Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
Improving the Quality of Peacekeeping Operations in Sub
Saharan Africa through Media and Public Information
Alexandre Essome, Emmanuel Innocents Edoun and Charles Mbohwa
This study argues that a gap exists between information policy initiation by UN
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) Missions, particularly in Sub-Saharan
Africa and those vested with the responsibility to discharge these functions in the field.
Africa has been experiencing a number of conflicts since many countries gained
independence from colonialism in the late 50s and early 60s. This situation has been of
concern for the United Nations which has responded by deploying Peace Keeping
missions to ease tensions within and among nations in Africa. To achieve their mission,
UNDPKO Missions need effective public information. The quality of information received
should be comprehensively explored and managed effectively during the
operationalization of the Peace Keeping Missions in the affected areas. The overall
objective in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations management is to enhance
the ability of the mission to fulfill its mandate successfully. Key strategic goals are to
maintain the cooperation of the parties to peace processes, manage expectations of the
population and donors, garner support for the operation among the local population, and
secure broad international support , especially among Troops Contributing Countries
(TCC’s) and Police Contributing Countries (PCC’s) and major donors. Using the
qualitative research approach, this study seeks to understand the role of Media and
Information as strategy in mitigating conflict in countries such are the DRC in order to
facilitate socio-economic development. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to
demonstrate that media and public information strategy are effective tools for improving
the quality of peacekeeping operations in Sub-Sahara Africa through sound and effective
managerial approaches during operations in affected areas.
Key Words: Information Policy, United Nations, Peace Keeping Missions, Troup
Contributing Countries, Police Contributing Countries
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Justification
After the Second World War that ended in 1945, the Marshall Plan was put in
place to assist many European countries and allies that were severely damaged by the
atrocities of the war. A number of decisions were therefore adopted by international
organizations including the United Nations to facilitate Global Security. Many
governments in the world have put tremendous efforts to eradicate poverty through
conflict resolution related strategies and policies in order to secure socio-economic
development for countries affected by years of civil wars and regional conflicts. Despite
progress on several fronts, including at the United Nations and at the international
financial
institutions, developing
policy
for
effective
development
and
security engagement remains a challenge in both conceptual and operational terms –
_______________________________________________
Alexandre Essome, Emmanuel innocents EDOUN, PhD and Charles Mbohwa School of Quality and
Operations Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
not least because discussion of political, security, economic, and humanitarian
issues traditionally has occurred in different multilateral fora, among different sets of
stakeholders (CIC, 2015)1
CIC therefore argues that, coherent and integrated development, security and political
support to countries emerging from conflict has proven difficult. Organizing the
international response around early support to economic recovery, livelihoods, and
services, and the core task of state building has proven a greater challenge. Core
political, security, economic, and humanitarian tasks are carried out by an ad hoc and
fragmented array of bilateral and multilateral development actors.
Given this context, an effective media and public information strategy becomes critical
and imperative not only to Mission leaders but also to all UN staff members assigned to
the field. The men and women tasked with the peacekeeping duty need to be media
savvy to be able to utilize available information channels to help promote peace and
assist in the process leading to the return to democratic normalcy. This is central to
provide the audiences and population with basic information because public information
is expected to be at the centre of policy, planning and implementation. This research
study will demonstrate that, although it is acknowledged that Public Information units
existed and continue to exist in missions since 1989, in practice managers are yet to be
trained and enabled to fully embrace the benefice of media as tools of promoting their
work.
Cases abound where managers failed to integrate public information strategy and view
its approach as strategically irrelevant to conflict resolution. Faced with an environment
of misunderstanding, public information officers are considered as “outsiders”, to be
implicated only when a particular view of information is to be made public. If ever they
are associated, it is to diminish the negative impact of poor decision making. More often
than not, information strategy or a media plan is sought only after the situation has
gotten worse and the urgent need of changing negative perception has worsened.
Nations Peacekeeping Missions owes their legal birth to Security Council Resolutions
(SCR). Once validated following a debate among the fifteen-member body in New York,
it becomes a binding document, numbered and dated. What follows are steps of drafting
the implementation framework by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
(DPKO) for managers and, a dispatch of teams of Experts to access the feasibility and
the eventual formation of the Mission in the country or area affected.
Africa counts close to nine United Nations out of eighteen that exist worldwide (UN
Report, 2014). These Missions provide assistance and gateway in resolving conflicts for
almost 300 million people in Africa. To establish the increasing role and impact of UN
Missions in Africa, Sylvia UchennaAgu in an essay published by the British journal of Art
and Sciences in 2013, quoted Huseyno (2008-2) description of the role played by the
international community in maintaining global peace and security, as finding itself in a
situation when it is the sole political actor able to stage the violence or break up the
1 Center on International Corporation (CIC)
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
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ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
deadlock and push further the peace process when local actors are unwilling or unable
to reach agreement.
2. Review of related literature
2-1 Conceptual Framework
This research is important in that, given the persistence of conflicts in the continent,
both African and international organisations ought to reinforce axes of cooperation in
order to create conducive environments where citizens could live in peace and vacate to
their daily activities for socio-economic development. To support international treaties
that protect citizens in conflict zones, governments involve should respect the basic
principles of governance in order to ease. Also, governments could elaborate
programmes to deal with political, operational and institutional challenges in order to
ease the effective role of media and public information strategy in improving the quality
of peacekeeping operations in Sub Saharan Africa. The model below is a typical
demonstration of the author about the process involve in using media and critical
information in solving problems arising in conflicts zones. This model is of the view that,
socio-economic development can only happen if an organization such as MONUSCO
receives the necessary information that will assist in operationalizing peace keeping
missions strategies in conflict zones. However in order to achieve this, the mission
needs to consider a number of challenges that are critical in paving way for a smooth
transition. These include inter-alia, political, operational and institutional challenges
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
Tool for Effective Strategy
Media and Public Information
Conflict Zones
Conflict Zones
Conflict zones
Peace Keeping Operations
SECURITY
MONUSCO
MONUSCO
Socio-economic Development
Source: Adapted from E.I EDOUN- (2015)-
MONUSCO
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
2-2. Discussions around the role of Media and Communications in the
Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
This Section is constructed around the role that Public Information (PI) tools play in
Peace building processes. Since the first UN Mission that hosted PI offices in 1989
in Namibia, Missions now a day encompass various tools of communication to
render effective their Public Information strategy. The Section will particularly insist
on the role radio medium as he has proven to reach a vast array as well a variety of
population groups. In MONUSCO, the biggest United Nations and the most
expensive in the world, the Mission possesses all tools of communication to reach
out to local population. In his analysis of the role of Media in Conflict Resolution
highlighting the role of the United Nation Radio in the DRC, Essome, (2013) who
participated in GLAFAD Conference at the Pan African Parliament in Midrand,
Johannesburg, convincingly argued that, the role of media is very important in Peace
Building Operations as it provides useful information that contribute to achieving the
objective sought for by a Mission in securing and implementing the mandate of
protecting civilian population.
Highlighting the case of Radio Okapi in the DRC, The United Nations decided in
2002 to create its radio named OKAPI symbolizing the role this radio was going to
play in attaining peace. The author was able to observe while working in MONUSCO
that, Radio as a people medium of communication offers a forum for the search of
lost ones following a conflict situation, particularly where people are massively
displaced, radio can initiate cross cutting news reporting, builds bridges promoting
positive relationship and creates programming such as open microphone dialogue
between various segment of the public. Radio can convenes round table moderation
with the aim to converge views and manage expectations. Furthermore radio
programs in a conflict area can also bring about tolerance, actions of development
and can encourage peaceful co-existence. Before analyzing in depth the role of
various tools of communication in a conflict zone, lets understand some of the root
causes of the conflict in the Great lakes regions, which playground is the Democratic
republic of the Congo.
2.2.1 Overview of the Conflict in DRC
Eastern DRC and others parts of the country to some extend have been a theatre of
armed conflict almost continuously since 1996. That has led to material, physical
destruction and loss of lives, but also a large displacement of people within the
country and into the neighboring countries such as Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi.
Further, the State limited ability to respond effectively and a ramping state of
corruption have severely weakened the social contract with citizens leading to high
level of mistrust and lack of confidence.
The formation of M23 in March 2012 led to a further deterioration of security situation
in the east. As government forces deployed to address the pressing situation of M23,
other armed groups, notably FDLR, the ACPLS, the NDC of Tcheka, the Raya
Mutomboki, and other Mayi Mayi groups, have opportunistically taken advantage of
the situation and have gained control over part of the east. In the middle November
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
2012, intense fighting erupted between the newly formed movement of M23 and
FARDC in Goma.
This led the temporary control of Goma town by M23. This also led to a further
deterioration of the humanitarian situation and an increase wave of criminality in
major cities in the east, pillaging of material of the state services. The International
community has to step up its support to DRC. All began with the regional players
actions in Kampala, Uganda calling all sides to resume talks and to seek peaceful
resolution of the conflict. The AU got involved with its got involved with Security
commission and the SADC response. At this same time the UN was working over
night to see to it that all initiatives produced results, tangibles results. The meeting of
Addis Abeba was convened and gave birth to what is known today as PSC
agreement signed by eleven heads of state. The UN Security Council a month later
issues a resolution 2098 putting in place the Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) with a
more rebuts mandate to disarm, neutralize armed groups in the area.
If this was not the first time that the International community flexed his muscle to
support Congo, it was a turning point to that support. The ICGLR initiative, the
SADC's one, the AU's and the UN initiatives in Addis Abeba, he multilateral efforts
and the UNSC really provided the bedrock of the positive signs that are obtained in
the field today. One thing that I can happily note is the article in Addis Abeba accord
calling on all neighboring countries of DRC not to intervene any way shape or form in
the conflict.
While he can pleasing to see latest support of the international producing results for
DRC, it is worth reminding ourselves that since 1999 in Lusaka when the AU and the
UN convened all parties for dialogue, many have taken place since from Lusaka to
Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa (Sun City - Pretoria) Paris and Belgium to provide a
helping hands to Congolese to solve their differences. The latest is good step
forward. But, it is also a reminder that the road ahead is still long and all necessary
measures are to be maintained to ensure a long tern resolution of the conflict
2.2.2 Media and Conflict Transformation Mechanisms
From the experience of observing media reporting in my area of responsibilities in
North Kivu and others places, I have noticed that the interest of conventional media
often works from the premise that conflict sells, and that peace is boring. Within this
perspective, violence is explored in detail while initiatives to bring about peace are
undervalued. As a conflict escalates, the media tends to run after the violence that
ensues, counting casualties and measuring land that has been captured by a party
to the conflict. In our view, this is choosing the low path to re- porting a conflict. Many
media practitioners stop reporting on a violent conflict when one party defeats the
other, but while relationships may have taken on a different form the underlying
causes may not have been addressed.
The current situation now in North Kivu may have provided the national Forces of
DRC with some successes by recovering some major cities in Rutchuru including a
logistical stronghold position of M23, but the underlying causes of the conflict remain
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
and calls for a media treatment of the information that is both current and provides
understanding of how to best solve the issue for the long term. In DRC, this the
position articulated by all Special Envoys in the region. From Mary Robinson to Russ
Feingold and the EU, AU Special Envoys as well the Special representative e of the
Secretary General in the country, Martin Koblers
The media can promote peace or reinforce the divisions in a society. In many
instances, it promotes division by emphasizing differences between the parties
rather than searching out commonalities. By over- focusing on divisions, the conflict
is portrayed as a sport or a boxing match, in which there are winners and losers.
And, media becomes the referee counting points. At every stage of a conflict –
mounting grievances, eruption of violence, transition, and consolidation of peace –
the media plays an important role in influencing whether a society opts for violence
or for peace. One key role played by the UN public information offices in the ground
to suggest to media practitioners to pay particular attention to trending elements of a
conflict and not to lose sight of the overall agenda, which is a sustainable peace for
the people.
I must admit that it is not always easy to impress upon media practitioners of these
necessities. But, thing for sure a great number of them understanding, although
caught up between the aspect news that sells and theta contributes to lasting actions
of peace. Media today being a 24 hours cycle where breaking news is the
dominating factor and analysis and in deep reporting have taken the second seat
2.2.3 Origin of Radio Okapi as a New Tool of Communication in Peacekeeping
Operations
So knowing what we know from what media can do to transform a conflict despite
competing reporting news interest of the day. How radio Okapi came about and
what was the underlying premise by the UN to take this decision to launch a radio in
the area where a fully fledged conflict was underway? Oscar Bloh (2003) argued that
an " individual or a community" cannot avoid conflict, but can prevent it to from
erupting into violence". Bloh argument central argument rests on the assertion that,
media is to play an instrumental role a preventing a conflict. In order to comprehend
Blog argument, we must look back and refer to 1994 in Rwanda where a radio called
" MilleCollines" played a negative role in contributing to the eruption of the genocide.
Historically, radio Mille Collines was not the only radio who played such a negative
role in the history. Stories about radio in Poland and radio Oasis in Denmark, whom
in their own rights contributed to increase the hatred of group against the other.
In the DRC case, the basis of the conflict was, among other, deriving its root causes
around access to resources, social exclusion, unaddressed identity question and the
lack of effective communication between those in the leadership and others
segments of the society. Knowing that conflict is part of human nature, and that the
very fact that conflict exists among us that should strive to do all possible to prevent
and install mechanisms that can prevent including communicating. That kind of
communication, Oscar Bloch called it in its book, “the vertical and the horizontal
communications". Taking into account the communication that addresses the need of
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
the people by the leader‟s whiles people views are channeled to the top for policy
orientation.
It is in that prevailing lack of communication context that the Security Council visited
in June 2001 the DRC, to better understand the dynamics of the conflict. The team
quickly put they finger on the problem. they identified the absence of an effective tool
of communication to help shape perceptions in the right direction and forge
relationship that was broken since the eruption of the conflict in 1996, which led to
the the partition of the country in three entities controlled by the ( RCD/MLC/GoDRC)
The country abounded of citizens perceiving differently resources sharing in the
society. Wrong or right, the perception being the way one view and interpret the
world and reality, and many instances, is based on our values and experiences. The
Congolese needed to reverse that sentiment of distrust of one another to a society
reflective of values where people look at this sam direction having in mind the same
perspective. Late that year, in one of the UN Security Council, the UN decides to
give birth to a tool of communication in DRC that will unite parties and promote
understanding of the cause of the conflict. A team of experts is dispatched in DRC to
come and iron out details and launch the radio.
Keywords: RCD (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie), MLC ( Mouvement
pour la Libération du Congo), Go DRC ( Gouvernement of DRC), MillesCollines (
Formerly a radio in Rwanda),
2.2.4 Radio Okapi Programming as a Stabilizing Factor and Driver of Press
Freedom in DRC
Since its inception in 25 February 2002, which date coincided with the launch of talks
of reconciliation Congolese warring parties in Sun City, South Africa. Okapi opted
for a holistic approach of communication by creating early shows (Dialogue entre
Congolais) that opened the space for dialogue to a number of different levels of
individuals in various controlled parts of the country in understanding each other and
the root cause of their differences.
The UN Radio also provided its facility for population who have not seen their love
ones for year because of the war state and its displacement of the population to
send searching messages through radio network to reinsure family members that
their still alive. The technique was to use radio Okapi drop box in every offices of
MONUC now MONUSCO around the country to leave messages signaling to family
members around the country of their existence.
As Okapi was growing its audience, the grid changed to respond to the need of the
people and challenges of the moment. Programs reconciliation efforts, the tradition
period with a government of one president and four vice presidents coming from
rebel groups, the elaboration of the Constitution, the preparation of the referendum
and its subsequent processes of its adoption, the preparation of the first democratic
election of 2006 and the acceptation the elections results in the country was casting
his first free and fair vote, the role of women were to play in the country, the
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
democratic functioning of the first elected government of the country and the need to
build capacity to respond to the challenges of development.
If there is a consensus that can be built around Okapi products to Congolese public,
it is that Okapi sharpen Congolese appetite for political discussion. Since Okapi
programming began, people felt freed to say what they wanted in the open forums.
All this against years of dictatorship of former rulers of the country
It is one thing to sharpen people political appetite, it is another to guide these freed
energies into a political dialogue resulting in concrete measures. Recent products of
Okapi such as “Parole au Auditeurs" (Open Microphone) with a guest specialist
explaining the context and correcting misperceptions are what Okapi as the leader in
the media market in DRC. Okapi reaches 21 million listeners and has about 36
transmitters around the country both in FM and short waves.
The radio now provides an internet streaming to the Diaspora and interested parties
around the world to tape in and keep abreast with news of back home. Almost 200
national and worked tirelessly to gather news product air aired it in the timely manner
2.2.5 Relevance of Media Development Regulation (MDR) and the Need of
Communication Flow in Peacekeeping Environment
Ayad Alawi, then Prime Minister of Iraq asked in question while answering a question
of journalist opined that " I understand the need for indecent regulation of the media
but who is going to control it?" his reaction was of a leader of many fragile states,
technocratic solutions alone have not introduced sustainable governance reform
processes. The overriding reason for this is that reform processes are implemented
in complex, diverse, socio-economic and political environments where groups and
individuals have competing interests. In this section we will look at MDR and the
communication flow between relevant stakeholders.
Due to years of poor governance in most countries emerging from conflict situation,
the relationship between the state and its people is marked by deep mistrust in staterun institutions. When a country is preparing to move from violence to democracy the
expectations for a peace dividend can be high. And due to both external and internal
pressure for a „quick peace‟, reform processes are often out of touch with little
consideration of the context. In DRC, attempts to reform the media landscape by the
national government are yet to yield tangible results. These reforms failed so far to
robustly bring about a media landscape where professionals and media operators
can discharge their respective roles.
In many develop countries, media is seeing as the 4th power of the people. Because
information that is independent is considered the life oxygen of any society,
particularly democratic society. Yet, if people are unaware of what is going on in their
surrounding, and those in the leadership make decisions in the secret, citizens will
not be able to contribute to challenges of the country. Nobel Prize holder, the
Economist Amartya Sen said " I am not aware of serious famine in a country with
democratic process and where the press is relatively freed, because the freedom of
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
the objective press allows a citizen to be reinsured and consequently to take
necessary steps of its survival"
Against this thinking, reform processes are intended to bring about change as a way
of consolidating the peace. In the context of DRC, what is lacking is that the change
agenda often becomes linked to political elites and their partners, which raises
serious questions about national ownership. Consultation, in many instances, is
more about rhetoric from the government to the population than it is about concrete
actions to align diverse actors and voices with the process. This creates a lack of
participation, leading to the unlikely that citizens will mobilize to demand
accountability in the implementation of reform policies.
UN and many others international partners in many of those countries have always
argued for an increased role of media to mainstreaming the voices of multiple
stakeholders in the reform process. Because governance reform requires time and
has to address the structural conditions that gave rise to the conflict. Civil society,
including the media, needs to be actively involved in monitoring the implementation
of reform processes. Placing communication at the heart of governance reform
processes is critical for the reform‟s success
In clear what form or shape a media reform should look like in an emerging country
from conflict/. What do we mean by media development and regulation? A Good way
to look at it is through UNESCO‟s Media Development Indicators, against which the
media landscape can be analyzed. The Media Development Indicators define a
framework, within which the media can best contribute to, and benefit from, good
governance and democratic development.
UNESCO‟s Media Development Indicators:
•
A system of regulation conducive to freedom of expression, pluralism and
diversity of the media
•
Plurality and diversity of media, a level economic playing field and
transparency of ownership
•
Media as a platform for democratic discourse
•
Professional capacity building and supporting institutions that underpins
freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity
•
Infrastructural capacity is sufficient to support independent and pluralistic
media
The subsequent relevant question would be why is necessary to regulate media?
• Ensure quality of technical aspects and programming
Allow for diversity of opinion and diversity of programming
• Protect and promote local culture
• Protect local cultural, moral, social and religious values
• Promote a competitive environment
• Protect minors from material that would harm them emotionally, psychologically or
physically
• Encourage technical developments: Digital broadcasting, Internet use and access,
etc
Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
13 - 14 August 2015, Crowne Plaza Hotel Republique, Paris, France
ISBN: 978-1-922069-82-5
Allow me to end by saying that the question of sustainability of Okapi is something is
being debated now in the UN. A resolution is yet to be reached. While waiting for a
decision, it worth saying that a radio tool such as Okapi is continuing moving
forward. It may not be in its current model supported by the UN but to become a
private enterprise with the view of generating resources while at this same time
continue to play its role of common ground media.
For the immediate term following MONUSCO withdrawal, Okapi will not in the
position to become a conventional media because of the he will lack necessary
financing and will not survive in the current context media legislation in DRC without
the legal backing of the United Nations
I thanking for taking the time to listen to me understand the need for independent
regulation of the media but I understand the need for independent regulation of the
3. Conclusion and Recommendations
In addition to an increase in troop deployments, effective conduct of the use of force
requires better intelligence, quick reaction capabilities, and force enablers, such as
helicopters. However, the UN‟s ability to effectively increase missions‟ capacities is
impacted by the prevailing economic environment and military overstretch both of
which have caused governments to cut their defense budgets and UN contributions.
Another impediment to operationalizing mission-wide preparedness for robust action
is the lack of collective engagement in UN peacekeeping efforts. Given the heavy
involvement of a limited set of troop contributors in current operations, it is
unreasonable to expect the same countries to shoulder the burden of increased risks
required when using force.
However, Madlala-Routledge and Liebenberg (2004), argued that Africa needs a
new “developmental peacekeeping” doctrine. They argue that the main drivers of
conflict in Africa are resource-based and that an overly military approach to peacekeeping ought to be replaced by a more multidimensional, developmental approach.
Elaborating on the nature of African conflicts, they convincingly explained that, a
number of countries are becoming “war economies”, where the expulsion of
populations, killing and large-scale human rights violations is a means of
accumulating resources.
The authors claim UN peacekeeping in Africa has largely ignored this dynamic. They
offer „developmental peacekeeping‟ as an African alternative, defined as “postconflict reconstruction intervention which aims to achieve sustainable levels of
human security through a combination of interventions aimed at accelerating
capacity building and socio-economic development…”. On a practical level, this
means African missions should be multi-disciplinary, with a mandate to
conceptualizing an integrated post-conflict reconstruction programme that involves
all parties, even if there is no cease fire.
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What many authors failed often to argue, it is the role people suffering should play in
resolving the conflict. More often than not, proposition and strategies defining
Mission implementation rely on the modus operandi that people ought to be told
what to do when emerging from a conflict situation. The story is not told from
people‟s perspective, but from the observers and others interested parties. Our view
is that, if communicating if a two ways process, than Peacekeeping Missions and its
officers assigned on the ground should take into account the story of the “Huntees”
and improve intelling the story from the view of the “Hunters” as it is widely
consigned a popular African‟s proverb.
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Proceedings of Annual Paris Business Research Conference
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