Middle Ages
Post-Classical Europe
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Known as __________ Ages
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____________ Period
Europe viewed as_____________ by other peoples of the world
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Less ______________ and _________________ development
Early Post-Classical Period
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Many problems in the early years of the post-classical period
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Viking _____________
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Weak ____________ due to decentralized _________________
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____________________
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________ agricultural productivity
Economic Activity:
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________________ farming common
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Many people lived as _____________ on large manors owned by a wealthier
___________________
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Serfs had difficult lives, but were not ______________
Low agricultural productivity
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Inefficient __________ and farming _______________ made agriculture difficult
Government:
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______________ government
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__________________ was most common political and economic arrangement
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______________ and serfs worked on agricultural estates owned by landlords
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Exchanged part of their ___________ and labor for _______________
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Very few ____________ kingdoms developed
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Charlemagne (________________________)
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8th century: Established empire in _______________, ______________, and
______________________
Achievements under Charlemagne
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Promoted__________________
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__________ copied works from the past
Empire fell apart shortly after Charlemagne’s death (_______)
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Exception was _____________________short-lived empire
Split into ___ kingdoms, which developed ______________ from each other
Fall of Charlemagne’s Empire set stage for further __________________ in Western Europe
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Fragmented into _______________ kingdoms, which would later become
_____________
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Regional _____________ emerged to further ______________ the people
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Most based on ___________ (known as Romantic Languages), others based on
_______________ languages
Religion
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_________________ was sole unifying force in Western Europe
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Catholicism
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____________ (in Rome) center of religious _________________
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Local ___________
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____________ work
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Monasteries and convents
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___________ and __________ served as religious ______________ to other
Europeans
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Promoted __________________
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__________ became the language of _______________ people and church _____________ in
Europe
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Most people unable to __________, ___________, or understand Latin
Slow Changes after 900 C.E.
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In _______ Century, Europe did experience small developmental changes
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New______________ techniques and technology made farming more productive
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Moldboard _________
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Landowners began to accumulate more ____________ through sale of ag.
___________________
Population growth
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Able to ___________ more people
___________________ increased
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Cities became _______________ centers
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Still small in comparison to ____________ East
Growth in education
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_________________ educated those who were destined for the Church
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________________ grew in cities
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_____________ conversions to Christianity led to fewer ____________ and invasions
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Europe began to engage in more long-distance trade
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New crops and technologies
Governmental Changes
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_________________ emerged as the dominant _____________ system
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Began as localized agreements, grew into feudal _____________
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System where____________ (military elites) exchange ____________ and
___________for _____________(manors)
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_____________: lesser lords who swear ______________ to a more powerful
lord (king)
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Loyalty in exchange for land (_________)
Manors were worked by serfs and/or freed peasants
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Exchanged labor and commodities for ______________-
Knights
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Armored ___________ of the middle ages
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Use of ____________ in warfare
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Adopted stirrup from Central Asian ______________
Armor
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Started out as open-faced _____________ & long, metal studded shirts (____________)
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Evolved into helmet with small _________ and metal ____________
Governmental Developments
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Overtime, kings used feudalism to buildup their own _____________
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Examples of Governmental Development:
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______________ Family in France:
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England:
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Powerbase near ____________, spread influence outward to create a feudal
kingdom
William the Conqueror (_____________________) invaded England and
abruptly established a feudal kingdom
Europe’s political development was hindered by several factors
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________________ limited power of many kings
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_________ directly controlled central ____________
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Became involved in _______________
Indirectly many other areas of ____________
Feudal Kingdoms ___________ each other
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France and England ______________
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In early part of Middle Ages, ______________ were also restricted by the ideas of:
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Limited Government
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___________________ (1215)
Representative Government
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1265: Introduction on ____________________: elected legislatures that are
____________________ of the people
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The _______________ Years War
_______________ developed the strongest Parliamentarian system
People ______________ giving the monarch too much ______________.
Expansion of European Influence
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Population_____________ and economic _________________ led to an increase in European
expansion
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Expand into ___________ Europe
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_________________ in Spain
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Efforts to remove _______________ influence in Spain
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Completed in ________
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Portugal emerged as a _______________ power in Mediterranean and
began to increase exploration along coast of _____________
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Spain created after marriage of _____________ and _______________
»
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Alliance between ____________ and _______________
Viking exploration in ______________, ______________, and Hudson Bay area of
_________________
Crusades
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Series of ______________ wars between ______________ and ______________
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Fight for control of _______________ and access to riches and trade in
__________________
First Crusade in 1095 (request of _______________)
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Promised _______________ for Crusaders
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Gained control of __________________, later lost the city when _____________ rallied
under the leadership of _____________ in 12th century
Impact of the Crusades
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showed the west’s ___________________ toward the rest of the ________________
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Exposed Europe to new _________ and __________________
Culture of the Middle Ages
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____________ dominated culture
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Conflict between ________ and____________
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_____________: study of religion
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Growth in ___________ education in later years
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BUT Minimal _____________ discovery
Art was used to ____________ God
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_________images, ___________ glass windows with ________________ scenes
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____________ Architecture- buildings appeared to be reaching to the ____________
Much of _____________ done in Latin with religious topics BUT
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Some began to write in the___________________(language spoken by common people)
about ____________ topics
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Poems about _________, _______________, and court life were common
Economy
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90% of population was __________
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Most people ___________ or ____________
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Made living through _________________
_______________ growth saw increase of ____________
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Became cultural and _______________ centers
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Increase in ___________ labor
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Skilled labor usually restricted to members of ______________
Trade picked up (particularly in __________ and areas near coast)
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Merchants became huge source of _____________, made loans to
____________
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_________________ with Church because Church frowned upon charging
interest on loans and feared money would ______________ people
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______________ became major money lenders b/c their religion did not
__________________ charging interest (usury)
Europe also saw development in certain industries
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____________ increased and Europe was able to access metals for __________ and
_____________ making
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European’s harnessed the power of _____________ from its many rivers and streams
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Water Wheels used in __________ to help grind grain and perform other tasks
Urbanization
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As populations and cities grew, the economy began to develop more ______________
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Problems of Urbanization and Economic Development
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Environmental ________________
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________________, pollution of streams, lack of ______________
_____________
Black Death
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____________Plague
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Caused by bacteria, transmitted by _________ and _________
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_______________ disease
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__________ treated with antibiotics
Boils, blacks spots on skin, foul body odor
Impact
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Killed ______ of European population
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Skilled labor more expensive due to ________ shortages
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Peasant _____________, led to swift decline in serfdom as peasants and serfs
_________ away from their manors
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___________in cities
Government Structure in Late Middle Ages
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Toward the end of the Middle Ages, _____________ monarchies began to _____________ in
power
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Feudalism ______________ and aristocrats lost much of their power
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New military _____________reduced the need for knights
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________________and artillery (cannons),____________ and
___________became major part of military
Kings began to ___________ military personnel rather than depend on the
________________
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Paid for with __________ from bankers/businessmen and with new
_________ that were collected on merchants and land
Conclusion
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Middle Ages were a time of _________________ in Western Europe.
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_______________ in some areas while still _____________________ in others
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_________________ innovation in mining, milling, and waterpower BUT still
_______________food production
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___________ advances BUT at cost of more frequent _______ and ___________
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_________ increased and helped improve the European economy BUT gap between
________ and ___________ still wide
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____________ growth offset by ______________