Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
Obstacles Facing Small and Medium Businesses in the
Developing Countries and the Solutions
Asad Khalil1 and Wen Rong2
This paper highlights the obstacles facing small and medium businesses in developing countries
and finding out the solutions for these obstacles from social, legal and economical perspective
since these businesses are considered as one of the most important factors of the economic
development process especially in the developing and third world countries, whereby the
development of the national economy rely on.
Management of Small Business
JEL Classification: M10
1. Introduction
Developing and encouraging the SMBs considered as one of the most important economic and
social resources in the developed and developing countries, therefore, many countries focused
on these projects and gave them an unlimited support, especially after these businesses
proved their ability and efficiency in addressing the major problems facing the various
economies around the world such as the labor absorption despite the lack of investment
volume compared with large-scale projects, in addition to developing the abilities of
management, production, and marketing.This paper aims to determine the obstacles facing
SMBs in developing countries and suggesting solutions for these obstacles since these
businesses play an important role in promoting the economics of the developing and third
world countries.
2. Methodology
Any scientific research subjects to a range of approaches and scientific techniques. Since the
research method isn’t subjected to researcher personal considerations but to the nature of the
1
Asad Khalil; International business school-Sichuan International Studies University; asaadkhalil@yahoo.com;
Address: st.33 Zhuangzhi, 400031, Chongqing, China.
2 Wen Rong; International business school-Sichuan International Studies University; 407572300@qq.com;
Address: st.1 Taishan West Road, 401120, Chongqing, China.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
subject and its objectives and limits so in our research we adopted the descriptive and
analytical method which fits the theme of searching through various concepts and data
analyses and finally accessing to the scientific results, beside of considering some official
sources that concern these projects such as the department of SMBs in Chongqing
government and recent statistics.
3. Results and discussion
The research determines the obstacles facing SMBs in developing countries (including China)
especially the economical, social and cultural ones which prevents the progress of these
projects and their development. And providing set of procedures and mechanisms to remedy
the major obstacles and increase their contribution to the economic development.
3.1 Small and medium businesses (concept, classification, importance)
It is necessary to define the small and medium businesses SMBs in order to specify the
outlines and the framework for this research.
In fact, there is no general or extensive consensus on the definition of SMBs since the
scientific outlooks and practical understandings of these businesses are varied and different,
moreover, the words “small” and “medium” have different concepts differ from country to
another and from section to another section in the same country.
Studies have indicated tens of definitions of these businesses in different countries, and in
each section of government departments.
3.1.1 Japan
Small and Medium-size projects are those who have number of employees 300 or less, and
100 employees in the service projects.
3.1.2 European Union
In Europe, the SMBs are recognized as follow:
• Micro-enterprises have up to 10 employees
• Small enterprises have up to 50 employees
• Medium-sized enterprises have up to 250 employees.
The European Commission define the SMBs as follow: “The SMBs are made up of enterprises
which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50
million euro, and/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million euro”
EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SMBs. For example,
the definition in Germany had a limit of 255 employees, while in Belgium it could have been
100.
3.1.3 United States
In the United States, the Small Business Administration sets small business criteria based on
industry, ownership structure, revenue and number of employees (which in some
circumstances may be as high as 1500, although the cap is typically 500). Both the US and the
EU generally use the same threshold of fewer than 10 employees for small offices.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
3.1.4 Kenya
In Kenya, the term is MSME stands for "micro, small and medium enterprises". Maximum
number of employees = 10000.
3.1.5 Canada
Industry Canada defines a small business as one with fewer than 100 employees (if the
business is a goods-producing one) or fewer than 50 employees (if the business is
service-based), and a medium-sized business as one with fewer than 500 employees. While
Industry Canada may have screening criteria based on SME qualification, such as eligibility for
subsidies, it is not the tax authority in Canada.
3.1.6 China
China’s Regulations on the Standards for Classification of Small and Medium-sized
Enterprises were jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,
the National Bureau of Statistics, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the
Ministry of Commerce on June 18, 2011 and came into effect on the same date.
The Regulations divide small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into three categories:
medium, small and mini. The upper limit standard for medium-sized enterprises is the lower
limit standard for large-sized enterprises. Individual businesses and industries other than those
specified in the regulations are also categorized by reference to the regulations. The specific
standards for different industries in China are shown in table 1.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
Table 1: The specific standards for different industries in China
Industry
Medium
Small
Mini
Agriculture,
Operating Revenue
Operating Revenue ≥ 0.5
Operating Revenue ≤
Farming,
≥ 5 Million
Million
0.5 Million
Number Of
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Employees ≥ 300
20 Persons And,
Employees ≤ 20
Persons And,
Operating ≥ 3 Million
Persons
Fishery
Heavy Industry
Architecture
Operating ≥ 20
Or, Operating ≤ 3
Million
Million
Operating Revenue
Operating Revenue ≥ 3
Operating Revenue ≤
≥ 60 Million
Million
3 Million
And,
And,
Or,
Total Assets ≥ 50
Total Assets ≥ 3 Million
Total Assets ≤ 3
Million
Million
Wholesale
Number Of
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Trade
Employees ≥ 20
5 Persons And, Operating
Employees ≤ 5
Persons And,
Revenue ≥ 10 Million
Persons
Operating Revenue
Or,
≥ 50 Million
Operating Revenue ≤
10 Million
Retail Industry
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Employees ≥ 50
10 Persons And,
Employees ≤ 10
Persons And,
Operating Revenue ≥ 1
Persons Or,
Operating Revenue
Million
Operating Revenue ≤
Number Of
≥ 5 Million
1 Million
Transportation
Number Of
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Industry
Employees ≥ 300
20 Persons And,
Employees ≤ 20
Persons And,
Operating Revenue ≥ 2
Persons Or,
Operating Revenue
Million
Operating Revenue ≤
≥ 30 Million
2 Million
Warehousing
Number Of
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Industry
Employees ≥ 100
20 Persons And,
Employees ≤ 20
Persons And,
Operating Revenue ≥ 1
Persons Or,
Operating Revenue
Million
Operating Revenue ≤
≥ 10 Million
1 Million
Accommodation
Number Of
Number Of Employees ≥
Number Of
Industry
Employees ≥ 100
10 Persons And,
Employees ≤ 10
Persons And,
Operating Revenue ≥ 1
Persons Or,
Operating Revenue
Million
Operating Revenue ≤
≥ 20 Million
1 Million
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
There is a set of criteria or factors influence the definition of those businesses such as:
 The economic system nature in the country.
 The various standards used to determine the nature of the small or medium or large
business (it maybe the number of workers or the project capital or a mixture of the two
criteria, or the technology used in the project or the volume of sales, etc).
In terms of the classifying these small and medium businesses it would be in accordance to
different standard such as the goal, type or the size of the business, and the division will be as
follows:
The first classification
a) Traditional SMBs: these types of SMBs characterized by low economies (inefficient labor,
low sales and productivity, in addition to the less quantity of the markets and tight or limited
contracts).
b) Small and medium business resulted from the environment of markets: characterized by
efficiency and searching for opportunities in the domestic and overseas markets and its
flexibility beside of having an efficient labor.
c) Pioneer SMBs: characterized by adventured and rehabilitation businessmen where they
engage in new economic activities, investing in human capitals, in addition to the use of
financing programs and having the ability to bear the capital investment risks.
The second classification
a) Productive projects: which is based on converting raw material into the final product or
semi-manufactured material with value added, which indicates to increase the value of
output (GDP) in comparing with the inputs (factors of production), and the symmetry which
refers to match the specifications of each product unit.
b) Service projects: which aim to provide services on behalf of the client despite his ability to
do so.
c) Commercial projects: which aim to purchase, sale, distribute commodities or manufacture
different items, and re-invest the profit.
The third classification
Micro, small and medium businesses are defined according to their staff quantity or the annual
budget.
a) A microenterprise is defined as an project which employs less than 10 persons and with
annual balance total does not exceed EUR 2 million. Often, such project does not have a
fixed place, carried out by a single individual is the owner of the project, and probably have
official papers or have a minimum of official papers.
b) A small business is defined as a project which employs less than 50 persons and with
annual balance total does not exceed EUR 10 million. Such project often has a fixed
address and full official papers.
c) A medium-sized enterprise is defined as an enterprise which employs fewer than 250
persons and whose annual budget does not exceed EUR 50 million. Obviously has a fixed
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
place and full official documents.
The forth classification
‎Assimilate in projects such as the industrial, agricultural, service and educational projects.
These projects can be divided into these elements:
a) The Capital: Includes all needed costs of the project, or the of the productions factors.
b) The Machinery and equipment: which include all equipments to produce the item or the
service.
c) The labor: All personnel required to run the project.
d) The Management: It is responsible for optimum operating of the project and the
achievement of its objectives, and it is part of employment.
e) The Technology: the methods of production.
Though the developed countries focused on the heavy industrialization and established
large-scaled projects and strategies, didn’t abolished their interest and support to promote and
develop the small industries and businesses since it is considered as one of the important and
basic channels for the consumption of what is produced by large industries such as the
production requirements and simple materials, thus achieving a kind of interaction and
interdependence between both units.
Small and medium businesses has an significant rule in the aspects of economic and social, by
their ability in creating jobs for employments especially during the times of economical and
political crisis such as the conflicts in the middle east beside the ability to lower the increased
unemployment and to offer instead jobs opportunities for the laid off staff . In the third world
countries and developing countries in particular, these businesses may give a great assist to
deal with the financial development challenges, variation of the financial levels of the people in
the community, offering jobs for unemployment individuals, addressing the demographic
challenges and providing solutions to for them especially for the growing populations through
varied ways such as enhancing the competition and motivating these small and medium
businesses to have higher production.
Consequently, such businesses will provide financial support for the individuals and fight the
poverty in the community.
Traditionally, the importance role of SMBs in the national economy contribution is measured
through three basic standards;
a) Their contribution to the market operation
b) The contribution to the production
c) Its share of the total number of economical projects.
The economic importance of these businesses can be summarized in:
a) Generate income for the projects owners.
b) Provide job opportunities for the individuals.
c) Producing goods able to be exported and that leads to obtain foreign currency
d) Create value-added to the products and the national wealth.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
e) Create investment opportunities required by these projects.
f) Constitute solid bases for the national economy against the setbacks and negative
economical influences such as the inflation and recession, because these affections
against small and medium enterprises have less influence comparing to the large-sized
companies.
g) Small enterprises play a pivotal role in the process of transforming the economies of
some countries into market economy.
h) The SMBs have important role in the social development through supporting the national
economic.
3.2 Obstacles facing small and medium businesses
Many communities entirely rely on their governments, thus the public sector commands the
national economic over the private sectors, and the SMBs remains in its early stages in many
countries specifically the third world ones. So, these businesses are undeveloped compared
with the large-sized projects, and this may differ from a country or a sector to another, so a
significant improvement will be more noticeable in the developing countries comparing to the
third world ones because the developing countries recognized the importance social and
economical roles of these projects by their support to the national and local economies
especially the large-population countries as they support and sponsor these businesses by
enacting a set of laws and regulations to provide a suitable environment for these projects,
their owners and labors.
Despite the spread progress and the public awareness of the SMBs important role of for the
individuals and the societies, it still remains many obstacles that impediment the SMBs all over
the world, especially in the developing countries and preventing the development of these
projects to fulfill its role.
These obstacles face the SMBs during the periods of establishment, production and marketing.
In addition to several complicated issues related to the legal and structural aspects.
These obstacles can be confined in:
3.2.1 Administrative obstacles
The Administrative obstacles often come as a result of the economical and legal obstacles, and
they considered important and increased obstacles in the developing countries and more
difficult and complicated than other problems due to the backward levels of administrative
performance.
These obstacles appear as a result of lack in laws and regulations that support and particular
protect SMBs. Such laws formulate the legislations governing these projects, such as the tax,
import and export laws.
The availability of capital is one of the most important components of establishing and
operating any industrial project (small, medium or large) which may pass through three
financing stages (incorporation, operation and expansion), and in these stages the funding
sources may vary regarding the needs of each project.
Among the problems facing the SMEs in rewarding bank financing, it is notable the high
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
interest rates on loans, and the short period of repayment along with limited funding.
The financial obstacles on funding are the main problem, and no doubt that all industrial
projects need adequate funding and qualified management skills to achieve suitable revenue
and fair profit.
The SMEs usually face funding difficulties due its size (lack of guaranties) and its recency (lack
of credit history).
Accordingly, financial departments and sponsoring institutions are exposed to a number of
risks when financing SMBs in their various stages of development (establishment, increase,
incorporation, and the actual merger).
Examples of difficulties facing the SMBs are; failing to provide funding needs, weak correlation
with large industrial projects, low ability of competition, absence of economic and technical
studies, lack of information about quality and prices of similar goods, centralized
decision-making and lack of confidence among consumers to the SMBs products.
Moreover, the SMBs especially in the developing countries face difficulties in marketing, in
both the domestic and the external markets, and that lead to tighten the markets of the SMBs
cause a lack of their outlets.
3.2.2 Taxes
The tax system is another important problem facing the SMBs all over the world.
This tax issue is a problem for both sides, for the SMBs owners in terms of the high rates of tax,
and for the tax administration too due to the lack of sufficient data about these SMBs which has
negative influence to the taxation system.
3.2.3 The scarcity of raw materials
In terms of natural resources rarity we may notice the lack of storage capacity, the low ability to
import needed materials, and the changeable rate of exchange. In addition there is high cost of
raw materials production and labors in developing countries, all of that may lead to the loses
these SMEs competitiveness ability.
3.2.4 Socio-cultural obstacles
Socio-cultural obstacles such as the lack of skilled labor are main obstacles faced by those
businesses due not having appropriate education and training systems for the industrial
development requirements.
The education system in developing countries suffers from a several problems such as
a) Failing to monitor the required costs for the various stages of education.
b) A shortage of schools and universities that can accommodate the increase of students
wishing to study in most developing countries.
c) Lack of well qualified personnel, especially in the crafts and the higher studies in university,
and the lack of training programs.
d) Lack of facilities and laboratories in universities.
e) Congestion of students in the classes and universities, thereby hindering the well delivery
of information to students.
f) Lack of coordination between the requirements of human resources development and
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
education outcomes at the practical level and reality.
g) The brain drain from developing countries to developed ones.
Therefore, the issue of investment in the human element in the industry field depends on:
 Improving the skills and expertise of the projects labors and finding new skilled and
experienced people.
 Exploiting the available skills and expertise them in best way.
 Preparing qualified industrial cadres and leaders.
 Supporting the technical and crafts education which may have reluctance by young people
and their families due some cultural traditions.
In fact, there can be no industrial development without qualified human cadres know how to
deal with the machines and required techniques. At present time, the preparation of cadres
became urgent and intuitive necessity because the presence of advanced machinery in
production requires the worker to have higher technically and scientifically level for being able
to use it properly.
As well as the lack of individual participation of the social work, and this is due to the legacy of
colonialism in many developing countries, which made the participation of individuals working
in a very low level, and results in lack of the social work culture for the advancement of their
societies and to overcome the economic backwardness of their countries. Therefore it is
recommended to:
 The individual’s participation shall be a comprehensive; horizontal and vertical.
 The planning process should not be limited to a certain class in society, but shared by all.
 The planning may reflect the requirements and needs of all the society members without
exception at any level.
 The participation may include the control, supervision and participation in decision-making
and exchange of views.
Developing countries are not used to have such method of regulating their people efforts due
to the traditional concept of family and its restriction. Such behave may cause various
problems to the community and result in having weak economical progress.
3.3 Solutions and mechanisms to eliminate the obstacles
After viewing the previous obstacles facing the SMBs clarifies the challenge and the needed
efforts to eliminate these obstacles, through providing the necessary requirements to support
SMBs as an important step in the way of economic development.
Accordingly, supporting the small and medium businesses has become a significant issue for
the continuation of the industrialization and economic development process, therefore should
highlight these supporting efforts within the framework of industrial development where these
efforts includes many productive methods meet the requirements of the community needs of
goods and services provided by these methods and at the same time generating required
technical and management skills as well as providing physical and operational suppliers for the
potential industrial establishments.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
overcoming the previous difficulties, as well as maintaining, encouraging and supporting the
SMBs may achieved through providing the available means to support these businesses,
understand their requirements and identify the difficulties encountered their progress for having
the suitable solutions and methods through the proper legislations, the appropriate legal
system, funding methods, and clear strategies to develop the national economy through
providing suitable system of priorities to select the required industrial projects as well as
defining the role of the public and the private sector for implementing the plan.
In order to have industrial and management development, both, individuals and managements
in community are recommended to follow the next steps through various levels:
3.3.1 At the economic level
It is recommended to consider the following steps:
a) Providing facilities for the self-financing procedures, since the financial support is one of
the most fundamental obstacles for SMBs through set of credit facilities and financial
incentives such as granting loans with long or short-term benefits to help these enterprises
in facing problems during the period of operation and production.
b) Giving tax breaks to those who in charge of small businesses and providing tax exemption
for industrial projects of SMBs for the first five years of the projects establishment.
c) Providing financial support and specialized consulting services in the field of finance and
management for the SMBs,, especially for the emerged projects in order to improve their
performance and enhance their competitiveness ability and enable them to overcome the
encountered difficulties.
d) These services include the assessments of market pricing, basics accounting, financial
management and rationalization of investors and this may achieved through holding
courses and seminars by competent and specialized departments of industries and
establishing advisory centers to offer consulting and technical advices as well as
administrative feasibility studies which the investors of these businesses are unable to
bear its expenses.
e) Giving attention to the field of marketing for the purpose of developing small and medium
businesses, which requires the development of the marketing capabilities, marketing
awareness, and suitable knowledge of the mechanisms and the ability to compete and to
find successful ways for marketing through researches and studies, presenting information
and statistics on the global markets, rehabilitating the marketing abilities and holding
promotional campaigns of the national products in overseas markets.
3.3.2 At the legal fields
It is preferable to afford legislations which regulate the area of finance and economics through
developing the laws and legislations which may regulate and govern the activities of these
businesses and their work beside presenting the required and appropriate environment in this
sector for better cooperation with the concerned authorities.
3.3.3 At the social and cultural level:
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
A series of actions should be considered
a) Develop and improve the skills of workers and labors in their industries fields through
joining training courses include specialized workshops to develop their abilities by
acquiring technical and technological skills in all needed areas for the purpose of providing
the national skilled force of labors in the small and medium industrial projects.
b) Simplifying the procedures of granting licenses to start or to continue the small and
medium businesses and that may achieved by streamlining procedures and removing the
routine obstacles which may help to save the time and a reduce of the costs of the basic
financial founding procedures as well as concerning the development and providing basic
services in industrial complexes and coordinating with the stakeholders to identify the
controls and work methods of such projects.
c) Abandoning the ancient myths and vain customs or traditions, and considering the ways of
human renovation in order to build a contemporary society of mutual political and social
qualifications and relations at the community level and awareness of responsibility to
create what is known as social mobilization, which includes renovation of individuals in
terms of demographic distribution, culture, social relations, and prevailed systems.
However, with regard to social mobilization for industrial development there are three
levels is the level of technology, economic and sociality.
d) Modernization which refers to the needed changes in the social construction, and its
causes to the changes of human trends. This modernization includes specific forms of
social, economic and political aspects.
e) Encouraging the labor mobility regarding the suitable position and required skills no matter
if it is in the city or countryside despite of the horizontal migration from the countryside to
the cities; and concentrating the rising vertical mobility by individuals due their social and
education status rather than family affiliation or relations.
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Proceedings of Annual Shanghai Business, Economics and Finance Conference
3 - 4 November 2014, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
ISBN: 978-1-922069-63-4
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