'OREGON FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
LIBRARY
CHEMISTRY OF WOOD '
VIII. Further Studies of Sapwood and
Heartwood
June 1926
No. 8917
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Madison, Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
CHEMISTRY OFIJOOD1
VIII.--Further Studies of Sapwood and Heartwood
By
G.
3. RITTER, Chemist
and
L. C. FLECK, Associate Chemist
The present paper represents a continuation of a , previous study of
the chemistry of sapwood and fleartwood?- to ' determine whether any additional
generalizations can be made in grouping hardwoods and softwoods on the
basis of chemical differences between sapwood and heartwood. The methods
of analxsis are identical with those used in former experiments of this
series...2 The determinations were made in duplicate, and the average of
each pair of determinations is shown in the accompanying table.
Discussion of Results
The results confirm the conclusions stated in the sixth paper ?- of
this series, to the effect that softwoods form a single group having high
relative amounts of extractives in the heartwood. Also, with only one
exception, the softwoods here reported exhibit another characteristic in
common with those reported in paper VI, in that the high extractives in
the heartwood are accompanied by low percentages of lignin and cellulose,
In the exceptional case of white spruce the lignin and cellulose content
is approximately the same in sa p wood and heartwood, The hardwoods, also
in accord with the findings of the earlier paper,2 are distributed between
two groups having high relative amuants of extractives in the sapwood and
heartwood, respectively.
The acetic acid obtained by acid hydrolysis is uniformly higher in
the sapwood than in the heartwood of both hardwoods and softwoods.
By the results here reported more species have been fitted into the
scheme of classification advanced in the sixth paper of the series,
2Presented before the Division of Cellulose Chemistry at the 66th meeting
of the American Chemical Society, Milwaukee, Wis., Sept, 10 to 14, 1923.
2
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 15, 1055 (1923).
Ibid., 14, 1050 (1922).
Rept. No. R917
-1-
Whether additional groups of softwoods exist is a question that can be
answered only after a larger number of species have been analyzed. Combining results for the hardwoods listed in the sixth and the present paper,
it is seen that Group A (with high extractives in the sapwood) includes
white ash, pignut hickory, red alder, red mulberry, sugar ma ple, and catalpa;
Group B (with high extractives in the heartwood) includes yellow-poplar,
yellow birch, white oak, red oak, locust, and. eucalyptus.
Conclusions
1. In softwoods the water, ether, and alkali extracts are higher
in the heartwood than in the sapwood, and the cellulose and lignin are correspondingly lower in the heartwood (except in white spruce, in which
cellulose-lignin content is approximately the same in the two bands of
growth).
2. On the basis of water, ether, and alkali extractives, hardwoods
are divided into two groups; (a) those with high extractives in the sapwood, and (b) those with high extractives in the heartwood. The former
have low cellulose in the sapwood, the latter low cellulose in the heartwood.
Acetic acid by hydrolysis is higher in the sapwood than in the
3.
heartwood of all the woods.
Rept. No. R917
-2-
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