Name:
Hour:
Date:
TISSUE TYPES
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
Embryonic Development
• Blastocyst- ball of cells
• Germ layers:
–Endoderm- inner layer
–Mesoderm- middle layer
–Ectoderm- outer layer
Gastrulation- process of blastocyst to germ layers
Histogenesis- process of germ layers developing into different kinds of tissues
Epithelial Tissue
• Types & locations
–Membranous: cover/lining; found in serous cavities, blood & lymph vessels,
respiratory, digestive & genitourinary tracts
–Glandular: grouped in solid cords or specialized follicles that form secretory
units of endocrine & exocrine glands
• Functions
–Protection
–Sensory functions
–Secretion
–Absorption
–Excretion
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
1
• Generalizations
–Limited matrix material
–Connects to connective tissue
–Avascular
–Cells tightly packed
–Frequently replace themselves
• Classifications
–Membranous epithelium
• Classification based on cells shape
–Squamous cells
–Cubiodal cells
–Columnar cells
–Pseudostratified columnar cells
• Classification based on layers of cells
–Simple epithelium
–Stratified epithelium
–Transitional epithelium
–Glandular epithelium
• Unicellular glands- single-celled glands; Goblet Cells
• Multicellular glands- clusters, solid cords, specialized follicles
• Exocrine glands- secrete into ducts
• Endocrine glands- ductless glands
Connective Tissue Categories
• Embryonic or mesenchyme
• Adult
–Loose
–Dense
–Connective tissue with special properties
–Cartilage
–Bone
–Blood
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
2
Extracellular Matrix
• Components
–Protein fibers
• Collagen which is most common protein in body
• Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs
• Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or compression
–Ground substance
• Shapeless background
–Fluid
Loose Connective Tissue
• Also known as areolar tissue
• Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
• Attaches skin to underlying tissues
• Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells
Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense regular
–Has abundant collagen fibers
• Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments: Connect bones to bones
• Dense regular elastic
• Ligaments in vocal folds
• Dense irregular
• Scars
• Dense irregular collagenous
• Forms most of skin dermis
• Dense irregular elastic
• In walls of elastic arteries
Connective Tissue with Special Properties
• Adipose tissue- Fat storage
–Consists of adipocytes
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
3
–Types
• Yellow (white)
–most abundant, white at birth and yellows with age
• Brown
– found only in specific areas of body as axillae, neck and near
kidneys
• Reticular tissue
–Forms framework of lymphatic tissue
–Characterized by network of fibers and cells
Cartilage
• Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae
• Next to bone firmest structure in body
• Types of cartilage
–Hyaline
–Fibrocartilage
–Elastic
Hyaline Cartilage
• Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility
–Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
• Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo
• Involved in growth that increases bone length
Fibrocartilage
• Slightly compressible and very tough
• Found in areas of body where a great deal of pressure is applied to joints
–Knee, jaw, between vertebrae
Elastic Cartilage
• Rigid but elastic properties
–External ears, epiglottis
Osseous Tissue
• Commonly called bone tissue
• Function is to support & protect
• Made of osteocytes
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
4
• Compact Bone
• Cancellous or Spongy Bone
Blood
• Matrix between the cells is liquid
• Hemopoietic tissue
–Forms blood cells
–Found in bone marrow
• Yellow
• Red
Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
–Contracts or shortens with force
–Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
–Skeletal- moves bones
• Striated and voluntary
–Cardiac- pumps heart
• Striated and involuntary
–Smooth- covers organs; moves fluids
• Nonstriated and involuntary
Nervous Tissue
• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Ability to produce action potentials
• Cells
–Nerve cells or neurons
• Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons
• Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
–Neuroglia or support cells
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
5
Membranes
• Mucous
–Line cavities that open to the outside of body
–Secrete mucus
• Serous
–Line cavities not open to exterior
• Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
• Synovial
–Line freely movable joints
–Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
Inflammation
• Response when tissues damaged or with an immune response
• Manifestations
–Redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function
• Mediators
–Include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
–Stimulate pain receptor and increase blood vessel permeability
LZHS McGraw Hill – Chapter 4 Notes
Anatomy H
6