of labor, but complementary roles
Mother-goddess figures

Analyzing Secondary Sources
• Argument (main idea)
• Interpretation (what the historian says the evidence means)
• Evidence
– Specific
– “Factual”, something that can be verified
– Supports interpretation
– Source is identified (cited)

Neolithic Revolution
I. Causes & Effects of Neolithic Revolution
II. Locations & Spread
III. Consequences of Agriculture
IDs: Göbekli Tepe, pastoralism, Catal Huyuk,
Fertile Crescent

Lecture Argument
The most important effects of the Neolithic
Revolution were greater surpluses of food, population growth, settlement in villages, and more patriarchy.

I. Causes & Effects of Neolithic Revolution (circa
7000 BCE)

A. Definition of Neolithic Revolution or
Agricultural Rev. (first of many)
1. invention of agriculture
2. domestication of animals

B. Causes
1. Food shortage for hunter-gatherers
2. Climate change with end of Ice Age (c. 8000
BCE)
3. Observation & experimentation
Plants – women
Animals – men

4. Religion?
Göbekli Tepe (Turkey): 10,000 BCE

Göbekli Tepe (red)

C. Effects
1. Population Increase
2. Settlement in villages

• Houses
• bread
• beer
• ovens
• pottery
• textiles???
• wheel
• plow
3. Other inventions

4. Two new lifestyles (economic forms)
Agricultural (farming, villages)
Pastoral

Herding
Horses
Nomadic
Pastoralism – Steppe

II. Locations & Spread
A. Neolithic Rev. happened at different times in different places

Strong Maybes
• South America 6000
BCE
• Africa (Sahel) 2000
BCE

B. Neolithic Rev. spread outward from initial location
• Southwest
Asia
• Fertile
Crescent
(green)
• Zagros
Mountains
(red)

III. Consequences of Agriculture
A. surplus of food  population growth & parttime specialization
2. More work

3. Villages
Göbekli Tepe (red)
Catal Huyuk
(purple)
Anatolia (Asia
Minor)

4. Land Ownership
Catal Huyuk

5. Growth of Patriarchy
• Plowing
• Men control animals, food surplus, and land
• Women’s work undervalued

6. New stage in Human Development
Hunter-gatherer
Agriculture / Pastoralism
Next: Cities (civilization)

Lecture Argument
The most important effects of the Neolithic
Revolution were greater surpluses of food, population growth, settlement in villages and more patriarchy.