ICES
T T 7 TV K
X .u X V 1
ICES
International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil International pour
l'Exploration de la Mer
«
T " P TL K
X I j XV X
International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil International pour
l'Exploration de la Mer
ICES C O O P E R A T IV E R E S E A R C H R E P O R T
NO. 2 9 1 SPECIAL ISSUE
R A P P O R T D E S R E C H E R C H E S COL LECT I VES
AUGUST 2 OO8
ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
Prepared by the W orking Group on
Oceanic Hydrography
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46
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© 2008 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
1.2. The N o rth A tlantic atm o sp h ere in w in ter 2006/2007
4
3.
THE NORTH ATLANTIC ATMOSPHERE
A bove.
Ocean climate monitoring in
the iceberg infested waters of
Newfoundland and Labrador in
July 2002, on board the Canadian
Coast Guard ship “Teleost".
Image courtesy o f E. Colbourne,
Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
C over image.
E V "Polarstern" in Pram Strait.
Image courtesy o f A. BeszczynskaMöller, AW I, Germany.
For perm ission to reproduce m aterial from this publication, please apply
to the General Secretary.
ISBN 978-87-7482-035-2
ISSN 1017-6195
4
SUMMARY OF UPPER OCEAN CONDITIONS IN 2007
Recommended format for purposes of citation:
Hughes, S. L., Holliday, N. R, and Beszczynska-Möller, A. (Eds). 2008.
ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007. ICES Cooperative Research Report
No. 291.64 pp.
This docum ent is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of
the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not
necessarily represent the view of the Council.
1.1. H ighlights for 2007
2.
4.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil Intern ation al po u r l'Exploration de la M er
INTRODUCTION
5.
7
3.1. N o rth A tlantic O scillation
13
3.2. N o rth A tlantic surface air tem p eratu re
16
DETAILED AREA DESCRIPTIONS, PART I: THE UPPER OCEAN
4.1. In tro d u ctio n
17
4.2. A rea 1 - W est G reen lan d
18
4.3. A rea 2 - N o rth w est A tlantic: Scotian Shelf and th e N ew fo u n d lan d an d L abrador Shelf
19
4.4. A rea 2b - L abrador Sea
24
4.5. A rea 2c - M id-A tlantic Bight
25
4.6. A rea 3 - Icelandic W aters
29
4.7. A rea 4 - Bay of Biscay an d eastern A tlantic
32
4.8. A rea 4b - N o rth w est E uropean co n tin en tal shelf
35
4.9. A rea 5 - Rockall Trough
37
4.10. A rea 5b - Irm inger Sea
38
4.11. A rea 6 - Faroe B ank C h an n el a n d Faroe C u rren t
40
4.12. A rea 7 - F aro e-S h etla n d C h an n el
42
4.13. A reas 8 an d 9 - N o rth e rn an d so u th e rn N o rth Sea
43
4.14. A rea 9b - Skagerrak, K attegat, an d the Baltic
47
4.15. A rea 10 - N o rw eg ian Sea
50
4.16. A rea 1 1 - B a re n ts Sea
52
4.17. A rea 12 - G reen lan d Sea an d Fram Strait
53
DETAILED AREA DESCRIPTIONS, PART II: THE DEEP OCEAN
5.1. In tro d u ctio n
56
5.2. N ordic Seas deep w aters
57
5.3. N o rth A tlantic deep w aters
59
5.4. N o rth A tlantic in term ed iate w aters
61
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 H ighlights for 2007
T he N o rth A tlantic reg io n is u n u su a l in h aving
a relatively large n u m b e r of locations at w hich
o cean o g rap h ic d ata have re p eated ly b e e n collected
for m an y years or decades; th e lo n g est records go
b ack m ore th a n a century. In th is report, w e provide
th e very latest in fo rm atio n from th e ICES A rea of th e
N o rth A tlantic a n d N ordic Seas, w h ere th e ocean
is cu rrently m easu re d regularly. We describe th e
statu s of sea te m p e ra tu re a n d salinity d u rin g 2007,
as w ell as th e observed tren d s over th e last decade
o r longer. In th e first p a rt of th e rep o rt, w e draw
to g e th e r th e in fo rm atio n from th e lo n g est tim eseries in o rd er to give th e b e st possible overview of
ch an g es in th e ICES A rea. T h ro u g h o u t th e report,
ad d itio n al co m p lem en tary d a tasets are provided,
su ch as sea level pressu re (SLP), air tem p eratu re,
a n d ice cover.
The u p p e r layers of th e N o rth A tlantic an d N ordic
Seas re m ain e d exceptionally w arm a n d saline in
2007, co m p ared w ith th e lo n g -te rm average. The
largest anom alies w ere observed at h ig h latitudes.
This is th e te n th ed itio n of th e a n n u a l ICES Report
0 1 1 Ocean Climate (previously titled th e ICES A nnual
Ocean Climate Status Sum m anj), a n d w e have
c o n tin u ed to develop th e co n ten ts. The m ain focus
of th e rep o rt is th e o bserved variability in th e u p p e r
o cean (the u p p e r 1000 m), a n d th e in tro d u cto ry
section includes o p eratio n al m od el o u tp u t from
th e Coriolis C entre, France, w h ich assim ilates d ata
from th e A R G O float p ro g ram m e a n d satellites.
We have e x p an d ed a n d slightly reo rg an ized th e
section, d escribing ch an g es in th e d e e p e r layers of
th e ocean. In th is edition, w e include, for th e first
tim e, a lo n g tim e-series from th e w e ste rn English
C h an n el, co u rtesy of P ly m o u th M arine Laboratory,
UK. In ad d itio n to th e se n e w datasets, w e continue
to u p d a te th e m an y tim e-series th a t have b e e n
diligently rep o rte d for m an y years to th e ICES
W orking G roup o n O ceanic H ydrography.
T he d ata p resen te d h ere rep re se n t an accum ulation
of kno w led g e collected by m an y individuals an d
in stitu tio n s th ro u g h decades of observations. It
w o u ld b e im possible to list th e m all, b u t at th e
e n d of th e rep o rt, w e provide a list of contacts for
each d ataset, in clu d in g e-m ail ad d resses for th e
individuals w h o p rovided th e info rm atio n , a n d th e
d a ta centres at w h ich th e full archives of d ata are
held.
M ore d etailed analysis of th e d a tasets th a t form th e
tim e-series p re se n te d in th is rep o rt can be fo u n d
in th e a n n u al m e etin g rep o rts of th e ICES W orking
G ro u p o n O ceanic H y d ro g rap h y at w w w .ices.dk/
icesw ork/w gdetail.asp?w g= W G O H .
NORTH ATLANTIC UPPER OCEAN TEMPERATURE OVERVIEW
The N o rth Sea, Baltic Sea, a n d Bay of Biscay h a d an
u n u su ally w arm w in ter an d sp rin g as a result of a
co m b in atio n of sto red h e a t from th e w arm a u tu m n
in 2006 a n d h ig h solar rad iatio n in 2007.
The tren d in th e p ast d ecade (1996-2006) h as b e e n
of w arm in g an d increasin g salinity in th e u p p er
ocean .T em p eratu re a n d salinity have b e e n relatively
stable since 2004.
1.2 The North Atlantic atm osphere in
w inter 2006/2007
9 ) N O R T H C E LAND
2 6 ) FR A M ST R A IT , W E S T S P1 T Z B E R G E N C U R R E I
1 1 ) S O U T H W E S T ICELAND
The Iceland L ow a n d A zores H ig h w ere b o th
stro n g er th a n no rm al, a n d th e centre of th e Iceland
L ow w as displaced to w ard s th e so u th e rn L abrador
Sea.
The m e a n m id -la titu d e
stro n g er th a n norm al.
w esterly
w in d s
“I T
22) W E S T E R N BARENTS SE A
w ere
A cross th e m id -N o rth A tlantic, w in te r surface air
tem p e ra tu re s w ere generally n e a r norm al. F arther
n o rth a n d aw ay from th e inflow to th e N ordic Seas,
surface air tem p e ra tu re w as g enerally m ore th a n
1°C w arm e r th a n norm al.
2 3 ) E A S T E R N B A R E N T S 'S E A
2) G REENLAND SH ELF
3 ) LA B R A D O R S E A
[ttïïj
2 1 ) N O R T H E R N N O R W E G IA N S E A
Jfl .Ill ,n.
I f l ftít-,
3 2 ) BALTIC S E A
*
4 ) N E W F O U N D L A N D S HE LF
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
8 ) M ISAINE BANK (B O T T O M T E M P )
2000
• 1 9 ) S O U T H E R N N O R W E G IA N S E A (O W S -M )
2 8 ) N O RTH ER N NORTH S E A
7 ) E M E R A L D BANK (B O T T O M T E M P )
3 0 ) SO U T H E R N NORTH S E A
flkid-li-Ai trll
1 7 ) F A R O E SH E T L A N D CH A N N E L
6 ) G E O R G E S BANK
3 1 ) G E R M A N BIG H T
[£®i
5 ) MID ATLANTIC B G HT
2 7 ) BAY O F B ISC A Y
Figure 1.
Upper ocean temperature anomalies at selected locations across the North Atlantic. The anomalies are normalized w ith respect to the standard deviation
(e.g. a value o f+2 indicates 2 standard deviations above normal). The upper maps show conditions in 2007; data on the left arefrom in situ observations;
2007 anomalies on the right are calculated from OISSTv2 data (see Figure 3); the lower panels show time-series o f normalized anomalies at each of
the selected stations (colour intervals 0.5; reds are positive/warm, and blues are negative/cool). See Figure 9 for a map showing more detail about the
locations in this figure.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
NORTH ATLANTIC UPPER OCEAN SALINITY OVERVIEW
2. SUMMARY OF UPPER OCEAN
CONDITIONS IN 2007
“s u s t a i n e d
REGULAR
In this section, w e sum m arize th e conditions in
th e u p p e r layers of th e N o rth A tlantic d u ring
2007, u sin g d ata from a selected set of su stain ed
observations an d additional d ata p roducts (gridded
sea surface tem p eratu re (SST) d ata an d sum m aries
from A R G O floats).
” or
OF
“t i m e -s e r i e s ” a r e
OCEAN
A N D SALINITY MADE OVER A L O N G
TEMPERATURE
PERIOD
(10-100
YE ARS ) . M O S T M E A S U R E M E N T S ARE M A D E 1 - 4 T I M E S
A YEAR, B U T S O M E ARE T A K E N M O R E F R E Q U E N T L Y .
“ A N O M A L I E S ” ARE T H E
BETWEEN
W here in situ data are p re se n te d in th e sum m ary
tables an d figures, norm alized anom alies have b e e n
p re se n te d to allow b e tte r com parison of tren d s in
th e d ata from different regions (Figures 1-3; Tables
1 an d 2). The anom alies have b e e n norm alized
by dividing th e values by the stan d ard deviation
of the data d u rin g 1971-2000. A value of +2 th u s
rep resen ts d ata (tem perature or salinity) at 2
sta n d ard deviations h ig h er th a n norm al.
o b s e r v a t io n s
MEASUREMENTS
THE
EACH
AVERAGE
MATHEMATICAL
INDIVIDUAL
VALUES
OF
TEMPERATURE,
O R O T H E R VARI ABLES AT T H A T
ANOMALIES
NEGATIVE
MEAN
WARM
ANOMALIES
DIFFERENCE
MEASUREMENT
OR
MEAN
LOCATION.
SALINE
COOL
AND
SALINITY,
POSITIVE
CONDITIONS;
OR
FRESH
CONDITIONS.
TH E “ SEA SO N AL CYCLE” DESCRIBES TH E SH OR T- TE RM
C H A N G E S AT T H E S U R F A C E O F T H E O C E A N B R O U G H T
A B O U T BY T H E P A S S I N G O F T H E S E A S O N S ; T H E O C E A N
3 - 9 ) NORTH C E LAND
2
„
rffa
1 1 ) SO U T H W E S T C E LAND
3 - 26 ) FR A M STRAIT, W E S T S P IT Z B E R G E N C U R R E N T
'3
1
°
-2 •
-3 •
1950
■ -2
■ -3
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
1960
1970
D ’
nE h?<<,,l|Í l f l Í Í 1
1980
1990
1
U U
1
J
-2 •
-I3
22 ) W E S T E R N BARENTS S E A
2000
j r f tîî
3 ■ 1) FR A M STRAIT E A S T G REEN LAN D CU RR E N T
----------------------------------------------
-2 ■
^ ' 2 ) G REEN LAN D SH E L F
■3
- 2 - 23 ) E A S T E R N BA REN TS S E A
n_n
n
p in t]
itjd iil
n x L -í f j t n
-3 •
-3
■ -3
3 ■
2
■;
Sea surface tem p eratu res across th e entire N o rth
A tlantic have also b e e n o b tain ed from a com bined
satellite an d in situ gridded dataset. Figure 3 show s
th e a n n u al an d seasonal SST anom aly for 2007,
extracted from th e O p tim u m In terp o la tio n SSTv2
d ataset provided by th e N OA A-CIRES C lim ate
D iagnostics C en ter in th e US. In h ig h latitudes
w h ere in situ data are sparse an d satellite data
are h in d e re d by cloud cover, th e data m ay be less
reliable. R egions w ith ice cover for >50% of the
averaging p erio d are left blank.
3 ) LABRADOR S E A
|
21 ) N O RTH ER N NORW EG IAN
r SEA
« tfltîl
0 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
-1
U
1
U
1950
-2 ■
■3 •
1960
1970
1980
■ -3
1990
2000
-3
"1
'
A ftj /p tiir
11
4 ) NEW FOUNDLAND S H E L F
°
^
4
3 - 1 9 ) S O U T H E R N N O RW EGIAN S E A (O W S-M )
3 ■ 8 ) MISAINE BANK (BOTTOM)
■=
28 ) N O RTH ER N NOBTTI S E A
I 'J k l L
/frT T s ^
n
n
-2 •
-2 •
' 3 ' 7 ) E ME RALD B ANK ( BOTTO M TE MP )
n
J 3g
16 ) F A R O E C U R R E N T
- 1
n » ju
J ffiiffftll I
- -2
- -3
-3
4
I ¡Jifflffllîflïnriîtflta
-3 ■
4
2 ■
r
3 0 ) S O U T H E R N NORTH S E A
R
0
---------------------------------- i
-2 ■
J3
^
3 1 ) GERM A N B C H T i
d tp - ,
rfi jfftdl III
1 7 ) F A R O E SHETLAND CHANNEL
-3
4
r
2 ■
:
- -1
- -2
13 ) RO CK A LLTRO U GH
- -3
1970
.
- 1
5) MID ATLANTIC BIGHT
1960
uu
di T
-2
1950
UII
UtJj
-1=
g
-3 ■
2
r
Ik
1980
1990
2000
M aps of tem p eratu re, salinity, an d w in ter m ixedlayer d e p th in the N o rth A tlantic have b e e n p rep ared
u sin g in situ data in clu d in g th e new ly ex p anding
d ataset from th e A R G O float p ro g ram m e.T h e u p p er
layer tem p eratu re anom alies for 2007 com pare w ell
w ith th o se o b tain ed u sin g OISSTv2 d ata (Figure 1).
T hese m ap s (Figures 4 an d 5) offer a m ore detailed
overview of conditions th a n can be o b tain ed from
satellite observations an d provide th e spatial context
to com pare w ith the in situ tim e-series.
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
^
2000
-2 ■
-3 ■
1950
1960
1970
T H E U P P E R LAYERS O F T H E N O R T H
A TL ANT IC A N D N O R D I C SEAS WERE
-1 ■ 27 ) BAY O F B ß CAY
1980
1990
2000
W A RM ER A N D MORE SALINE T H A N
T H E L O N G -T E R M AVERAGE.
Figure 2.
Upper ocean salinity anomalies at selected locations across the North Atlantic. The anomalies are calculated relative to a long-term mean and normalized w ith respect to the standard
deviation (e.g. a value o f+2 indicates 2 standard deviations above normal). The map (upper panel) shows conditions in 2007; the lower panels show time-series o f normalized anomalies
at each o f the selected stations (colour intervals o f 0.5; orange are positive/saline, green are negative/fresh). See Figure 9 for a map showing more detail about the locations in this figure.
S U R F A C E IS C O L D I N W I N T E R A N D W A R M S T H R O U G H
SPRING
AND
SUMMER.
THE
TEMPERATURE
AND
S A L I N I T Y C H A N G E S C A U S E D BY T H E S E A S O N A L CY C L E
ARE U S UAL L Y M U C H
LARGER T H A N TH E P R O L O N G E D
YEAR- TO-YEAR C H A N G E S W E DE SCRIBE HE RE .
B elow .
Frozen lights on the E V "Polarstern" in Fram Strait. Image courtesy o f A. Beszczynska-Möller, AW I, Germany.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1 (1 2 )
-0.25
0.68
0.06
0.60
-1.52
0.32
1.22
0.04
0.04
3.50
2(1 )
1.27
0.75
1.34
1.56
-0.51
2.46
1.30
1.41
1.09
0.27
3 (2b)
1.35
1.55
0.33
0.67
0.64
2.56
1.09
1.60
1.51
1.10
4 (2 )
-0.04
1.18
1.15
1.25
0.68
1.18
2.94
1.97
3.26
0.01
5 (2c)
-0.80
1.14
1.59
1.20
0.54
-0.13
-0.56
-0.83
6 (2c)
0.86
2.29
0.47
1.84
3.11
-0.32
-2.24
-1.59
1.36
-0.11
7 (2 )
-1.79
-0.22
0.22
0.11
0.09
0.37
0.36
0.11
0.30
-1.53
8 (2 )
-0.03
0.75
3.55
-0.31
0.14
-1.77
-1.01
-0.02
0.88
-0.41
9 (3 )
-0.11
0.84
1.02
0.07
-1.19
2.11
0.94
0.44
0.05
0.61
10(3 )
-0.34
0.08
-0.44
-0.49
-1.04
1.54
0.39
-0.16
0.14
-0.44
11(3 )
2.57
0.95
0.53
0.70
0.49
1.89
1.84
2.58
1.68
1.26
12 (4b )
1.60
1.38
1.38
0.50
1.38
1.82
2.69
2.48
2.26
13(5 )
0.47
1.23
0.50
0.09
1.58
1.94
2.18
2.95
2.35
1.37
0.26
1.24
1.04
1.11
2.72
1.58
1.22
2.01
2.34
14 (5b )
15(6 )
1.24
-0.07
0.34
0.86
0.89
2.75
2.43
1.53
2.58
16(6 )
1.42
0.41
0.49
0.45
0.74
2.37
1.96
1.50
1.59
1.92
17(7 )
0.64
0.66
0.32
0.32
2.17
3.72
3.16
2.27
2.59
2.85
18(7 )
0.71
1.07
1.17
1.83
2.72
3.12
2.72
2.45
2.92
2.56
19(10)
1.39
1.97
1.69
1.18
1.85
2.21
2.57
1.39
2.45
0.97
20(10)
1.42
0.21
1.81
1.52
3.41
2.95
1.70
1.35
2.59
3.59
21 (10)
0.72
1.39
0.87
1.37
0.77
1.82
1.67
1.82
2.34
1.27
22(11 )
0.08
1.09
0.70
0.39
0.89
0.69
1.32
1.44
1.99
1.78
23(11 )
-0.57
0.64
1.47
1.16
1.03
0.48
1.79
1.86
2.39
2.10
24(12)
-1.01
-0.21
0.12
0.13
-0.08
-0.68
0.50
1.10
2.13
1.04
25(10)
-0.10
0.37
0.03
0.58
0.15
0.81
1.54
1.73
0.95
26(12)
-0.93
1.07
0.34
1.45
0.95
1.03
2.29
2.33
3.71
2.74
27(4 )
1.00
0.10
-0.26
-0.27
-0.29
0.13
-0.20
-1.13
-0.17
0.92
28 (8&9)
1.15
0.95
0.89
1.16
2.11
2.71
2.02
1.43
1.80
1.41
29 (8&9)
0.19
0.74
0.60
0.49
0.69
0.84
0.68
0.17
30 (8&9)
0.90
0.10
0.74
0.54
0.95
0.70
0.34
0.17
0.20
0.78
31 (8&9)
0.40
1.47
0.97
0.95
1.66
1.17
0.95
1.15
1.43
3 2 (9b )
-0.55
0.83
0.99
2.34
0.24
0.80
1.44
1.83
1.83
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1.69
2.01
1 (1 2 )
-0.04
0.78
-0.94
0.69
-1.40
0.42
0.51
1.78
2(1 )
0.27
0.30
0.24
1.33
-1.69
1.30
0.75
1.24
3 (2b)
0.72
-0.41
0.61
0.17
0.63
0.54
1.20
1.02
0.60
0.80
4 (2 )
0.33
-0.45
0.41
-0.87
1.15
0.54
0.95
0.99
0.91
0.99
6 (2c)
-2.26
-0.03
0.44
-0.11
1.01
0.50
-0.67
-2.02
-0.76
0.37
7 (2 )
-2.34
0.37
0.53
0.25
-0.22
0.84
0.30
0.43
0.69
-1.11
8 (2 )
1.15
0.36
-0.97
0.12
-0.70
-1.15
-1.16
-1.73
-0.29
0.02
9 (3 )
-0.48
0.95
0.56
0.61
-0.48
1.14
0.81
0.02
-0.09
-0.09
10(3 )
-1.33
0.19
0.59
0.34
-0.12
0.29
0.35
0.18
0.70
0.69
11(3 )
1.98
1.44
0.79
0.66
0.78
2.03
1.89
2.77
1.89
1.89
1.41
1.25
0.66
0.67
2.07
1.93
1.69
1.27
0.32
1.53
0.10
0.70
1.37
0.54
2.45
1.84
1.53
1.72
2.37
1.92
1.41
1.62
3
Tables 1 an d 2.
Changes in temperature (Table 1,
top) and salinity (Table 2, bottom)
at selected stations in the North
Atlantic region during the past
decade. The index numbers on the
2 left can be used to cross-reference
each point w ith information in
Figures 1 and 2 and Table 3.
The numbers in brackets refer to
detailed area descriptions later in
the report. Unless specified, these
are upper layer anomalies. The
1 anomalies are normalized with
respect to the standard deviation
(e.g. a value o f +2 indicates that
the data (temperature or salinity)
for that year was 2 standard
deviations above normal). Blank
boxes indicate that no data were
0 available fo r that particular year
at the time o f publication. Note
that no salinity data are available
for regions 5,12, and 29.
W n er - 2007
-1
S um m er - 2007
-2
-3
5 (2c)
2
1
12 (4b )
13(5 )
14 (5b )
15(6 )
1.10
0.61
0.70
0.54
0.57
2.16
16(6 )
1.07
0.93
0.67
0.63
0.83
2.02
1.73
2.15
1.46
1.58
17(7 )
1.54
1.05
0.42
0.77
1.95
2.66
2.92
2.42
1.85
1.60
18(7 )
0.65
1.08
1.11
1.34
1.71
2.05
2.08
1.99
1.65
0.91
19(10)
0.81
0.81
0.81
1.05
1.05
2.01
2.25
1.05
1.42
0.55
20(10)
0.85
0.34
0.89
0.49
1.27
1.49
1.47
1.27
1.22
1.42
21 (10)
0.65
0.85
0.51
0.56
0.49
1.48
1.52
1.95
1.88
1.12
22(11 )
-0.10
0.56
0.16
0.06
0.34
0.72
1.55
1.51
2.00
1.64
23(11 )
0.28
-0.05
0.12
-0.72
-0.22
0.95
1.95
0.95
0.95
1.62
24(12)
-1.02
-0.74
-0.32
0.13
0.17
-0.18
1.42
25(10)
-0.55
0.20
-0.11
0.57
0.29
26(12)
-0.38
1.51
0.38
1.89
1.51
27(4 )
1.26
0.58
-0.34
-1.68
28 (8&9)
0.78
0.22
-0.94
-1.09
30 (8&9)
0.86
0.63
0.28
31 (8&9)
1.13
0.55
0.04
3 2 (9b )
-1.44
-2.02
-1.11
0.50
1.41
1.89
0.94
1.76
2.00
1.63
1.51
1.89
3.40
4.15
2.23
-0.19
-0.70
-0.50
-0.02
0.82
0.73
0.05
1.24
1.27
0.66
0.03
0.40
-0.59
-1.52
-0.56
0.16
0.12
0.53
-0.41
-0.95
-0.27
0.60
0.44
0.27
1.01
-1.98
-1.48
-1.77
-1.40
-0.99
-1.69
29 (8&9)
-0.94
0
-1
-2
Figure 3.
M aps o f seasonal sea surface
temperature
anomalies
(°C)
over the North Atlantic for
2007 from the N O A A Optimum
Interpolation SSTv2
dataset
provided by the N O A A -CIRES
Climate Diagnostics Center, US.
The colour-coded temperature
scale is the same in all panels.
The anomaly is calculated with
respect to normal conditions
for 1971-2000. The data are
produced on a one-degree grid
from a combination o f satellite
and in situ temperature data.
Regions w ith ice cover for >50%
o f the averaging period are left
blank.
Autumn - 2007
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
Index
Description
Area
M easurem ent d ep th
Long-term average
Lat
Lon
M ean T
Stdev T
M ean S
Stdev S
i
Fram Strait - East G reenland Current
Section Average 3°W to shelf edge
12
50-500 m
1980-2000
78.83
-8.00
0.58
0.39
34.67
0.11
2
Station 4 - Fylla Section Greenland Shelf
1
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
63.88
-53-37
2.86
1.03
33.56
0.33
Section AR7W - Central Labrador Sea
2b
0-150 m
1990-2000
57-73
-51.07
3-49
0.42
34.68
0.08
Station 27 - N ew foundland
Shelf Temperature - Canada
2
0-175 m
1971-2000
47-55
-52-59
0.27
0.33
31.63
0.24
5
Oleander Section (120-400 km) Mid-Atlantic Bight USA
2C
Surface
1978-2000
39.00
-71.50
6
Georges Bank - Mid-Atlantic Bight USA
2C
0 -3 0 m
1977-2000
42.00
-70.00
32.65
0.23
7
Emerald Bank Central Scotian Shelf - Canada
2
Near Bottom
1971-2000
44.00
-63.00
1.20
0.23
8
Misaine Bank N ortheast Scotian Shelf- Canada
2
Near Bottom
1971-2000
45.00
-59.00
0.65
0.16
9
Siglunes Station 2 - 4 - N orth IcelandIrminger Current
3
50-150 m
1971-2000
67.00
-18.00
anom aly
PSAL. 10m
2007
anom aly
TEM P, 10 n
Cea
3
4
2007
C
Table 3. Details o f the datasets included in Figures 1 and 2, and Tables 1 and 2. Blank boxes indicate areas fo r which information was unavailable at the time o f publication.
0.86
3-34
0.42
1.09
34.82
0.19
io
Longanes Station 2 -6 - N ortheast
Iceland - East Icelandic Current
3
0 -5 0 m
1971-2000
67.50
-13.50
1.24
0.95
34.70
0.14
il
Selvogsbanki Station 5 Southw est Iceland - Irminger Current
3
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
63.00
-22.00
7.58
047
35-15
0.05
12
M alin H ead W eather Station
4b
Surface
1971-2000
55-37
-7-34
10.57
0.46
13
Ellett Line - Rockall Trough - UK
(section average)
5
0 -8 0 0 m
1975-20 0 0
56-75
-11.00
9.21
0.32
35-33
0.03
14
Central Irminger Sea Subpolar Mode W ater
5b
200 -4 0 0 m
1991-2005
59.40
-36.80
3-99
0.55
34.88
0.03
15
Faroe Bank Channel South Faroe Islands
6
Upper layer high
salinity core
1988-2000
61.00
-8.00
8.23
0.32
35.24
0.04
i6
Faroe Current - N orth Faroe Islands
(Modified N orth Atlantic Water)
6
Upper layer high
salinity core
1988-2000
63.00
-6.00
7.92
0-37
35.22
0.04
17
Faroe Shetland Channel Shetland Shelf (North A tlantic Water)
7
Upper layer high
salinity core
1971-2000
61.00
-3.00
9-57
0.15
35.36
0.03
18
Faroe Shetland Channel - Faroe Shelf
(Modified N orth Atlantic Water)
7
Upper layer high
salinity core
1971-2000
61.50
-6.00
7.87
0.22
35.22
0.04
19
Ocean W eather Station "Mike” - 50 m
10
50 m
1971-2000
66.00
-2.00
741
0.33
35-15
0.04
20
Southern N orwegian S e a Svin0y Section - Atlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1978-2000
63.00
3.00
7.84
0.28
35.22
0.05
MWÍ
»W
2007
anom aly
2007
anom aly
PSAL. 300m
2007
anom aly TEM P, ÜOOm
2007
anom aly
Ccg C
9.78
S * 'W
Central Norwegian Sea Gims0y Section - A tlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1978-2000
69.00
12.00
6.67
0.40
35-14
0.04
22
Fugl0ya-Bear Island SectionW estern Barents Sea - Atlantic Inflow
11
50-200 m
1977-2006
73.00
20.00
5-35
0.52
35.06
0.04
23
Kola Section - Eastern Barents Sea
u
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
71.50
33.30
3.92
0.49
34.76
0.06
24
Greenland Sea SectionW est of Spitsbergen 76.5°N
12
200 m
1996-2006
76.50
10.50
3.08
0.66
35-05
0.04
25
N orthern N orwegian Sea S0rkapp Section - Atlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1977-2000
76.33
10.00
3.80
0.71
35-05
0.05
26
Fram Strait - W est Spitsbergen Current Section average 5°E to shelf edge
12
50-500 m
1980-2000
78.83
8.00
2.60
0.58
34-99
0.03
27
Santander Station 6 (shelf break) Bay of Biscay - Spain
4
5-200 m
1993-20 0 0
43.70
-3.78
13.13
0.41
35-59
0.08
28
Fair Isle Current W ater (waters
entering N orth Sea from Atlantic)
8 &9
0-100 m
1971-2000
59.00
-2.00
9.67
0.34
34.88
0.08
29
UK Coastal W aters Southern Bight - N orth Sea
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
54.00
0.00
30
Section average - Felixstowe Rotterdam - 52°N
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
52.00
3.00
12.14
1.12
34.64
0.21
31
Helgoland Roads - Coastal W aters Germ an Bight N orth Sea
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
54-19
7.90
10.10
0.72
32.11
0.54
32
Baltic Proper - East of Gotland Baltic Sea
9b
Surface
1971-2000 (S)
1990-2000 (T)
57-50
19.50
8.57
1.05
7-35
0.24
PSAL, 1000m
TEM P, 1000m
DtfrC
21
Figure 4.
M aps o f North Atlantic salinity (left column) and temperature (right column) at 10 m, 300 m, and 1000 m. Anomalies are differences between 2007 data and climatology. These products
are generated by the Coriolis Operational Oceanography Centre, which compiles in situ (including Argo float temperature and salinity profiles) and satellite data into an ocean circulation
model. M aps provided by Fabienne Gaillard, www.coriolis.eu.org/default.htm.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
Mixed layer depth, 20G3.'02
3. THE NORTH ATLANTIC
ATMOSPHERE
THE
OF
3.1 North Atlantic O scillation
OCEAN
THE
CAN
NAO,
ATMOSPHERIC
RESPOND
QUICKLY TO
PARTI CULARLY
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
WINTER
AFFECT TH E
STATE
WHEN
OCEAN
SO
I N T E N S E L Y T H A T T H E E F F E C T S ARE FELT T H R O U C H O U T
» 'W
Mixed layer depth, 2Q04-02
Mixed layer depth, 2005,'02
V. M
Mixed layer depth, 2007.'02
The N o rth A tlantic O scillation (NAO) is a p a tte rn
of atm ospheric variability th a t h as a significant
im pact o n oceanic conditions. It affects w indspeed,
precipitation, evaporation, an d the exchange of
h e a t b e tw e e n ocean an d atm o sp h ere, an d its effects
are m o st strongly felt in w inter. The N A O index is
a sim ple device u sed to describe th e state of the
NAO. It is a m easu re of th e stren g th of the sea
level air p ressure grad ien t b e tw e e n Iceland and
th e A zores. W h e n th e N A O index is positive, there
is a stre n g th e n in g of th e Icelandic low -pressure
system an d th e A zores h ig h -p ressu re system . This
p roduces stro n g er m id -latitu d e w esterly w inds,
w ith colder a n d drier conditions over th e w estern
N o rth A tlantic an d w arm er an d w e tte r conditions
in the e a stern N o rth A tlantic. W h en th e N A O index
is negative, th ere is a reduced p ressure gradient,
an d th e effects te n d to be reversed.
T H E F O L L O W I N G YEAR. S O M E R E G I O N S , S U C H AS T H E
N O R T H W E S T A T L A N TI C A N D T H E N O R T H SEA, ARE M O R E
RESPONSIVE
TO
THE
NAO
THAN
OTHER
REGIONS,
S U C H AS T H E R O CK AL L T R O U G H . H O W E V E R , T H E N A O
IS
ON
NOT
THE
OCEAN
ONLY,
OR
VARI ABILITY.
W HOLE, THE
EVEN
THE
OVER
MAIN,
THE
CONTROL
ATLANTIC
N A O STILL O N L Y A C C O U N T S
AS
T H I R D O F T H E T O T A L V A R I A N C E I N W I N T E R S E A LEVEL
PRESSURE. TH E
CIRCULATION
CHAOTIC
MEANS
NATURE OF A T M O S P H E R I C
THAT
EVEN
DURING
PERIODS
OF ST R O N G L Y POSITIVE O R NEGATIVE N A O WINTE RS ,
T H E A T M O S P H E R I C C I R C U L A T I O N TYPICALLY EXHI BI TS
SIGNIFICANT
LOCAL
DEPARTURES
FROM
THE
IDEALIZED NA O PATTERN.
T here are several slightly different versions of the
N A O index calculated by clim ate scientists. The
H urrell w in ter (DJF) N A O index is m o st com m only
u sed a n d h as particular relevance to the eastern
N o rth A tlantic. Follow ing a lo n g perio d of increase,
from an extrem e an d p ersisten t negative p h ase in
th e 1960s to a m ost extrem e an d p ersisten t positive
p h ase d u rin g th e late 1980s a n d early 1990s, the
H urrell N A O index u n d e rw e n t a large an d rapid
decrease d u rin g th e w in te r p reced in g 1996. Since
th e n , the H urrell N A O index h as b e e n fairly
w eak an d a less-useful descriptor of atm ospheric
conditions. In w in te r 2007, th e N A O index w as
strongly positive.
12/13
Figure 6.
The Hurrell winter (DJF) N AO
index fo r thepasi 100 years with
a two-year running mean applied
(leftpanel) and the current decade
(right panel). Data source: http://
www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/
indices.html.
5
4
3
2
1
0
•1
•2
•3
■4
•5
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
CM
» 'W
Y ear
Figure 5.
M aps o f North Atlantic winter (February) mixed-layer depths, 2002-2007. These products are generated by the Coriolis Operational Oceanography Centre, which compiles in situ data
(including Argo float temperature and salinity profiles) and satellite data into an ocean circulation model. M aps provided by Fabienne Gaillard, www.coriolis.eu.org/default.htm.
A
FOR ONE-
CM
<N
CO
-rf
LO
CM
CM
CN
CN
Y ear
30
[>.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
The N A O index is an in d icato r of th e grad ien t of
SLP, b u t m ap s can provide m ore in fo rm atio n ab o u t
th e w indfield. W inter con d itio ns d o m in ate the
ocean pro p erties in particular; th erefore, Figure
7a show s m ap s of SLP in w in te r (D ecem ber/
January/F ebruary/M arch (D JFM )).The to p p a n e l in
Figure 7a show s th e w in te r SLP av eraged over 30
years, 1971-2000. The d o m in a n t featu res ("action
centres") are th e Iceland Low (the p u rp le p atc h
situ ated so u th w est of Iceland) a n d th e A zores H ig h
(the orange p atch w est of G ibraltar).
Figure 7b.
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
1000mb Scalar Wind Speed ( m /s ) Composite Mean
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Sea Level Pressure (mb) Composite Mean
NOAA /ESRL P h y s ic a l S c i e n c e s D ivision
N O AA /ESRL P h y s ic a l S c i e n c e s D iv isio n
Winter (DJFM) surface windspeed. Top panel shows surface windspeed
averaged over 30 years, 1971-2000. The bottom panel shows the winter
2007 anomaly in surface windspeed. Images provided by the N O A A /
ESRL Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, available at www.
cdc.noaa.gov/
Dec to Mar: 1971 to 2000
N O R T H ATLANTIC M EAN W I N D S
WERE MOSTLY S T R O N G E R T H A N
9 98
10 0 2
'
1006
'
1o"lO
'
10U
'
10*18
'
1022
1026
1
I
1
M
i
1
1
1
A
1
h
1
NORMAL.
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Sea Level Pressure (mb) Composite Mean
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
1000mb Scalar Wind Speed (m /s ) Composite Anomaly 1968—1996 elimo
NOAA /ESRL P h y s ic a l S c i e n c e s D ivision
The m iddle p an el in Figure 7a show s th e m e a n SLP
for w in ter 2007 (D ecem ber 2006, Jan u ary -M arch
2007), an d th e b o tto m p an el show s th e 2007 w in ter
SLP anom aly - th e difference b e tw e e n th e to p an d
m iddle panels. In w in te r 2007, b o th th e Iceland Low
an d th e A zores H ig h w ere stro n g er th a n n o rm al
(low er p ressu re in th e Iceland Low an d h ig h er
pressure in th e A zores H igh). Also, th e centre of th e
Iceland L ow w as displaced to w ard s th e so u th w est
an d C ape Farewell. The stren g th of th e m e a n
surface w in d averaged over th e 3 0-year period
1971-2000 is sh o w n in th e u p p e r p an e l of Figure 7b,
an d th e low er p an el show s th e an o m aly in w in ter
2007. T hese reanalyses sh o w th a t th e N o rth A tlantic
m e a n w in d s w ere stro n g er th a n no rm al, associated
w ith the stre n g th e n in g of th e SLP p a tte rn , centred
on a b a n d from N ew fo u n d la n d across to th e Bay
of Biscay an d th e E nglish C h an n el a n d into the
so u th e rn Baltic.
THE
FIGURES
SHOW
LEVEL P R E S S U R E
“ GRADIE NT” )
ISOBARS, W IT H
CONTOURS
(ISOBARS). THE
WIND
BLOWS
OF
CONSTANT
GEOSTROPHIC
PARALLEL
LOWER PRESSURE TO TH E
WITH
N O AA /ESRL P h y s ic a l S c i e n c e s D ivision
Dec to Mar: 2007
9 98
■
i
10 0 2
i
i
1006
i
i
i
1010
i
i
1014
Dec to Mar: 2007 to 2007 minus 1971 to 2000
i
i
1018
u
1022
1026
W
'm
■ ! ?
1 -h
1
1
A
1
h
1
Below.
View from the RV"Celtic Explorer".
Image courtesy o f G. Nolan, M arine Institute, Ireland.
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Sea Level Pressure (mb) Composite Mean
NOAA /ESRL P h y s ic a l S c i e n c e s D ivision
SEA
(OR
THE
LEF T. T H E
CLOSER TH E ISOBARS, TH E S T R O N G E R TH E W I N D .
Dec to Mar: 2007 to 2007 minus 1971 to 2000
m
-1 2
i
i
-8
i
i
-4
i
i
0
i
i
4
i
i
8
i
i
12
Figure 7a.
W inter (DJFM) sea level pressure (SLP) fields. The top panel shows SLP averaged over 30 years, 1971-2000.
M iddle panel shows mean SLP in winter 2007 (December 2006, January-March 2007). Bottom panel shows
the winter 2007 SLP anomaly, the difference between the top and middle panels. Images provided by the
NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, available at www.cdc.noaa.gov/.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Surface air (C) Composite Mean
3.2 North Atlantic surface air temperature
NOAA/ESRL Physical S c ie n c e s Division
N o rth A tlantic w in te r m e a n surface air tem p e ra tu re s
are sh o w n in Figure 8 . The 1971-2000 m e a n
conditions (Figure 8 , to p panel) sh o w w arm
tem p eratu res p e n e tra tin g far to th e n o rth on th e east
side of the N o rth A tlantic a n d N ordic Seas, caused
by n o rth w ard m o v em e n t of w arm oceanic w ater.
The m iddle p an el in Figure 8 show s th e conditions
in w in ter (DJFM) 2007, a n d th e b o tto m p an e l show s
th e difference b e tw e e n th e tw o. In w in te r 2007, th e
central N o rth A tlantic a n d N o rw eg ian Sea surface
air tem p eratu res w ere n e a r no rm al. In contrast,
surface air tem p eratu re s over m u ch of th e L ab rad o r
Sea, N o rth Sea, B arents Sea, G reen lan d Sea, an d
Irm inger B asin w ere m o re th a n 1°C w a rm e r th a n
n o rm al in 2007. The exceptions are th e oran g e/
red areas, w hich sh o w w a rm e r-th a n -n o rm a l
conditions (by 6-10°C ); this is th e resu lt of sea-ice
edges retreatin g in the n o rth e rn L ab rad o r Sea an d
n o rth e a st of Svalbard. The b o tto m p an e l in Figure
8 also show s th a t it w as a w arm w in te r over m o st
lan d areas su rro u n d in g th e n o rth e rn N o rth A tlantic
a n d its m arginal seas.
4. DETAILED AREA
DESCRIPTIONS, PART 1:
THE UPPER OCEAN
4.1 Introduction
In this section, w e p re se n t tim e-series from m an y
su stain ed observations in each area of th e ICES
A rea. The general p a tte rn of oceanic circulation in
th e u p p e r layers of th e N o rth A tlantic, in relation
to th e areas described here, is given in Figure 9. In
ad d itio n to tem p eratu re a n d salinity, w e p resen t
o th e r indices w h ere th e y are available, such as
air-tem p eratu re a n d sea-ice indices. The text
sum m arizes the regional context of th e sections and
stations, n o tin g any significant recen t events.
Dec to Mor: 1971 to 2000
^ 6
■ - k ■ -I ■ - | 5 ■ -là ■ j 5 ■ I ■ 1
In places, th e seasonal cycle h as b e e n rem oved from
a dataset, eith er by calculating th e average seasonal
cycle d u rin g 1971-2000 or by draw ing on o th er
sources, such as regional clim atology datasets.
S m o o th ed versions of m o st tim e-series are included
u sin g a "loess sm o o th er", a locally w eig h ted
regression w ith a tw o- or five-year w indow .
In som e areas, d ata are sam pled regularly en o u g h
to allow a good description of th e seaso nal cycle.
W here this is possible, m o n th ly d ata from 2007 are
p re se n te d an d co m pared w ith th e average seasonal
conditions an d statistics.
1 A 1 A 1 I f
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Surface aîr (C) Composite Mean
NOAA/ESRL Physical S cien ce s Division
S U R F A C E AIR
M ost stan d ard sections or stations are rep eated
an n u ally or m ore frequently. O ften, th e tim e-series
p re se n te d here have b e e n extracted from larger
datasets and ch o sen as indicators of th e conditions
in a particular area. W here appropriate, d ata are
p re se n te d as anom alies to d em o n strate h o w the
values com pare w ith th e average or "n o rm al"
co nditions (usually th e lo n g -te rm m e a n of each
p a ra m e te r d u rin g 1971-2000). For d atasets th a t
do n o t extend as far back as 1971, th e average
co nditions have b e e n calculated from th e start of
th e d ataset up to 2 0 0 0 .
1 6 /1 7
TEM PERATURE OVER
M U CH OF THE
0Z
N O R D I C SEAS A N D
WESTERN
Dec to Mar: 2007
NORTH
ATLANTIC WAS MORE
-3 0
-2 5
-2 0
-1 5
-1 0
-5
0
5
10
-
15
20
T H A N 1 ° C W A R M ER
THAN
NORMAL.
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
Surface air (C) Composite Anomaly 1 9 6 8 -1 9 9 6 elimo
NOAA/ESRL Physical S c ie n c e s Division
Figure 8.
Winter (DJFM) surface air
temperature fields. The top panel
shows surface air temperature
averaged over 30 years, 19712000. The middle panel shows
temperatures in winter 2007
(December 2006, January to
March 2007). The bottom panel
shows winter 2007 surface air
temperature anomaly, 1971-2000,
the difference between the top and
middle panels. Images provided
by the NOAA/ESRL Physical
Sciences
Division,
Boulder,
Colorado, available at www.cdc.
noaa.gov/.
Dec to Mar: 2007 to 2007 minus 1971 to 2000
■
-4
i
i i
-1
i
1
i
i
4
i
i
6
i
i
8
i
m
11
•>
Figure 9.
Schematic o f the general circulation o f the upper ocean (0-1000 m) in
the North Atlantic in relation to the numbered areas presented below.
The blue arrows indicate the movement o f the cooler waters o f the
Subpolar Gyre. The red arrows indicate the movement o f the warmer
waters o f the Subtropical Gyre.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
4.2 Area 1 - West Greenland
W E S T G R E E N L A N D LI ES A T T H E N O R T H E R N B O U N D A R Y
OF
THE
SUBPOLAR
GYRE A N D
IS T H U S
SUBJECT TO
CLIMATIC VARI AT IONS W I T H I N T H IS GYRE. TH E WEST
GREENLAND
SLOPE
CURRENT
OFF
WEST
NORTHWARDS
FOLLOWS
GREENLAND
THROUGH
BANK STATION 4,
THE
M O F WATER,
THE WARM
COMPONENT
AND
THE
BANK SLOPE
IS G O V E R N E D
OF THE
FYLLAS
IN
M O S T L Y BY
WEST GREENLAND
A t Fyllas Bank, th e 2007 subsurface tem p eratu res
w ere high, sim ilar to th e w arm 1960s, b u t low er
th a n a u tu m n 2003, w h e n te m p e ra tu re s w ere 2.69°C
above norm al.
WATER
EXTENDS
FARTHER
( E.G. 1 9 8 3 ,
1992,
OFFSHORE,
AND
2002).
DESOLATION
LOCATED
STATION
FARTHER
3
HAS
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.0
1
T e m p eratu re °C
3.5
D ata P rovider: In stitu t fü r S e e fisch ere i - G e rm a n y - Institu te fo r S e a Fish e rie s
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
OFFSHORE,
B R I N G I N G COLDE R WATER TO STATI ON 4
CAPE
Figure 12.
Aren 1 - W est Greenland.
Teniperatnre (npper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) a t 50 m at
Cape Desolation Station 3.
7.0
350
C U R R E N T ( B E L O W 1 5 0 M ) . I N S O M E YEARS, S H A L L O W
SHELF
7.5
4.5
TRAVELS
DAVI S STRAI T. T H E
LOCATED O N
ABOUT 9 0 0
CONTINENTAL
W est G reen lan d lies w ith in a n area th a t norm ally
experiences w a rm er con d itio n s w h e n th e N A O
index is negative. D espite a positive N A O w in ter
2007 index, air te m p e ra tu re cond itio ns aro u n d
G ree n la n d co n tin u ed to be w a rm e r th a n norm al;
m e a n air tem p e ra tu re s at N u u k sh o w positive
an om alies (+0.8°C).
348
346
A 3000-M-DEEP
WATER C O L U M N A N D SA MPLES TH E WEST G R E E N L A N D
34.4
CU RR ENT A N D TH E DEEP BO U N D A RY CURR E NT OF THE
L A B R A D O R SEA.
3 42
Data Provider Danish Meteorological Institute - Copenhagen and Seewetteramt - Hamburg
Salinity
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
Figure 10.
Area 1 - West Greenland. Annual
mean air temperature observed at
Nuuk.
340
1980
1
1985
1990
1995
Y ear
2000
2005
0
■1
■2
18/19
4.3 Area 2 - N orthw est Atlantic: Scotian
S h elf and the N ew foundland and
Labrador S helf
■3
■4
— ■— T e m p e ra tu re °C
HORIZONTAL
MODIFIED
AND
VERTICAL
BY D I F F U S I O N ,
GRADIENTS
MIXING,
THAT
AR E
CURRENTS, AND
SHELF TOPOGRAPHY.
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
-5'—
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
Scotian Shelf
Y ear
6
Figure 11.
Area 1 - West Greenland.
Fyllas Bank Station 4 autumn
temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel), 0-200 m.
THE CO NTINENTAL SHELF OFF THE COAST OF
NOVA
5
S C O T I A IS C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY C O M P L E X T O P O G R A P H Y
CONSISTING
4
OF
MANY OF FSH O R E
SHALLOW
BANKS
A N D D E E P M I D - S H E L F B A S I N S . IT IS S E P A R A T E D F R O M
3
THE
SOUTHERN
LAURENTIAN
2
MAINE
1
— 1— T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
0
NEWFOUNDLAND
CHANNEL AND
TO THE
SOUTHWEST.
IS D O M I N A T E D
SHELF
BY
THE
BORDERS THE GULF OF
SURFACE
BY A G E N E R A L
CIRCULATION
FLOW TO WARD S
THE
S O U T H W E S T , I N T E R R U P T E D BY C L O C K W I S E M O V E M E N T
A R O U N D T H E B A N KS A N D A N T I C L O C K W I SE M O V E M E N T
A R O U N D T HE BASINS, WIT H THE S T R E N G T H S VARYING
D ata P ro vide r: In stitu t fü r S ee fisch e re i - G e rm a n y - Institu te fo r S ea F ish e rie s
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
SEASONALLY.
345
— ■— Salinity
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
340
HYDROGRAPHIC
CONDITIONS
ON
THE
SCOTIAN
The a m o u n t of sea ice on th e S cotian Shelf in 2007,
as m easu red by th e area of ice seaw ards of C abot
Strait b e tw e e n N ova Scotia an d N ew fo u n d lan d
from January to April, w as 18 400 k m 2 b elow th e
lo n g -te rm m e a n coverage of 39 000 k m 2. This is an
increase from th e 2006 value of 1850 k m 2, b u t is still
substantially less th a n th e 2003 cover w hich w as th e
second h ig h est in the 39-year record.
S H E L F A R E D E T E R M I N E D BY H E A T T R A N S F E R B E T W E E N
THE
OCEAN
GULF
335
OF
SHELF,
AND
ST
AND
ATMOSPHERE,
LA WR ENC E
AND
EXCHANGE
330
CYCLES
OFF,
AND
TEMPERATURE
1970
1980
1990
Y ear
2000
ARE
MODIFIED
PRECIPITATION,
AND
AND
INFLOW
THE
WITH
WATERS. WATER PROPER TIES
325
'1960
In 2007, a n n u al m e a n air tem p eratu res over
th e S cotian Shelf, rep resen ted by Sable Island
observations, w ere norm al, only 0.1°C below
th e lo n g -te rm m e a n (based o n 1971-2000 m ean
values); th is is a decline of 1.5°C from 2006. W est
of Sable Island, th e air tem p eratu re an o m aly w as
-0.2°C over th e eastern G ulf of M aine.
HAVE
FROM
OFFSHORE
SLOPE
LARGE S E A S O N A L
BY F R E S H - W A T E R
MELTING
SALINITY
THE
NEWFOUNDLAND
OF
EXHIBIT
SEA
RUN­
I CE.
STRONG
T opography sep arates th e n o rth e a ste rn Scotian
Shelf from th e rest of th e shelf. In the n o rth east,
th e b o tto m te n d s to be covered by relatively cold
w aters (1-4°C ), w h ereas the b asins in th e central
an d so u th w e ste rn regions typically have b o tto m w ater tem p eratu res of 8-10°C . The origin of th e
latter is th e offshore slope w aters, w h ereas in th e
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
Figure 14.
n o rth e ast, th e w ater com es principally from th e
G ulf of St Law rence. The in te ra n n u a l variability
of th e tw o w a ter m asses differs. M easu rem en ts of
te m p e ra tu re s at 100 m at th e M isaine B ank statio n
capture th e ch an g es in th e n o rth ea st. T hey reveal
co o ler-th a n -n o rm a l con d itio n s in 2007 by 0.3°C,
a decrease of 0.9°C from above n o rm a l conditions
in 2006. In E m erald Basin, te m p e ra tu re s in 2007
w ere 1°C b elo w n o rm a l at 100 m , a decrease of
ap proxim ately 1.8°C from 2006. T here w as a large
d ecrease of 2.2°C at 250 m to a n n u a l values n early
1.9°C b elo w norm al. The w ater m ass characteristics
in 2007 for d e p th s g reater th a n 100 m w ere very
sim ilar to th o se in 1998 w h e n L ab rad o r Slope w ater
m oved in to th e d eep in n e r shelf basins. In 2007,
th o u g h , th e d e ep e st w aters (-2 5 0 m) w ere ab o u t
0.2°C w a rm er a n d 0.3 saltier th a n in 1998.
T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly °C
2
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
1
0
Area 2 - N orthw est Atlantic:
Scotian
Shelf.
Near-bottom
temperatnre anomalies (npper
panel) and salinity anomalies
(lower panel) In the northeastern
Scotian S h e lf (M isaine Bank, 100
m).
-1
-2
D a ta P ro vide r: D e p a rtm e n t o f F ish e rie s a nd O ce a n s - C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
THE A M O U N T O F SEA
— ■— Salinity A nom aly
ICE O N T H E S C O T I A N
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
S H E L F W A S WELL B EL O W
0.5
N O R M A L IN 2 O O 7 .
0.0
A n n u al SST anom alies varied a b o u t 0.3°C over th e
eastern , 0.4°C over th e central, a n d -1.5°C over th e
w e ste rn Scotian Shelf d u rin g 2006. The L urcher
Shoal area w est of N ova Scotia h a d an a n n u a l
an o m aly of -1°C a n d th e Bay of L undy an an o m aly
of 0.4°C. T hese are d ecreases of 1.4°C to 2.3°C from
th e ab o v e-n o rm al values of 2006.
-0.5
i 945
1955
1965
1975
Y e ar
1985
1995
2005
2 0 /2 1
D ata P rovider: D e p a rtm e n t o f F ish e rie s and O ce a n s - C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
5.0
60 r
Figure 13.
Aren 2 - N orthw est Atlantic:
Scotian Shelf. M o n th ly m eans o f
lee area seawards o f Cabot Strait
(npper panel) and filtered air
temperatnre anom alies at Sable
Island on the Scotian S h e lf (lower
panel).
Figure 15.
A rea (1 0 0 0 0 nT)
Area 2 - N orthw est Atlantic:
Scotian
Shelf.
Near-bottom
temperatnre anomalies (npper
panel) and salinity anomalies
(lower panel) In the central
Scotian S h e lf (Emerald Basin,
2 50 m).
T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly°C
50
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
2.5
40-
0.0
30
20
-2.5
100^
1965
1975
1985
Y ear
1995
2005
-5.0
D a ta P ro vide r: B IO - B e d fo rd In stitu te o f O c e a n o g ra p h y - F ish e rie s a nd O ce a n s C a n a d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
D ata P rovider: D e p a rtm e n t o f F ish e rie s and O ce a n s - C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
2.0
— •— Salinity A nom aly
0.6
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-0.2
-0.4
— 1— Air T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly°C
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
-
2.0
i 910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.6
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
Year
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf
THIS
REGION
IS S I T U A T E D
ON
THE
O F T H E L A BR A DO R SEA, S T R E T C H I N G
STRAIT
TO
DOMINATED
CHANNELS
TROUGHS
THE
SOUTHERN
BY
OR
SHALLOW
SADDLES,
NEAR
DOMINATED
BY
THE
THE
how ever, it in creased significantly d u rin g spring,
ex ten d in g th e ice seaso n into June for th e first tim e
in several years.
WESTERN
FROM
GRAND
BANKS,
AND
BANK
CROSS-SHELF
DEEP
COAST.
AND
MARGINAL
CIRCULATION
SOUTH-FLOWING
IS
LABRADOR
C U R R E N T B R I N G I N G C O L D , FR E SH WATE RS T O G E T H E R
WITH
S E A I CE A N D
ICEBERGS
FROM
THE
NORTH
TO
3
Figure 17.
Area 2 - N orthw est Atlantic:
N ew foundland and Labrador
Shelf. A n n u a l air temperature
anom alies at Cartw right on the
Labrador coast.
2
SIDE
HUDSON
Data Provider: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre - Canada
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
A t th e sta n d a rd m o n ito rin g site off eastern
N ew fo u n d la n d (S tation 27), th e d ep th -av erag ed
a n n u al w ate r te m p e ra tu re decreased from the record
h ig h o bserved in 2006 to a b o u t no rm al. Surface
te m p e ratu res at S tatio n 27 also decreased from the
record h ig h observed in 2006 to just slightly above
n o rm al, w h e re as b o tto m tem p e ratu res rem ain ed
above n o rm a l for th e 12 th consecutive year.
1
0
■1
■2
■
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
-3'—
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
Y ear
S O U T H E R N AREAS OF TH E G R A N D BANKS.
HYDROGRAPHIC
BY T H E
CONDITIONS
STRENGTH
OF
THE
AR E
DETERMINED
WINTER
ATMOSPHERIC
C I R C U L A T I O N O V E R T H E N O RTH W E S T A T L A N T I C ( N A O ) ,
A D V E C T I O N B Y T H E L A B R A D O R C U RRE N T , C R O S S - S H E L F
EXCHANGE
WITH
WARMER
CONTINENTAL
SLOPE
WATER, A N D B O T T O M T O P O G R A P H Y . S U P E R I M P O S E D
A R E L A R G E S E A S O N A L A N D I N T E R A N N U AL VARI ATI O N S
IN S O L AR H E A T I N P U T , SEA-ICE CO V ER , A N D S T O R M FORCED
THE
MIXING.
SHELF
STRONG
THE
E XHI BI TS
RESULTING
LARGE
HORIZONTAL AND
WATER
ANNUAL
MASS
CYCLES
ON
WITH
VERTICAL TEMPER AT URE
A N D SALINITY GR AD IE NT S.
Air T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly°C
1980
2000
1990
A ro b u st index of o cean clim ate conditions in
eastern C a n ad ian w aters is th e exten t of th e cold
in term ed iate layer (CIL) of <0°C w a te r overlying the
c o n tin en tal shelf. This w inter-co o led w ater rem ains
tra p p ed b e tw e e n th e seasonally h e a te d u p p e r layer
a n d th e w a rm er shelf-slope w ate r th ro u g h o u t
su m m e r a n d au tu m n . D u rin g th e 1960s, w h e n the
N A O w as w ell b elo w n o rm al a n d h a d th e low est
value ever in th is century, th e v olum e of CIL w ater
w as at a m in im u m and, d u rin g th e h ig h N A O years
of th e early 1990s, th e CIL v olum e reach ed n ear­
record h ig h values. D u rin g 2007, th e CIL rem ain ed
b elo w n o rm al o n th e easte rn N ew fo u n d lan d Shelf
for th e 13th consecutive year.
Figure IS .
Area 2 - N orthw est Atlantic:
N ew foundland and Labrador
Shelf. A n n u a l depth-averaged
N ew foundland S h e lf temperature
anom alies (top panel), salinity
anom alies (middle panel), and
spatial extent o f cold Intermediate
layer (CLL; bottom panel).
T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly °C
The R ogers N o rth A tlantic O scillation index for
2007 w as slightly above n o rm a l (the R ogers N A O
index offers a b e tte r co m p ariso n w ith conditions
in th e w e ste rn N o rth A tlantic th a n th e H urrell
w in te r N A O index). As a result, Arctic outflow to
th e N o rth w e st A tlantic w as stro n g er th a n in 2006,
resu ltin g in a b ro ad -scale cooling th ro u g h o u t th e
N o rth w est A tlantic from W est G ree n la n d to Baffin
Island a n d to L ab rad o r a n d N e w fo u n d lan d .
A n n u al air te m p e ra tu res re m a in ed above n o rm al at
L ab rad o r (0.7°C at C artw right) a n d N e w fo u n d lan d
(0.3°C at St John's), significant d ecreases over
th e record h ig h s of 2006. S ea-ice exten t o n th e
N e w fo u n d lan d a n d L ab rad o r Shelf for 2007 w as
b elo w average for th e 13th consecutive year;
The near-bottom therm al habitat cooled significantly
in so u th e rn regions b u t w a rm ed in areas n o rth of
th e G ran d B anks d u rin g a u tu m n , w h e n b o tto m
tem p e ra tu re s w ere u p to 2°C above th e lo n g -term
m e a n in m an y areas.
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
-1.0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
D ata P rovider: N o rth w e st A tla n tic F ish e rie s C e n tre - C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
0.50
In
general,
w ater
te m p e ra tu re s
on
the
N ew fo u n d la n d a n d L ab rad o r Shelf cooled from the
record h ig h observed in 2006, b u t re m a in ed above
n o rm al in m o st areas, co n tin u in g th e w a rm e r-th a n n o rm al con d itio n s experienced since th e m id - to
late 1990s. Shelf w ater salinities, w h ich w ere low er
th a n n o rm a l th ro u g h o u t m o st of th e 1990s, have
in creased to above n o rm al values d u rin g th e p ast
six years, alth o u g h th ere w as considerable local
variability.
0.25
0.00
-0.25
— ■— S u m m e r Salinity A nom aly
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
-0.50
1950
1960
D a ta P ro vide r: N o rth w e s t A tla n tic F ish e rie s C e n tre - C ana d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
Figure 16.
Area 2 - Northwest Atlantic:
Newfoundland and Labrador
Shelf. M onthly sea-ice areas off
Newfoundland and Labrador
between 4 5°N and 55°N.
1
1970
1980
Y ear
1990
2000
D ata P ro vide r: N o rth w e s t A tla n tic F ish e rie s C e n tre - C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
3.5
50
W inter S e a lee / y e a (10 0 0 0 0 km )
3.0
S pring S e a IceÁ reci (10 0 0 0 0 km2)
40
2.5
30
2.0
20
10
N ew foundland CIL A rea (km )
0.5
L ab rad o r CIL A rea (km2)
1970
1980
1990
Y e ar
2000
0 '—
1950
1960
1970
1980
Y e ar
1990
2000
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
4.4 Area 2b - Labrador Sea
C O N D I T I O N S HAVE BEEN
THE
UPPER
LEVELS
OF
Data Provider: BIO - Bedford Institute of Oceanography - Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
M I L D E R IN R E CE N T YEARS.
THE
LABRADOR
SEA
HAVE
Figure 20.
Area 2b - Labrador Sea. A n n u a l
mean sea suiface temperature da ta
from the west-central Labrador
Sea (56.5°N 52.5°W ). Data
obtained from the H a d L S S T l.l
Global Sea Surface Temperature
dataset,
UK
Meteorological
Office, H adley Centre.
B E CO M E W AR M E R A N D M OR E SALINE AS HEAT LOSSES
TH E L A BR A DO R S EA IS L OC AT E D B E T W E E N G R E E N L A N D
T O T H E A T M O S P H E R E HAVE D E C R E A S E D AN D AT LAN T I C
AND
WATERS HAVE BE CO M E I NC RE AS ING LY D O M I N A N T .
THE
LABRADOR
COLD,
L O W - S A L I N I TY
CI RCLE
THE
COAST
OF
WATERS
LABRADOR
SEA
IN
EASTERN
OF
AN
CANADA.
POLAR
ORIGIN
ANTICLOCKWISE
C U R R E N T SYSTEM TH AT IN CL UD ES BOTH TH E N O R T H FLOWING
WEST
GREENLAND
CURRENT
E A S T E R N S I D E A N D T H E S O U T H -F L O W I N G
ON
THE
LABRADOR
C U R R E N T O N T H E WE ST E RN SIDE. WARM A N D SALINE
ATLANTIC WATERS O R I G I N A T I N G
IN T H E S U B T R O P I C S
FLOW
LABRADOR
THE
NORTHWARDS
GREENLAND
INTO
SIDE
THE
AND
BECOME
SEA
COLDER
IN
LABRADOR
SEA
AND
HYDROGRAPHIC
C O N D I T I O N S O N I N T E R A N N U A L Tl M E - S C A L E S D E P E N D
O N T H E VARIABLE I N F L U E N C E S O F H E AT L O SS T O T H E
A T M O S P H E R E , H E AT A N D SALT G A I N
FR OM ATLANTIC
WATERS,
FROM
AND
FRESH-WATER
GAIN
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
Y ear
ON
F R E S H E R AS T H E Y C I R C U L A T E .
CHANGES
T em p eratu re C
The upper 150 m of the west-central Labrador
Sea has warmed by ~1°C and increased in salinity
by -0.1 since the early 1990s. Conditions in 2007
remained warm and saline, but slightly cooler than
in 2005-2006.
The 2007 annual mean SST in the west-central
Labrador Sea was about 0.6°C warmer than
normal. Although 2007 was noticeably cooler than
the previous four years, it continues a series of 14
consecutive years that have been warmer than
normal.
D a ta P rovider: B IO - B ed ford Institu te o f O ce a n o g ra p h y
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
12D
Figure 21.
— M ean
— 2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu re
— S ta n d a rd Deviation
M ax/M in
/ '
100
Area 2b - Labrador Sea. M o n th ly
sea surface temperature data frvm
the west-central Labrador Sea
(56.5°N 52.5°W ). Data obtained
from the H a d L S S T l.l Globa! Sea
Surface Temperature d ataset UK
Meteorological Office, H adley
Centre.
MELTING
AR C T I C S E A ICE. A S E Q U E N C E O F S E V E R E W I N T E R S I N
6.0
T H E EA RL Y 1 9 9 0 S L E D T O D E E P C O N V E C T I O N P E A K I N G
I N 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 4 T H A T F I L L E D T H E U P P E R 2 KM O F T H E
4 .0
WATE R C O L U M N W I T H C O L D A N D F R ES H WATER.
2.0
A verag in g P eriod: 1 97 1-20 0 0
0.0
J
Figure 19.
Area 2b - Labrador Sea. Potential
temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) values fo r
0-150 m depth from fo u r stations
in the west-central Labrador Sea
(centred at 56.7°N 52.5°W).
Estimates o f seasonal changes
based on climatology have been
removed from these spring/early
summer measurements.
F M A M J
J A
M onth
S
O
2 4 /2 5
N
D
5.0
4.5
4.5 Area 2c - M id-Atlantic Bight
4.0
3.5
THE
— *— T e m p eratu re °C
3.0
HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
S L O P E SEA, T H E M I D - A T L A N T I C B I G H T , A N D T H E G U L F
OF
MAINE
FROM THE
2.5
D a ta P ro vide r: B IO - B ed ford Institu te o f O ce a n o g ra p h y - F ish e rie s a nd O ce a n s C a na d a
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
IN THE WESTERN
AND
THE
HAVE
BEEN
DEPEND
UPON
THE
SUPPLY
LA BR A DO R SEA, A L O N G
CONTINENTAL
MONITORED
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH
SLOPE.
BY
( XBT)
G E O R G E S B A N K WATE RS HAVE BEEN
W A R M E R BUT FRESHER SIN CE 1 9 9 0 .
THESE
REGULAR
AND
WATERS
THE SHELF
OF
BOTH
WATERS
EXPENDABLE
SURFACE SALINITY
Salinity
OBSERVATIONS
FROM
COMMERCIAL
AND
FISHING
RUNS
BETWEEN
34.80
VESSELS SI NC E
NEW
34.75
JERSEY
TR AVE RSES T H E
34.70
1978.
AND
GULF
ONE
SECTION
BERMUDA
OF
MAINE,
AND
THE
EAST O F
OTHER
BOSTON.
H Y D R O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S ARE A L S O M O N I T O R E D
O N G E O R G E S BANK.
34.65
34.60
34.55
1990
2000
1995
Year
2005
th e p rogram m e, to 2007.There are no obvious tren d s
in G ulf of M aine tem p eratu res. Surface salinity has
re tu rn e d to m ore-av erag e conditions over the last
year.
The slope w aters of th e M id-A tlantic Bight have
rem ain ed generally fresh over the last th ree years,
w h ereas th ere are no obvious tren d s in SST.
Figure 23 show s tem p eratu re anom alies from XBTs
ta k e n in the G ulf of M aine since 1978, th e start of
The G eorges B ank surface observations (0-30 m)
com e from a w ide region covering th e Bank. Figure
24a show s tem p eratu re an d salinity anom alies. The
anom alies are in original units relative to th e m ean
for 1978-1987. N o te th e co n tin u ed w a rm e r-th a n n o rm al tem p eratu res; th is is quite co n sisten t w ith
th e XBT values. W h at is p e rh a p s m ore surprising
are th e rath e r low surface salinities, nearly 0.5
b elo w th e average for 1978-1987. Indeed, th e
w aters have overall b e e n w arm er an d fresher since
approxim ately 1990. M ore usually in th e Slope
Sea (offshore of th e G ulf of M aine), h ig h salinities
accom pany h ig h tem p eratu res an d vice versa. T here
is m u ch th a t is still n o t u n d e rsto o d ab o u t th e shelf
an d Slope SeaW aters.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
45 N
Data Provider: National Marine Fisheries Service - NOAA - USA
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
Figure 22.
Area 2c - M id-Atlantic Bight.
Temperature and salinity from
the Oleander section (New York
City to Bermuda). Sea surface
temperature (SST) anomalies as
averaged values from 120-400 km
southeast from N ew York City
(upper panel); SST anomalies
along the transect (middle panel);
and sea surface salinity anomalies
along the transect (lower panel).
Figure 23.
Area 2c - Mid-Atlantic Bight.
Temperature and salinity in
the G ulf o f M aine from the
section east o f Boston. The upper
panel is a chart showing the
area from which expendable
bathythermographs
(XBT)
observations are used to construct
the time-series (note the distance
scale east from the longitude of
Boston). SST anomalies along
the transect (middle panel); sea
surface salinity anomalies along
the transect (lower panel).
2.0
1.5 -
1.0 0.5
-
0.0
-0.5-
-1.0 Temperature Anomaly C
-1.5-
- 5-yr Smoothed Data
- 2 .0 1
i
J
1975
i
i
i
i
i
1980
i
i__
1990
1985
2000
1995
2005
Year
70 VV
i:
J d .1 I
t
!
1
0
C
h
..I
E i
i
'
'
’ !-l
s
£
> g
r
.
1
.
i g
'• <
1
*
i
l i
T m v w m iiia ilu v u k IlM 'I j m d u I m iihbuhm ! 'M ana m *
f
T
l ï
V
I
' - '
1
w
ï
‘
i 't
1 l
: ■ .•
i
!
I
i
i
S i
t
i
É É I
É !
f I
r
»
IWi WiHtog p
:
i
f
,
1 '
/
1i
*
4
100
.'f f i r n
r , ?.
I. t * I
à
H
B
T U P I A í
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300
Q
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ti 1
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ii .
i l
.
I
J r*
J S Y 'T
.,(■
«ÄJWK1
k:
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.Jiiöl
4M
WP-H f r.
4
4
-t
I « i Ui ■I IJPI1: I
•
1
3
l«nü uoi»g p 1 * 3
w, fr.|i.
fcqm M*w Yqrii C*y. WWd on 1p7? frvoggh K O 7 «M»
5 z .1 t.ii
i {
IL
100
15Û
i
» .iir # ,■
■ ri~ r 1
n
»
*
4Ú0
il
T
,
ir
4 Ji*
■
i*
*50
Sut bca t altntty wanaanl iatd anomai g* atonfl a Grani««: t a i ùt Bdaicm, bat ad on 1074 ihrew¡pi 2007 daca
í
t
f
i'.f :
2»
io »
Ti.
2007 data
2»
ÎM
é
3>1
0
»
<i
¡.C' i'lJ li® | 4 .
Surtac* Be^íiAfuT'éi r a n d a r ï s a d « M m a l t a w i g a e r a n « « « a u «4 B o v e n « a n d «n 1B7B
ta n iM «B—
r
300
*00
Skiff#» «aánry l Erol arar ad a r o m * « atong 9 n n ( W
J Q
• (
'
2 6 /2 7
i
'H
J
■' ík
\k
I
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
Da t a Provi der: NO A A Fi s he r i e s N E F S C / O c e a n o g r a p h y Branch
Figure 24a.
Area 2c - Mid-Atlantic
The upper panel is a chart of
the northwest portion o f Georges
Bank. The 60 m isobath (dashed)
and 200 m isobath (solid) are
shown. Time-series plots o f 0-30 m
averaged temperature anomaly
(middle panel) and salinity
anomaly (lower panel) at Georges
Bank.
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
Figure 24b.
Area 2c - M id-Atlantic Bight.
M onthly surface (0-30 m)
temperatures at Georges Bank.
■Mean
42.5
■2007 Tem perature
16. 0
■Standard Deviation *
- Max/Mi
14. 0
n
12. 0
415
10. 0
8.0
6.0
40.5
4.0
Ave r agi ng Peri od: 1 9 7 7 - 2 0 0 7
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Month
3S.5
► V o luntary o b s e r v i n g s h i p s
M a n y o f t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d he r e are c o l l e c t e d f r o m c o m m e r c i a l v e s s e l s t h a t v olu n ta r il y m a k e o c e a n
m e a s u r e m e n t s a l o n g th e ir jo u r n e y s . T h e r e s u lt s f r o m m o n t h l y s a m p l i n g o f s u r fa c e a nd b o t t o m
t e m p e r a t u r e s fo r nearly t h r e e d e c a d e s reveal t h e p o w e r o f s y s t e m a t i c or r e p e a t s a m p l i n g fr o m
m e r c h a n t m a r in e v e s s e l s . A n u m b e r o f v e s s e l s are n o w o p e r a t i n g a u t o m a t e d s y s t e m s t o s a m p l e
t e m p e r a t u r e a nd s alin it y w h ile un de rw ay. T h e key t o s u c c e s s w it h t h e s e is t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e d ata
b e c o m e avail ab le a s s o o n a s t h e v e s s e l m a k e s a port call. T h e r e is a p r e s s i n g n e e d fo r m e r c h a n tm a r i n e - o p t i m i z e d t e c h n i q u e s t o track an d report d a t a f r o m t h e o c e a n in a t im e l y f a s h i o n .
2
28/29
T h e s e c t i o n e a s t o f B o s t o n h a s d e p e n d e d u p o n o b s e r v a t i o n s f r o m v a r io u s v e s s e l s , in c lu d in g
t h o s e f r o m E im s k ip a f ela g , Ca ribo u S e a f o o d s , t h e U S C o a s t Gu ard, an d H a n s S p e c k a nd S o n .
T heir c o o p e r a t i o n is gr ea tly a p p r e c ia t e d .
1
0
■1
— *— Temperatur^ Anom aly°C
•2
4.6 Area 3 - Icelan d ic Waters
5-yr Smoothed Data
THE
ICELAND
LOW AND THE
HIGH
PRESSURE
OVER
G R E E N L A N D . T H E S E C O N D I T I O N S I N T H E A T M O S P H E RE
AND
Da t a Provi der: N O A A F i s h e r i e s N E F S C / O c e a n o g r a p h y Br anc h
Ref: I C E S Re po r t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
ICELAND
— *— Salinity Anomaly
5-yr Smoothed Data
0.5
IS AT T H E
MEETING
PLACE O F W A R M
COLD CURRENTS. THESE CONVERGE
IN AN
AND
AREA O F
THE
SURROUNDING
CONDITIONS,
CHAIN
IN
THE
S U B M A R I N E R I D G E S ( G R E E N LAN D - S C O T L A N D R I D G E ,
AND
RE YKJ ANES
FISH STOCKS.
RIDGE,
NATURAL
KOLBEI N S E Y
BARRIERS
AGAINST
RIDGE)
THE
THAT
MAIN
FORM
EXPRESSED
WATERS,
ABUNDANCE
OF
SEAS AFFECT
THROUGH
INCLUDING
BIOLOGICAL
THE
FOOD
RECRUITMENT
COMMERCIALLY
IMPORTANT
OCEAN
C U R R E N T S . T H E W A R M I R M I N G E R C U RRE N T , A B R A N C H
0.0
OF THE
NORTH
ATLANTIC CU R R E N T
(6 - 8 °C), FLOWS
F R O M T H E S O U T H , A N D T H E C O L D EAST G R E E N L A N D
-0.5
A N D EAST I C E L A N D I C C U R R E N T S ( - 1 ° C T O 2 ° C )
FROM
THE
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
THE
SEAS
OVERFLOW
NORTH.
AROUND
OF
DEEP
BOTTOM
ICELAND
COLD
ARE
WATER
FLOW
CURRENTS
IN
PRINCIPALLY TH E
FROM
THE
NORDIC
SEAS A N D T H E ARCTIC O C EA N OVER T H E SU B M A R IN E
R I D G E S I N T O T H E N O R T H ATLANTI C.
HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
IN I C EL A ND IC WATERS
ARE G E N E R A L L Y C L O S E L Y RE LATE D T O A T M O S P H E R I C
O R C L I M AT I C C O N D I T I O N S IN AN D O V E R TH E C O U N T R Y
AND
THE
SURROUNDING
SEAS,
MAINLY
THROUGH
In 2007, mean air temperatures in the south
(Reykjavik) and north (Akureyri) were above long­
term averages. During the year, temperature and
salinity south and west of Iceland remained high.
In spring and autumn, temperatures and salinity of
surface layers were around average. Temperature
and salinity in February 2008 were again above
long-term averages. Salinity and temperature
measurements in the East Icelandic Current in
spring 2007 were above average.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
6
Figure 25.
Area 3 - Icelandic waters. Main
currents and the location of
standard hydrobiological sections
in Icelandic waters.
Figure 27.
1
5
T e m p e ra tu re °C
Area 3
Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) at 50-150 m
depth a t Stations S12-4 In N orth
Icelandic waters.
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
4
: U.
3
2
1
Fx-9
0
le
ICELAND
D a ta P ro vide r: H a fra n n so kn a sto fn u n in - Icelan d - M a rin e R e se a rch Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
352
350
348
346
344
342
— •— Salinity
340
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
1950
1940
1960
1970
1980
2000
1990
Y e ar
3 0 /3 1
D ata P ro vide r: H a fra n n s o k n a s to fn u n in - Icelan d - M a rin e R e sea rch Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
Figure 26.
Area 3 - Icelandic waters.
M ean annual air temperature
at Reykjavik (upper panel) and
Akureyri (lower panel).
65
90
Figure 28.
85
Area 3 - Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lowei' panel) between 0 m
and 200 m at Station Sb5 In
South Icelandic waters.
6D
55
5D
80
45
•
75
4D
T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
35
70
— 1— Air T e m p e ra tu re °C
3D
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
2 5 1—
1940
65
1950
1960
1970
1980
2000
1990
Y ear
D a ta P ro vide r: H a fra n n so kn a sto fn u n in - Icelan d - M a rin e R e sea rch Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
D a ta P ro vide r: H a fra n n s o k n a s to fn u n in - Icelan d - M a rin e R e sea rch Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
35.30
55
— ■— Salinity
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
50
35.25
45
35.20
40
35
35.15
3D
25
— 1— Air T e m p e rature °C
2D
1940
35.10
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
1995
2000
2005
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
Figure 29.
Aren 3 - Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) between 0 m
and 50 m In the East Icelandic
C urrent (Stations L na2-6).
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
5
1
4
T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
3
2
1
This area is occasionally affected by a strong
h ig h salinity signal at th e shelf an d shelf break,
a p h e n o m e n o n typically associated w ith the
advection of w aters of subtropical origin th ro u g h
th e Ib erian Polew ard C urrent. B etw een 1998 and
2001 , fresh en in g w as observed in th e w ater from
0 m to 200 m . In 2002, this tre n d w as reversed
d u rin g an event of th e Ib erian Polew ard C urrent.
A n increase in salinity w as observed in th e u p p er
200 m in 2003-2006, an d at 300-600 m in 20 0 4 -
0
■1
D ata P rovider: H a fra n n so kn a sto fn u n in - Iceland - M a rin e R e sea rch Institute
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
35D
— ■— Salinity
349
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
34S
34.7
346
A V E R AG ETE M PE RAT UR E O F T H E U P P E R O C E A N
REMAINS
H I G H IN T H E
B I S C A Y REG
ION.
2006. The salinity increases w ere also, in part, the
result of atm ospheric forcing in th e form ation
area of th e eastern N o rth A tlantic C entral W ater
(low er precipitation, h ig h er evaporation). A u tu m n
2006 an d w in te r 2007 w ere also characterized by
a stro n g episode of the Iberian Polew ard C urrent,
an d relatively low p recipitation an d river discharge
m a in tain ed h ig h salinity values.
345
34.4
343
342
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
D a ta P rovider: A ZTI and A q u a riu m o f S an S e b a stian (S O G )
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 007
2000
Y ear
175
Figure 30.
1
Area 4 - B ay o f Biscay and
eastern Atlantic. S S T (upper
panel) and air temperature
(lower panel) at San Sebastian
(4 3 °1 8 .5 'N 0 2 V .3 7 W ) .
T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
17D
165
16D
4.7 Area 4 - Bay of Biscay and eastern
Atlantic
T H E B AY O F B I S C A Y IS L O C A T E D I N T H E E A S T E R N P A R T
lo w est value for th is m o n th o n record. This p a tte rn
w as cau sed b y th e relatively low air te m p eratu re as
w ell as a noticeable re d u ctio n in h o u rs of su n an d
th e su b se q u e n t solar rad iatio n (2 2 % low er th a n the
average for 1986-2007).
155
15D
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
2000
1990
Y ear
O F T H E N O R T H A T L A N T I C . I TS G E N E R A L C I R C U L A T I O N
F O L L O W S T H E S U B T R O P I C A L A N T I C Y C L O N I C GYRE A N D
IS R E LATI V ELY W E A K ( 1 - 2 C M S -1) . I N T H E S O U T H E R N
PART O F
THE
BAY O F
BISCAY,
EAST-FLOWING
A N D SL O PE C U R R E N T S ARE C O M M O N
SHELF
IN A U T U M N A N D
W I N T E R AS A R E SU LT O F W E S T E R L Y W I N D S . IN S P R I N G
A N D S U M M E R , E A S T E RL Y W l N D S A R E D O M I N A N T , A N D
COASTAL UPWELLING
E VE NT S ARE F R E Q U E N T .
The y ear 2007 w as one of co n trasts in th e Bay of
Biscay: a m ild w in te r a n d spring, a n d a cold su m m er
an d au tu m n . The n o rth e rn p art of th e Iberian
P eninsula h a d average m eteorological conditions
in 2007. A n n u al m e a n air te m p e ra tu re over th e
so u th e rn Bay of Biscay d u rin g 2007 w as 14.6°C,
an average value co m p ared w ith 1961-2007, b u t
cooler th a n th e previous tw o w arm decades. The
2007 p a tte rn of w arm w in te r an d cold su m m e r also
co n trasts w ith th e cold w in te r a n d w arm su m m er
p a tte rn in 2005 an d 2006. As expected, SST reflected
th e w a rm e r-c o ld e r p atte rn , w ith July sh o w in g th e
However, the p attem for subsurface and intemaediate
w a ter differs from th e air a n d SST p a tte rn .T h e w arm
2007 w inter, p reced ed by a w arm 2006 au tu m n , has
co n seq u en ces for th e local in term e d iate w aters.
T he stro n g cold an o m aly p re se n t in th e area from
th e 2005 w inter, w ith a m ixed layer reach in g 300 m
d ep th , co m pletely d isap p eared in th e u p p e r p a rt of
th is layer follow ing th e fo rm atio n of a n anom alo u s
w arm m ixed layer in 2007. Therefore, th e w arm in g
te n d en c y d e tec ted in th e ocean in terio r continues.
In th e N o rth A tlantic C en tral W ater, th e w arm in g
tre n d co n tin u es for th e w h o le period, an d salinity
h as stabilized after th e stro n g increase from 2005
to 2007. The M e d iterra n e a n W ater also show s
tem p e ra tu re an d salinity increases.
D ata P ro vide r: AZTI a nd Ige ld o M e te o ro lo g ica l O b se rva to ry (IN M ) In S an S e b a stia n - S pain
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
150
145
140
135
130
125
— 1— Air T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
120
'1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
Figure 31.
Area 4 - Bay o f Biscay and eastern
Atlantic. Potential temperature
(upper panel) and salinity (lower
panel) at Santander Station 6
(43°42'N 3°47'W; shelf break;
5-200 m).
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
15.0
*
145
4.8 Area 4b - N orthw est European
continental sh elf
Temperature°C
1-yr Smoothed Data
14.0
M E A S U R E M E N T S HA VE B E E N T A KE N AT T H I S S T A T I O N
SINCE THE
Western English Channel
EN D OF TH E I 9 TH
CURRENTLY
AVAI LABLE
UNBROKEN,
APART
CENTURY, WITH
SINCE
FROM
I 9 O 3 . THE
THE
GAPS
W O R L D WARS A N D A HIATUS
IN
1985
TAKES
FOR
FUNDING
DATA
SERIES
THE
IS
TWO
BETWEEN
135
STATION
13.0
THE
125
El
( 5 0 ° 0 2 ’N
WESTERN
ENGLISH
INFLUENCED
12.0
Da t a Provi der: IEO - Instituto Es pa ñ o l d e Oc e a n o g r a f í a - S p a n i s h Institute of Oc e a n o g r a p h y
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
IS 7 5
INFLUENCED
BY
AT
CHANNEL
NORTH
WATER DE PTH
STREAM
350
BY
4 ° 2 2 ’w )
A
MEAN
IS
ATLANTIC
IS
1.1
KNOT
SPRING
TIDE.
THE
(l-2
FORM
OF
EARLY M E A S U R E M E N T S W E R E T A K E N W I T H R E V E R S I N G
THE
SURFACE
SEABED
MERCURY
IN
SALINITY
BOTTLES.
GLASS T H E R M O M E T E R S
MORE
AND
RECENTLY,
DI SCRETE
ELECTRONIC
E Q U I P M E N T (SEABIRD CTO) HAS BEEN UTILIZED.
IS
E R G S C M 2 S ' ) . T H E S T A T I O N M A Y BE D E S C R I B E D
AS O C E A N I C W I T H T H E D E V E L O P M E N T O F A S E A S O N A L
t h e r m o c l in e
35.6
; s t r a t i f i c a t i o n t y p i c a l l y s t a r t s in
EA RL Y A P R I L , P E R S I S T S T H R O U G H O U T S U M M E R , A N D
IS
355
ERODED
DEPTH
— *— Salinity
1-yr Smoothed Data
35.4
BY T H E
OF THE
END
OF
OCTOBER.
SUMMER THERMOCLINE
THE
TYPICAL
IS A R O U N D
2 0 M . T H E S T A T I O N IS G R E A T L Y A F F E C T E D BY A M B I E N T
WEATHER.
1992
2002
1997
2007
Year
Area 4 - Bay o f Biscay and
eastern Atlantic. M onthly surface
water temperature at Santander
Station 6.
THE
MAINLY S A ND , RESULT ING IN A LOW BOT TO M STRESS
35.7
Figure 32.
DATA
IN
IS T I D A L L Y
MAXIMUM
THE
MAINLY
WATER.
M, A N D T H E S T A T I O N
2002.
VERTICAL P R O F I L E S O F T E M P E R A T U R E A N D SALINITY.
SITUATED
AND
AND
D ata Provider: IEO - Instituto Español d e O ceanografía
Ref: IC E S R ep o rt on O c e a n C lim ate 2 0 0 7
The tim e-series show s considerable in teran n u al
variability. AVHRR satellite sea-surface analysis
for th e m issing 1985-2002 p erio d show s a gradual
w arm in g of th e surface w aters, w ith increases in
su m m er m axim a an d w in te r m inim a. In 2007, E l
w as sam p led on only eight occasions, w ith th e
m in im u m surface tem p eratu re (M arch) b ein g
10.8°C an d th e m axim um surface tem p eratu re
(Septem ber) b e in g 16.9°C .T he w in ter m inim a is on
th e very w arm side (typical w in ter conditions are
aro u n d 8-10°C ), a te sta m e n t to th e m ild w in te r in
2007. D u rin g sum m er, tem p eratu res w ere close to
th e lo n g -te rm m ean. D u rin g au tu m n , tem p era tu res
w ere again very w arm com pared w ith th e lo n g ­
term m ean.
3 4 /3 5
24.0
M ean
— 2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu re
22.0
-
/ >7
- - - M a x /M in
20.0
4
S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio c
Figure 33.
T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly°C
3
2
18.0
1
0
16.0
■1
■2
14.0
■3
12.0
■4
Da t a Provi der: Mari ne Bi ol ogi cal As s o c i a t i o n a n d Pl ymout h Mar i ne Laborat ory
Ref: I CE S Re po r t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
A veraging P eriod: 1993 -2 0 0 0
10.0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M o n th
S
O
N
D
— ■— Salinity A nom aly
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
i 900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
Aren 4b - N orthw est European
continental shelf. Temperature
anom aly (upper panel) and
salinity anom aly (lower panel)
o f surface w ater a t station E l
In the western English Channel
(50°02’N 4 °2 2 ’W).
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
D ata Provider: MBA and PML - UK
Ref: ICES R eport on O cean C lim ate 2007
Figure 34.
Area 4b - Northwest European
continental
shelf.
M onthly
temperature (left panel) and
salinity (right panel) o f surface
water at station E l in the western
English
Channel
(50°02'N
4°22'W).
18.0
3 5 .6 0
----------M ean
■
16.0
2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu re
Data Provider: Marine Institute Ireland
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
17.0
— M ean
16.0
3 5 .4 0
— — S ta n d a rd D e via tio n / s S v •
............ M a x/M in
/ —* G 1
35 .70
A veraging Period: 1903-2007
—
2006 Tem peratupe^s
— S ta n d a rd D e via tio n
—- M ax/M in
/
15.0
3 5 .6 0 -
3 5 .5 0 -
3 5 .2 0
14.0
Averaging Period: 2004-2007
Figure 36.
Area 4b - Northwest European
Continental
Shelf.
M onthly
temperature (left panel) and
salinity (right panel) at the M l
weather buoy w est o f Galway,
Ireland.
14.0
3 5 .4 0 -
3 5 .0 0
13.0
12.0
3 5 .3 0 -
3 4 .8 0
12.0
10.0
3 5 .2 0 -
3 4 .6 0
■M ean
----------M e a n -.
■
8.0
3 4 .4 0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M onth
S
O
■2 0 0 6 S a lin ity
N
D
TIME-SERIES
THE
MALIN
OF
A veraging Period: 2004-2007
9.0
3 4 .2 0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M onth
S
O
N
J
D
North and west of Ireland
THE
3 5 .1 0 -
10.0
— S ta n d a rd D e via tio n
............ M ax/M in
A veraging Period: 1903-2007
6.0
—
2 0 0 7 S a lin ity
F
M
A
M
SURFACE
COASTAL
J A
M onth
S
O
OBSERVATIONS
STATION
(THE
S ta n d a rd D e via tio n
M ax/M in
35 .00
N
D
J
J
M onth
4.9 Area 5 - Rockall Trough
Below.
A
conductivity/tem perature/
depth (CTD) rosette is lowered
into the East Greenland Coastal
current from the icebreaker RRS
"James Clark Ross" in August
2004. Prior to the cast, the ship
was manoeuvred to create an
open water "pond"for the rosette.
Image courtesy o f R. Pickart,
W HOI ; USA.
AT
TH E ROCKALL T R O U G H
HEAD
J
-
IS S I T U A T E D W E S T O F B R I T A I N
MOST
A N D I R E L A N D A N D IS S E P A R A T E D F R O M T H E I C E L A N D
NORTHERLY
POINT
OF
IRELAND)
IS
INSHORE
OF
BASIN
BY T H E
HATTON
AND
ROCKALL
BANKS
AND
C O A S T A L C U R R E N T S A N D I N F L U E N C E D BY R U N - O F F .
FROM
THE
N O R D I C S E A S BY T H E
WYV I LLE—T H O M S O N
SHALLOW
A TLAN TI C U P P E R WATE R T O REACH T H E
Since th e late 1980s, te m p e ra tu res have b e e n
increasing, w ith th e m id - 2 0 0 0 s b ein g th e h ig h est
reco rd ed since records b e g a n in 1960. D ata
p re se n te d h ere are to 2006. The seaso n al cycle on
th e Irish Shelf is illu strated by d ata from th e M l
w e a th e r b u o y w est of Galway.
SEA,
WHERE
IT
IS
CONVERTED
O V E R F L O W W A T E R AS
OVERTURNING
(500
M)
Rl D G E. IT A L L O W S W A R M N O R T H
INTO
NORWEGIAN
COLD,
DENSE
PART O F T H E T H E R M O H A L I N E
IN T H E N O R T H ATLANTI C. T H E U P P E R
WATER C O L U M N
IS C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY P O L E W A R D S -
M O V I N G E A S T E R N N O R T H A T L A N T I C W A T E R , W H I C H IS
W A R M E R A N D SALTIER T H A N WATE RS O F T H E I CE LA N D
BASIN
( T HA T A L S O C O N T R I B U T E T O T H E N O R D I C SEA
INFLOW).
D ata P ro vide r: M a rin e In stitu te /M e t E ireann - Ireland
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
Figure 35.
Area 4b - Northwest European
Continental Shelf Temperature
at the M alin Head coastal station
(55.39°N 7.38°W).
12D
105
100
— ■— T e m p e ra tu re °C
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
9.5
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
In 2007, w arm condition s p ersisted in th e u p p er
ocean of th e Rockall Trough, w h ereas salinity is
only slightly h ig h er th a n th e lo n g -te rm m e a n after
decreasing from a m axim um in 2003. The decrease
in m e a n salinity is caused by incursions of fresher
w ater, initially seen b e tw e e n the A n to n D o h rn
S eam o u n t (11°W) an d Rockall Bank (13°W), b u t
n o w fo u n d across th e w hole section. T em peratures
rem ain ed very h ig h co m pared w ith the lo n g -te rm
m ean ; averaged from th e surface to a d e p th of
800 m , tem p eratu re w as 0.7°C above the lo n g ­
term m ean, 1975-2000. Salinity averaged from the
surface to 800 m w as 0.01 above th e lo n g -te rm
m ean , 1975-2000.
3 6 /3 7
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
F ig u r e 37.
Area 5 Rockall Trough.
Temperature (upper panel) aud
sa lin ity (lower pauel) for the
upper oceau (0 -8 0 0 ui).
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
105
5.5
F ig u re 38.
Area
5b
Inntuger Sea.
Temperature (upper pauel) aud
salinity (lower pauel) o f Subpolar
M ode W ater (averaged over
2 0 0 -4 0 0 m).
5.0
100
4.5
9.5
4.0
9.0
— 1— T em perature °C
1
3.5
T em p eratu re °C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
3.0
D ata P rovider: N a tion a l O ce a n o g ra p h y C e ntre S o u tha m p ton and S cottish A ssociatio n fo r M a rin e S cie n ce - UK
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
Data P rovider: K on in klijk N e d e rla n d s In stitu u t v o o r Z e e o n d e rz o e k (N IO Z) - R oyal N e th e rla n d s Institu te fo r S ea R e search
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
35.40
34.96
Salinity
34.94
35.35
34.92
34.90
— ■— Salinity
35.30
34.88
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
34.86
35.25
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1990
4.10 Area 5b - Irminger Sea
2000
1995
Y ear
2005
Y ear
3 8 /3 9
► U n d e r s t a n d i n g p a t t e r n s o f variability
T h e o c e a n at any o n e l o c a t io n v a r ie s o n m a n y t i m e - s c a l e s f r o m h o u r s an d d a y s t o d e c a d e s , c e n t u r ie s ,
THE
IRMINGER
SEA
IS T H E
OCEAN
BASIN
BETWEEN
S O U T H E R N G R E E N L A N D , T H E REYKJ ANES R IDG E, A N D
ICELAND.
THIS
AREA
FORMS
PART
OF
THE
NORTH
and m il le n n ia . In t h i s report, w e a im t o ident ify v a r ia tio n s o n a t i m e - s c a l e o f m o n t h s t o d e c a d e s , s o
th a t w h e n w e inter pr et t i m e - s e r i e s t h a t s a m p l e t h e o c e a n o n ly a f e w t i m e s a year, o r e v e n o n c e a year,
w e n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e s h o r t e r t i m e - s c a l e s o r h ig h e r f r e q u e n c y c h a n g e s m i g h t aff ec t t h e
r es u lt s. A g o o d e x a m p l e is t h e a p p a r e n t ly erratic b e h a v i o u r o f t h e a n n u a l t i m e - s e r i e s f r o m d e e p w a te r
AT LANTI C SU B AR C TI C A N T I C Y C L O N I C GYRE.
OF THIS
THE
GYRE, TH E
IRMINGER
SEA
BECAUSE
E X CH A NG E O F WATER BETWEEN
AND
THE
LABRADOR
SEA
IS
R E L A T I V E L Y F AST.
In 2004, th e S u b p o lar M ode W ater in th e centre of
th e Irm in g er Sea, in th e p ressu re interval 200-400
dbar, reach ed its h ig h est te m p e ra tu re a n d salinity
since 1991. Since th e n , a slight cooling an d
fresh en in g h as occurred. A lth o u g h convection th a t
reach ed d e p th s of m ore th a n 600 m in th e follow ing
w in ters red u ced te m p e ra tu re an d salinity slightly,
th e te m p e ra tu re of th e S ubpolar M ode W ater in
2007 w as th e seco n d h ig h est since 1991, w h ereas
salinity in su m m e r 2007 w as still considerably
h ig h e r th a n o bserved before 1998. T hus, th e tre n d
of increasin g tem p eratu re a n d salinity th a t b eg an
in 1995/1996 seem s to have c o n tin u ed d u rin g 2007.
in t h e Irm in ge r S e a . A n e w s e t o f daily m e a s u r e m e n t s w ith a m o o r e d s e n s o r s y s t e m o v e r t h r e e ye ars
(2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 6 ) r e v e a ls t h a t t h e erratic a n n u a l t i m e - s e r i e s is, in fact, a p o o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f variability
with in e a ch year. T his is k n ow n a s “ali as in g’’ an d is a signifi can t p r o b le m in interpreting long -te rm c h a n g e s .
Below.
Mooring recovery from RV
"Merian"in the ice in Fram Strait.
Image courtesy o f A. BeszczynskaMöller, AW I, Germany.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
9.5
4.11 Area 6 - Faroe Bank C hannel and
Faroe Current
Figure 40.
Area
6 Faroe
Cnrrent.
Temperatnre (npper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) in the core
o f the Faroe Cnrrent (m axim nm
salinity averaged over a layer
50 m in depth.
9.0
8.5
ONE
BRANCH
CROSSES
BOTH
THE
SIDES
OF
THE
NORTH
ATLANTIC
G R E E N LAN D - S C O T L A N D
OF
THE
FAROES.
THE
CURRENT
RIDGE
FAROE
8.0
ON
■
BANK
7.5
T em p eratu re °C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
C H A N N E L S A M P L E S I TS P R O P E R T I E S B E F O R E , A N D T H E
FAROE
CURRENT
SAMPLES
THE
PROPERTIES
7.0
AFTER,
C R O S S IN G THE RIDGE.
6.5
D ata P rovider: F iskiran n sokn a rstova n - Fa ro e - Fa ro ese F ish e rie s L a b orato ry
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
Since 1988, temperature and salinity of the upper
waters have been steadily increasing. Value s in 2007
were slightly down from 2004, but remained higher
than average for the time-series.
35.35 r
35.30
35.25
35.20
Figure 39.
Area 6 - Faroe B ank Channel.
Temperatnre (npper panel) and
sa lin ity (lower panel) from the
layer 100 -3 0 0 m deep at two
standard stations in the channel.
— ■— Salinity
yo
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
35.15
gQ
3 5 .1 0 1— L
1985
1990
2000
1995
2005
Y ear
8.5
T em p eratu re °C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
D ata Provider: F isk ira n n so k n arsto v a n - F a ro e
Ref: IC E S R eport on O c e a n C lim ate 2 0 0 7
8.0
11.0
-
Figure 41.
Area 6-Faroes coastal temperature.
M onthly
temperature
data
from the Faroe coastal stations
M ykines (1914-1969 , 69.10°N
7.66°W) and Oyrargjogu (1991
onwards, 62.12 °N 7.17°W).
■M e a n
7.5
10.0
D ata P rovider: F iskiran n sokn a rstova n - Faroe - Fa ro ese F ish e rie s Lab orato ry
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
■2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu r
■
S ta n d a rd D e v ij
35.40
— •— Salinity
M a x /M in
9 .0 ■
■>
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
/ '/
J /
35.35
8 .0 ■
35.30
7 .0 ■
35.25
6 .0 ■
35.20
5 .0 ■
35.15
1988
1993
1998
Y ear
2003
2008
A veraging Period: 1914 -1 9 6 9
4 .0 ■
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
M o n th
T EM PE RAT UR E A N D SALINITY OF T HE U PP ER WATERS
HAVE BEEN STEADILY IN C R E A S I N G
SHETLAND REGIONS.
IN T H E F AROE A N D
A
S
O
N
D
4 0 /4 1
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
Figure 43.
4.12 Area 7 - F aroe-S h etlan d C hannel
Area
7
Faroe-Shetland
Channel. Temperatnre anom aly
(npper panel)
and
salinity
anom aly (lower panel) in the
M odified A tlantic W ater entering
the Faroe-Shetland Channel fivm
the north after circnlating aronnd
Faroe.
T em perature A nom aly C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
THE
CONTINENTAL
SLOPE
THE
EDGE
NORTHWEST
OF
ORIGINATING
IT
CARRIES
THE
THE
CURRENT
IN T HE S O U T H E R N
WARM,
SALINE
FAROE-SHETLAND
FLOWS
ALONG
EUROPEAN
SHELF,
ROCKALL T R O U G H .
ATLANTIC
CHANNEL.
WATER
A
INTO
PROPORTION
OF T H IS ATLANTIC WATER CRO SSE S O N T O THE SHELF
I TSELF
AND
DILUTED
LEAVES
THE
IN
COOLER,
THE
THE
THE
NORTH
SEA
COASTAL
WATER
AND
NORWEGIAN
ENTERS
THE
NORWEGIAN
WHERE
COASTAL
CIRCULATING
SECOND
WATERS
AROUND
BRANCH
OF
ORIGINATING
FROM
THE
IN
THE
TO
0.20
0.15
SEA
ENTERS
0.10
NORTH
0.05
ISLANDS.
JOINS
0.00
CURRENT
-0.05
WATER
SLOPE
D ata P rovider: F R S - F ish e rie s R e search S e n /Ice s - A be rd ee n - U K
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
CURRENT.
THE
FAROE
ATLANTIC
IS
CURRENT.
NORWEGIAN
ATLANTIC
CHANNEL
IT
EVENTUALLY
LESS S AL IN E AT LANTIC WAT ER AL S O
FAROE-SHETLAND
AFTER
THIS
THE
REMAINDER
BECOME
THE
ENTERS
WITH
A N D A L S O E NT ER S T H E N O R W E G I A N SEA.
-
0.10
— •— Salinity A nom aly
-0.15
T he surface w ate rs of th e F a ro e-S h e tla n d C h an n el
have generally in creased in te m p e ra tu re a n d
salinity over th e p a st tw o d ecades, w ith re co rd -h ig h
te m p e ra tu re s observed in 2003. B oth te m p e ra tu re
a n d salinity have declin ed slightly since 2003.
A lth o u g h salinity v alues w ere h ig h in 2003, th ey
have b e e n at th is level in th e past.
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
- 0.20
1950
1960
1970
1980
Y ear
1990
2000
► S i n c e 1 9 7 0 , t h e s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y in t h e F a r o e - S h e t l a n d C h a n n e l h a s i n c r e a s e d an d , o v e r t h a t perio d,
a d e c a d a l - s c a l e c y cle o f t e m p e r a t u r e and s alinit y h a s e m e r g e d in t h e p r o p e r tie s o f t h e A tl an ti c Water,
t h o u g h t t o be rela ted t o w i d e r s c a l e c h a n g e s in a t m o s p h e r i c a nd o c e a n i c c ir cu la ti on . T h is pa tte rn is
n o t a s c le a r in t h e M od if ied N or th A tl an ti c Water, w h ic h tr ave ls in to t h e F a r o e - S h e t l a n d C h a n n e l f r o m
a r o u n d t h e nor th o f Faroe.
2.0
Figure 42.
Aren 7 -F a ro e-S h etla n d Channel.
Temperatnre anom aly (npper
panel) and salinity anom aly
(lower panel) in the A tlantic
W ater in the Slope Cnrrent.
0.5
0.0
A rea-averaged SSTs of th e N o rth Sea have b een
increasing since June 2001. O w in g to very m ild
w in ter tem p eratu res, th e v eg eta tio n perio d (prim ary
production) w as m u ch lo n g er th a n u su al in 2007.
4.13 A reas 8 and 9 - N orthern and
sou th ern N orth Sea
-0.5
— 1— T e m p eratu re A nom aly°C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
-2.0
NORTH
SEA
DETERMINED
WATER
D ata P rovider: FR S - F ish e rie s R e search S e rvice s - A b e rd ee n - U K
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
AND
EXCHANGE.
0.20
OCEANOGRAPHIC
BY T H E
INFLOW
THE
THE
CONDITIONS
OF
SALINE
O C E A N —A T M O S P H E RE
INFLOW T HR OU GH
THE
ARE
ATLANTIC
HEAT
NORTHERN
E N T R A N C E S ( A N D , T O A L E S S E R D E C RE E, T H R O U G H T H E
0.15
ENGLISH
0.10
BY T H E
CHANNEL)
NAO.
CAN
BE S T R O N G L Y I N F L U E N C E D
NUM ERICAL M O DE L SIM U L A T IO N S ALSO
0.05
DEMONSTRATE STRONG
0.00
SEA C I R C U L A T I O N , D E P E N D I N G O N T H E STATE O F THE
D IF F E R E N C E S IN T HE
N A O . THE ATLANTIC WATER
MIXES WITH
NORTH
RIVER R U N ­
-0.05
OFF
-
0.10
— ■— Salinity A nom aly
-0.15
- 0.20
1950
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
1970
1980
Y ear
1990
2000
LOWER
SALINITY
BALTIC O U T F L O W
ALONG
THE N O R W E G IA N COAST. A BALANCE OF TIDAL MIXING
AND
A
1960
AND
LOCAL H E A T I N G
SEASONAL
FORCES THE
STRATIFICATION
D u rin g th e first m o n th s of 2007, m e a n SST in th e
N o rth Sea clearly exceeded th e lo n g -te rm m ean
by 1.1-1.7°C , b ecause of w arm tem p eratu res
in a u tu m n 2006 a n d extraordinarily w arm air
tem p eratu res d u rin g April. January an d A pril w ere
th e w arm est (both +1.7°C) since th e b eg in n in g
of th ese observations in 1971. D u rin g the second
half of 2007, area-av erag ed m o n th ly SST values
w ere com parable w ith th e clim atological m ean s
(1971-1993) show ing anom alies b e tw e e n +0.5°C
an d +1.0°C.
DE VE L OPM EN T OF
FROM
APRIL/MAY
S E P T E M B E R IN M O S T PARTS O F T H E N O R T H S EA .
TO
N ear-surface tem p eratu res exhibit th e typical
gradient w ith increasing values from th e o pen
n o rth e rn b o u n d ary tow ards th e in n e r G erm an
4 2 /4 3
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
Bight. The spatial p a tte rn is com parable w ith 2006,
b u t tem p e ra tu re s are generally a b o u t 1 -2 °C cooler.
The m o n th ly averaged SST for A u g u st 2007 h a s a
positive an o m aly of only +0.5°C co m p ared w ith
+2.2°C in 2006.
The H elg o lan d R oads sta n d a rd statio n d em o n strate s
th at, since th e cold w in te r of 1996, SSTs have b e e n
above th e 3 0 -y ear m e a n (1971-2000), w ith positive
anom alies of 0 .5 -1 .0°C.
A VERY W A R M START T O T H E YEAR IN T H E N O R T H SEA.
C o m p ared w ith 2006, th e to n g u e of A tlantic W ater
(AW) w ith surface salinity (S >35) is m u ch sm aller
an d is restricted to th e n o rth e rn p a rt of th e N o rth
Sea. In 2006, th is to n g u e w as m u ch b ro a d er an d
ex p an d ed so u th w ard s to a b o u t 5 5 °N .T h e ribb on of
less saline w ater (S <34) g en e ra te d b y co n tin en tal
river ru n -o ff a n d Baltic outflow is rou g h ly
com parable w ith 2006 in its h o riz o n ta l extension,
b u t is regionally m u ch deeper, as in 2006 n o rth of
56°N . The to ta l N o rth Sea salt co n te n t increased
from 1.138 x IO 12 to n n e s in A ug ust 2006 to 1.143
X IO 12 to n n e s in A u g u st 2007, cau sed b y h ig h e r
salinity v alues in th e shallow er so u th e rn p a rt of th e
N o rth Sea.
Figure 45.
In 2005, 2006, an d 2007, ru n -o ff from th e Elbe an d
W eser rivers w as close to th e lo n g -te rm m e a n after
a m in im u m ru n -o ff in 2004. In 2007, th e m o n th ly
Elbe River ru n -o ff w as b elo w th e lo n g -term
m e a n b e tw e e n M arch a n d June. A pril 2007 w as
th e w a rm e st a n d m o st arid A pril since 1901, w ith
m in im u m precip itatio n in G erm any; som e areas
h a d n o precip itatio n d u rin g April. H ow ever, there
w ere no significant v ariations from th e lo n g -term
m ean.
T em perature a n d salinity at tw o p o sitions in the
n o rth e rn N o rth Sea illustrate con d itions in the
A tlantic inflow (Figure 45). The first (Location A)
is at th e n e a r b o tto m in th e n o rth w e ste rn p art of
th e N o rth Sea, a n d th e seco n d (Location B) is in
th e core of th e A W at th e w e ste rn shelf edge of
th e N o rw eg ian Trench. M easu re m e n ts w ere ta k e n
d u rin g su m m e r an d re p re sen t th e previous w in ter's
conditions. The average tem p eratu re at L ocation A
w as 1 -2 °C low er th a n at L o cation B, an d salinity
w as also slightly lower. In b o th locations, th ere w ere
h ig h tem p e ra tu re s a n d salinities in 2005. This w as
th e result of th e h ig h salinity of inflow ing A W an d
th e effect of a m ild w in te r (th o u g h th e relatively
cold w in te r a n d sp rin g of 2005 led to less extrem e
tem p e ra tu re s in th e deep layers th a n in 2004).
Area 8 - N orthern N o rth Sea.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) near the
seabed In the northwestern part
o f the N orth Sea (Location A )
and In the core o f A tla n tic W ater
at the western s h e lf edge o f the
Norw egian Trench (Location B)
during sum m ers 1975-2007.
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
T e m p eratu re °C A
6.0
T e m p eratu re °C B
D ata P rovider: IM R - Institute o f M a rin e R e search - N orw ay
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
35.40
35.35
35.30
35.25
35.20
35.15
- — Salinity A
+ — Salinity B
35.10
35.05
35.00
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Y ear
1990
1995
2000
2005
44/45
Figure 46.
Area 8 - N orthern N o rth Sea.
Temperature anom aly (upper
panel) and salinity anom aly
(lower panel) In the Fair Isle
Current entering the N o rth Sea
f v m the N o rth Atlantic.
2
1
D ata P rovider: IM R - Institu te o f M a rin e R e sea rch - N orw a y
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
Figure 44.
Aren 8 - N orthern N o rth Sen.
M odelled annual mean (bold) and
m o n th ly mean volum e transport
o f A tlantic W ater Into the
northern and central N orth Sea
southw ards between the O rkney
Islands and Utslra, Norw ay.
4.0
0
1nflow (Sv)
3.5
1 -yr S m o o th ed D ata
-1
3.0
•
-2
2.5
T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly °C
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
2.0
Data P rovider: F ish e rie s R e search S e n /Ice s - A be rd ee n - UK
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
0.6
— ■— Salinity A nom aly
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
0.4
0.5 —
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
Y ear
2005
0.2
0.0
-
0.2
-0.4
► In t h e Sk agerrak, in a d d it io n t o o ve ra ll i n c r e a s e d t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e le n g th o f t h e w a r m s e a s o n
h a s in c r e a s e d s ig n if ica n tly o v e r t h e la st f e w y e a r s ( c o n d i t i o n s in t h e Sk ag er r ak are t h o u g h t t o be
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f c o n d i t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e N or th S e a ) . T his is unlik e m o s t o f t h e p a s t 4 5 ye ars,
t h o u g h sim ila r c o n d i t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d a r o u n d 1 9 9 0 . T h e r es u lt is th a t c o ld water, p r e v io u s ly
o b s e r v e d d u r in g large par ts o f t h e year, h a s n o w b e e n a b s e n t for se v e r a l years . T o g e t h e r w ith t h e
high t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h i s will h a v e s ig n ifi c a n t e f f e c t s o n e c o s y s t e m d y n a m i c s in t h e N or th S e a and
t h e Sk agerrak.
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
D ata Provider: Bundesamt fuer Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographi
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
Figure 47.
Area 9 - Southern N o rth Sea.
A n n u a l mean surface temperahire
anom aly (upper panel) and
sa lin ity anom aly (lower panel) at
Station H elgoland Roads.
Figure 49.
Areas 8 and 9 - Northern and
southern North Sea. North
Sea area-averaged sea surface
temperature
(SST)
annual
cycle; monthly means based on
operational weekly North Sea
SST maps.
18.0
■M ean
■2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu re
16.0
— S ta n d a rd Deviafii
.................Max/Min
14.0
12.0
rature A nom aly C
o-yi o n io o th e d D ata
10.0
8 .0
D a ta P rovider: AW 1/BAH (A lfre d -W e g e n e r-ln s titu t / B io lo g isch e A n s ta lt H e lg ola n d) - G e rm a n y
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
6 .0
— •— Salinity A nom aly
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
4.0
2
0.5
A veraging P eriod: 197 1 -2 0 0 0
J
0.0
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M o n th
S
O
N
D
-0.5
1950
1960
1970
1980
Y ear
2000
1990
Figure 4S.
Area 9 Southern N orth
Sea. N orm alized sea surface
temperature anom aly
(upper
panel) and salinity anom aly
(lower
panel)
relative
to
19 71-2000, measured
along
52°N , a regular ferny at six
standard stations. The timeseries reveals the seasonal section
average (DJF, M A M , JJA, S O N ) o f
the nonnallzed variable.
4.14 Area 9b - Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the
Baltic
th ro u g h o u t S w eden, an d th e fresh -w ater in p u t
to S k ag errak -K atteg at w as large d u rin g Ja n u ary M arch an d July.
T H E S E A S I N A R E A 9 b AR E C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY L A R G E
Sea surface tem p eratu re w as w ell above n o rm al at
th e b e g in n in g of the year in the w hole area except
B othnian Bay. W arm w e a th e r in th e first half of
June also gave rise to h ig h e r-th a n -n o rm a l SSTs.
This h eatin g p erio d e n d e d in late June, earlier in
th e n o rth th a n in th e south. For th e rest of th e year,
tem p eratu res w ere close to norm al.
SALINITY
VARIATIONS.
MASSES FROM
ARE P R E S E N T . T H E
BETWEEN
THE
IN
THE
SKAGERRAK,
WATER
D I F F E R E N T PARTS O F T H E N O R T H
SEA
K A T T E G A T IS A T R A N S I T I O N A R E A
BALTIC
AND
THE
SKAGERRAK.
THE
W A T E R IS S T R O N G L Y S T R A T I F I E D W I T H A P E R M A N E N T
H A L O C L I N E ( S H A R P C H A N G E I N S A L I N I T Y AT D E P T H ) .
THE
— •— N orm alized T e m p e ra tu re A nom aly
-2
CAN
2-yr S m o o th e d D ata
DEEP
ENTERS
BE
INNER
IN
IN
SOUTHERN
THE
THE
STAGNANT
BASINS.
IN T H E
D a ta P ro vide r: C E F A S - C e n tre fo r E n v iro n m e n t F ish e rie s a nd A q u a c u ltu re S c ie n c e - UK
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
WATER
THROUGH
FOR
THE
BALTIC
BELTS
LO NG
PROPER,
AND
THE
PERIODS
WHICH
SOUND,
IN
RELATI VELY S H A L L O W
BALTI C, S M A L L E R
INFLOWS
RE L A T I V E L Y Q U I C K L Y , A N D T H E C O N D I T I O N S
THE
AREA
PASS
— •— N orm alized Salinity A nom aly
2-yr S m o o th e d D ata
VERY L O W IN T H E BALTIC P R O P E R A N D T H E G U L F O F
B O T H N I A . T H E L A T T E R A R E A I S I CE C O V E R E D D U R I N G
1
WINTER.
0
■1
■2
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
1995
2000
2005
T here w ere a n u m b e r of m in o r inflow s of salty and
oxygen-rich w ater to th e Baltic, b u t n o n e of th em
reach ed the d eep er parts of th e Baltic P ro p er w here
w ater w as stagnant.
IN THE
D E E P W A T E R A R E V E R Y V A R I A B L E . S U R F A C E S A L I N I T Y IS
2
4 6 /4 7
O w in g to its central location relative to the
Skagerrak, K attegat, an d Baltic, th e w e a th e r in
S w ed en can be ta k e n as rep resen tativ e for the area.
M ean air tem p eratu re d u rin g 2007 w as 1.5-2°C
above n o rm al in m ost parts of S w eden, b u t n o t
quite as h ig h as in 2006. January, M arch, and A pril
w ere w arm er th a n norm al, an d in June, a h e a t wave
set in. As in th e previous year, D ecem ber 2007 w as
u n u su ally w arm . P recipitatio n w as above no rm al
The freeze-u p w as late d u rin g w in te r 2006/2007,
as in th e previous ice season. In January 2007, ice
cover w as sm all, b u t at th e en d of th e m o n th and
in February, cold w e a th e r in th e n o rth accelerated
th e ice grow th. M axim um ice extent occurred early,
by 23 February, an d th e ice w in ter w as classified as
m ild.
AN
UNUSUALLY WARM WINTER WITH
LESS T H A N
N O R M A L I CE E X T E N T F O R T H E B A L T I C A R E A .
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
Data Provider: FI MR - Finnish Institute o f Marine Research - Finland
Ref: ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2007
F igure 50.
Aren 9b - Skagerrak, Kattegat,
and
the
Baltic.
Surface
temperature (upper panel) and
surface salinity (lower panel) at
Station B Y 15 (east o f Gotland) In
the Baltic proper
11
12
•
F igure 52.
— *— Salinity a t 0m
T e m p e ra tu re °C
10
11
—+ — Salinity a t 70m
9
10
8
9
6
Area 9b - Skagerrak, Kattegat,
and the Baltic. Salinity at Station
LL7 in the G ulf o f Finland.
*
7
5
8
4
3 1—1
7
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Y e ar
D a ta P ro vide r: S M H I - S w e d ish M e te o ro lo g ica l a nd H yd ro lo g ica l Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
— •— Salinity
5-yr S m o o th e d D ata
D a ta P ro vide r: F IM R - F in n ish Institu te o f M a rin e R e sea rch - Fin la nd
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
7.6
5.0
Figure 5 3.
Area 9b - Skagerrak, Knttegat,
and the Baltic. Salinity at Station
B03 In Bothntan Bay.
— ■— Salinity a t 0m
7.4
— +— Salinity a t 100m
4.5
7.2
4.0
AT
7.0
3.5
1960
1970
1980
2000
1990
3.0
Y e ar
1970
1980
1990
2000
Y ear
D ata Provider: S w e d ish M eteorological an d H ydrological Institute
Ref: ICES R ep o rt on O c e a n C lim ate 2007
F igure 51.
Area 9b - Skagerrak, Kattegat,
and the Baltic. M onthly surface
temperature (left panel) and
salinity (right panel) at Station
BY15 (east o f Gotland) in the
Baltic proper.
20.0
7.40
t'
M ean
18.0 -
4 8 /4 9
D a ta P ro vide r: F IM R - Fin n ish Institu te o f M a rin e R e se a rch - Fin la nd
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
7.5
A veraging Period: 1990-1999
2 0 0 7 T ern
— ■— Salinity a t 0m
— + — Salinity a t100m
\
7.0
Figure 54.
Area 9b - Skagerrak, Knttegat,
and the Baltic. Salinity at Station
SR5 In the Bothntan Sea.
- S ta n d a rd Devi
16.0 -
M a x /M in
6.5
14.0 ■
12.0 ■
6.0
10.0 ■
5.5
8 .0 ■
6 .9 0 -
6 .0 ■
1970
M ean
4 .0 ■
1980
1990
2000
Y e ar
2 0 0 7 S a lin ity
■ S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n
2 .0 ■
D ata P ro vide r: S M H I - S w e d ish M e te o ro lo g ica l a nd H yd ro lo g ica l Institu te
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cea n C lim a te 2 00 7
M a x /M in
A veraging Period: 1990-1999
0.0
o .o u J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M o n th
S
O
N
D
400
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M o n th
S
O
N
D
— 1— O b se rv e d lee A rea (10 km )
350
—+ — Limit for m ild/norm al ice w inter
300
•
Limit for n o rm a l/se v ere ice w inter
250
200
150
100
50
1960
1970
1980
1990
Y ear
2000
Figure 55.
Area 9b - Skagerrak, Knttegat,
and the Baltic. The lee extent In
the Baltic starting f v m 1961.
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
4.15 Area 10 - N orw egian Sea
THE
NORWEGIAN
SEA
ATLANTIC WATER O N
ARCTI C
WATER
ON
IS C H A R A C T E R I Z E D
THE
THE
EASTERN
WESTERN
BY W A R M
SIDE A N D
SIDE,
COLD
SEPARATED
BY T H E A R C T I C F R O N T . A T L A N T I C W A T E R E N T E R S T H E
NORWEGIAN
SEA T H R O U G H
CHANNEL AND
BETWEEN TH E
THE
F A R O E - S H ETLAN D
FAROES A N D
ICELAND
VI A T H E F A ROE F R O N T . A S MAL L E R B R A N C H , T H E N O R T H
2.0
T hree sections from so u th to n o rth in th e eastern
N o rw eg ian Sea sh o w th e d e v elo p m en t of
tem p e ra tu re a n d salinity in th e core of th e AW
(Svinoy, G im soy, an d Sorkapp). In general, there
h as b e e n an increase in tem p e ra tu re a n d salinity in
all th ree sections from th e m id-1990s to th e present.
In 2007, te m p e ra tu re in th e Svinoy section w as the
h ig h e st in th e tim e-series. In th e o th er sections,
b o th te m p e ra tu re a n d salinity decreased from 2006
to 2007, b u t w ere still above th e lo n g -te rm m ean .
Figure 5 7.
Area 10 - Norw egian Sea.
Temperature anom aly (upper
panel) and salinity anom aly
(lower panel) at 50 m at Ocean
W eather Station "M ike” (66°N
2°E).
0.5
0.0
-0.5
•
T em p eratu re Anomaly °C
2-yr S m oothed D ata
-
2.0
ICELANDIC IR M IN G E R CU RRENT, ENTERS TH E N O R D IC
SEAS O N
WATER
THE WESTERN
FLOWS
SIDE OF
NORTHWARDS
AS
ICELAND. ATLANTIC
THE
NORWEGIAN
A T L A N T I C C U R R E N T , W H I C H S P L I T S W H E N IT R E A C H E S
NORTHERN
SEA,
WHILE
NORWAY;
THE
SOME
REST
ENTERS
CONTINUES
THE
BARENTS
NORTHWARDS
I N T O T H E A R C T I C O C E A N AS T H E W E S T S P I T S B E R G E N
In 2007, te m p e ra tu res a n d salinities w ere 0.9°C,
0.4°C, a n d 0.6°C, an d 0.05, 0.04, a n d 0.07 above the
lo n g -te rm m e a n for th e tim e-series in the Svinoy,
Gim soy, an d S orkapp sections, respectively. The
h ig h salinity values reflect saltier A W in th e F aro eS h etlan d C hannel.
D ata P rovider: G eo p hysica l Institute - U n ive rsity o f B ergen - N orw ay
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
0.20
— •— Salinity Anomaly
0.15
2-yr S m oothed D ata
0.10
0.05
0.00
CURRENT.
O cean W eath er S tatio n "M " located at 6 6 °N 2°E
revealed th e 2007 tem p eratu re an d salinity at 50 m
to be above th e lo n g -te rm m ean , alth o u g h there
w as a slight decrease in b o th from 2004 values.
-0.C5
-
0.10
-0.15
- 0.20 —
1945
F igure 56.
Area 10 - Norw egian Sea.
A verage
temperature
(upper
panel) and salinity (lower panel)
above the slope at three sections,
Svin o y (63°N), G im soy (69°N),
and Sorkapp (76°N).
1955
1965
1975
Y ear
1985
1995
2005
9
8
5 0 /5 1
7
6
5
D ata Provider: G eophysical Institute - University of B ergen
Ref: ICES R eport on O c ea n Clim ate 2007
^ T e m p e ra tu re °C Svinoy
4
3 5 .30
—T e m p e ra tu re °C G im soy
3
— M ean
— 2 0 0 7 T e m p e ra tu re
T e m p e ra tu re °C S o rk ap p
10.0
F igure 58.
Averaging Period: 1971-2000
Area 10 - Norwegian Sea.
M onthly temperature (left panel)
and salinity (right panel) at 50 m
at Ocean Weather Station "Mike"
(66°N 2°E).
35.25 -
— S ta n d a rd D e via tio n
D ata P rovider: IM R - Institu te o f M a rin e R e sea rch - N orw a y
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
■ ■M ax/M in
35.20 -
35.4
9.0
3 5 .1 5 353
3 5 .1 0 -
352
3 5 .0 5 -
35.1
7.0
3 5 .0 0 -
35D
— ■— S alinity Svinoy
349
1975
3 4 .9 5 -
—+— Salinity G im soy
•
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Salinity S ork ap p
2005
Y ear
H I G H S A L I N I T Y V A L U E S R E F L E C T S ALTI ER A T L A N T I C W A T E R A T O C E A N
WEATHER STATION “ MIKE” .
— 2 0 0 7 S a lin ity
— S ta n d a rd D e via tio n
6.0
■ ■M ax/M in
A veraging Period: 1971-2000
5.0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M onth
S
O
3 4 .90
N
D
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
M onth
S
O
N
D
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R eport on O cean C lim ate 2007
4.16 Area 11 - Barents Sea
THE
BARENTS
SEA
IS
A
SHELF
SEA
RECEIVING
AN
INFLOW OF WARM ATLANTIC WATER FROM THE WEST.
THE
INFLOW
SHOWS
INTERANNUAL
W ATER-M ASS
CONTENT
AND
ALSO S H O W
CONSIDERABLE
FLUCTUATIONS
PROPERTIES.
I CE
SEASONAL
IN
IN
AND
VOLUME
CONSEQUENTLY,
COVERAGE
5.5
D u rin g th e first half of th e year, positive anom alies
THE
AND
HEAT
BARENTS
w ere p red o m in a n tly h ig h e r th a n d u rin g th e second
half.T em perature cond itio n s in 2007 w ere generally
close to th o se in 2006, th e w a rm e st year ever
observed in th e B arents Sea. The to tal ice extent of
th e sea w as m u c h lo w er th ro u g h o u t th e year th a n
th e lo n g -te rm average, a n d sea ice w as n o t observed
d u rin g w in ter so u th of 76°N.
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
SEA
A fter a p erio d w ith h ig h te m p e ra tu res in th e first
h alf of the 1990s, te m p e ra tu res in th e B arents Sea
d ro p p ed to values slightly b elo w th e lo n g -te rm
average over th e w h o le area in 1996 a n d 1997.
From M arch 1998, te m p e ra tu re in th e w e ste rn area
in creased to just above average, w h ereas tem p e ra tu re
in th e e a ste rn areas re m a in e d b elo w average d u rin g
1998. From th e b e g in n in g of 1999, th ere w as a rapid
tem p e ra tu re increase in th e w e stern B arents Sea
th a t also sp read to th e e a stern p art. Since th en ,
tem p e ra tu re h as stayed above average.
In th e so u th e rn B arents Sea, w ate r tem p e ra tu re
anom alies in 2007 w ere ab ou t 1°C above th e lo n g ­
term m ean s. T em perature of th e A tlantic W aters
varied b e tw e e n 0.7°C a n d 1.7°C h ig h e r th a n no rm al
th ro u g h o u t th e year, d e p e n d in g o n tinae a n d place.
a n d lo w est (in spring) inflow observed. A t the
b eg in n in g of 2007, inflow h a d increased to just
b elo w th e lo n g -te rm m ean , b u t th e n u n d e rw e n t
a n o th e r stro n g decrease d u rin g sp rin g 2007. D ata
are only available un til su m m er 2007, b u t w ind
con d itio n s d u rin g a u tu m n 2007 indicate a relatively
w eak inflow also in th e last p a rt of th e year. Because
inflow w as very lo w in 2007 co m p ared w ith earlier
years, it is expected to increase in 2008.
— *— T em p eratu re cC
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
C u rren t m e a su re m e n ts sh o w ed th a t 2006 w as an
extrem e year, w ith b o th th e h ig h est (in w inter)
LARGE F L U C T U A T I O N S .
Figure 60.
Area
11
Barents
Sea.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) in the Kola
Section (0-2 0 0 m).
2.5
Data P rovider: P IN R O - Knipovichi P olar R e search Institute o f M arine F ish e rie s and O ce a n o g ra p h y - R u ssia
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2 007
— -— Salinity
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
34.90
34.85
34.80
34.75
34.70
W ater te m p e ra tu re in th e B arents Sea in 2008 is
expected to b e h ig h e r th a n th e lo n g -te rm m ean . As
34.65
1950
FRAM
2.0
Figure 59.
1970
1980
Y ear
4.17 Area 12 - G reenland Sea and Fram
Strait
THE
Area
11
Barents
Sea.
Temperature anom aly (upper
panel) and salinity anom aly
(low erpanel) in the Fugloya-Bear
Island Section.
1960
inflow is expected to increase after th e w eak inflow
in 2007, te m p e ra tu re w ill pro b ab ly b e as h ig h as or
even h ig h er th a n in 2007.
STRAIT
NORDIC
IS
THE
SEAS.
IT
NORTHERN
IS
THE
BORDER
DEEPEST
OF
PASSAGE
C O N N E C T I N G T H E ARCTIC TO T H E REST O F T H E W O R L D
OCEAN
AND
ONE
OF
THE
MAIN
ROUTES
THE
BARENTS
SEA).
ATLANTIC
WATER
IS
CARRIED
0.5
NORTHWARDS
0.0
AND
-0.5
— •— A nom aly T
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
VOLUME
STRONG
BY T H E
AND
WEST
HEAT
SEASONAL A N D
SPITSBERGEN
FLUXES
CURRENT,
DEMONSTRATE
INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS.
A S I G N I F I C A N T PART O F T H E A W A L S O
RECIRCULATES
WITHIN
SOUTHWARDS
FRAM
STRAIT
AND
RETURNS
2000
Also, in so u th ern Fram Strait, at 76°30'N, the
averaged p ro p ertie s of AW in the W est Spitsbergen
C u rren t (WSC) w ere slightly low er th a n in 2006,
b u t still h ig h er th a n the lo n g -te rm m ean s. B oth
tem p eratu re an d salinity tren d s for this perio d are
positive (m axim um tem p eratu re w as 3.93°C and
m axim um salinity 35.11).
WHEREBY
A T L A N T I C W A T E R ( A W ) E N T E RS T H E A R C T I C ( T H E O T H E R
IS
1990
In n o rth e rn Fram Strait at 78°50'N , three
characteristic areas can be d istin g u ish ed in relation
to th e m ain flows: the W SC b e tw e e n th e shelf
edge an d 5°E, th e R etu rn A tlantic C u rren t (RAC)
b e tw e e n 3°W an d 5°E, an d Polar W ater in th e East
G reen lan d C u rren t (EGC) b e tw e e n 3°W an d the
G reen lan d Shelf.
(RETURN ATLANTIC WATER). POLAR WATER FROM THE
-
2.0
ARCTIC
Data P rovider: IM R - Institu te o f M a rin e R e search - N orw a y
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2 007
OCEAN
GREENLAND
FLOWS
CURRENT
SOUTHWARDS
AND
AFFECTS
IN
THE
WATER
EAST
MASSES
IN T HE N O R D I C SEAS.
0.20
— *— A nom aly S
0.15
2-yr S m o o th ed D ata
0.10
A lth o u g h a slight decrease in AW tem p eratu re and
a fu rth er drop in salinity occurred in th e G reen lan d
0.05
Sea (75°N) in 2007 relative to 2006, th ey w ere still
m u ch h ig h e r th a n th eir lo n g -term averages. A t the
w e ste rn boundary, the salinity of R eturn A tlantic
W ater (RAW) d ro p p ed significantly in 2007 from
th e record high in 2006, as did tem p eratu re, w hich
re tu rn e d to the lo n g -term m ean.
0.00
-0.05
-
0.10
-0.15
- 0.20
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Y ear
2000
2005
In2007, tem p eratu re an d salinity from the u p p e r layer
(50-500 m ) in the W SC, w hich h ad b e e n increasing
for the last three years, d ro p p ed significantly from
2006, b u t w ere still m uch above th eir lo n g -term
averages. In th e AW recirculating w ith th e RAC,
tem p eratu re an d salinity w ere close to 2006 values.
Also, m ean pro p erties in th e EGC rem ain ed sim ilar
to th o se recorded in 2006, still significantly exceeding
th e lo n g -te rm average. B ecause ice conditions
p rev en ted sam p lin g in w e ste rn Fram Strait, a sm all
increase in m e a n tem p eratu re in the EGC dom ain
m ost likely resu lted from excluding a significant part
of th e area occupied by cold Polar Water.
5 2 /5 3
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
The increase in tem p e ra tu re a n d salinity, w h ich has
b e e n observed in th e RAC an d EGC since 2003,
is related to th e w estw ard shift of th e b o u n d a ry
b e tw e e n th e recirculating A tlantic an d Polar W aters.
The h y d rographic p ro p ertie s of A W (defined as w ater
m ass w ith T >2°C a n d S >34.92) b a se d o n su m m er
sections, w h ich h a d revealed a clear positive tren d
over th e previous seven years, d ro p p e d significantly
in 2007. Also, th e area of th e cross section occupied
by AW (a proxy for th e a m o u n t of A W in Fram
Strait), d eclined after five years of stead y increase.
In 2007, a lth o u g h th e w estw ard lim it of th e
recirculating AW w as n o t reached, th e o bserved AW
layer thickness at th e w e ste rn e n d of th e section
su g g ested th a t it co n tin u ed even farth er w est.
A lth o u g h th ick n ess of th e A W layer in th e W SC in
su m m er 2007 w as clearly low er th a n in 2006, th e
AW layer w as even thicker in th e central a n d deep
w e ste rn p a rt of Fram Strait th a n th e previous year.
The m axim um AW tem p e ra tu re a n d th ick n ess w ere
fo u n d in late w in te r an d early spring.
The n o rth w a rd flow, a n d co n seq u en tly th e volum e
tran sp o rt, in th e W SC from m o o rin g d a ta w as very
h ig h in w in te r a n d sp rin g (sim ilar to extrem e values
from 2005), b u t d ro p p ed significantly in su m m er
2007. A ccom panied b y h ig h tem p eratu res, the
in creased volum e flux re su lted in a very h ig h h eat
flux in w inter, follow ed b y a decrease in spring an d
extrem ely lo w values in su m m er.T h e w in ter-cen tred
averages of volum e an d h e a t tran sp o rt in th e W SC
in 2006/2007 rem ain ed sim ilar to th e previous year.
In su m m er 2007, an extrem e extent of very thick
a n d com pact sea ice as w ell as an en o rm ously fast
so u th w ard drift w ere observed in n o rth e rn Fram
Strait.
*
—+ — T em p eratu re °C AW
1
1
1
1
Da t a Provi der: AWI - Alfred W e g e n e r Institute for Pol ar an d Mari ne R e s e a r c h - G e r m a n y
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
•
Salinity RAW
—+ — Salinity AW
35.15
35.10
35.05
35.00
34.95
34.90'----1980
Figure 61.
Area 12 - Greenland Sea and
Fram Strait. Temperature (upper
panel) and salinity (lower panel)
at 200 m in the Spitsbergen
Section (76°30'N).
Figure 62.
Area 12 - Greenland Sea
and Fram Strait. Temperature
(upper panel) and salinity
(lower panel) anomalies o f the
Atlantic Water (AW ) and Return
Atlantic Water (RAW) in the
Greenland Sea Section at 75°N.
A W properties are 50-150 m
averages at 10-13°E. The R A W
is characterized by temperature
and salinity maxima below 50 m
averaged over three stations west
o fll.5 ° W .
T em p eratu re °C RAW
1985
1990
1995
Y ear
2000
2005
45
T e m p eratu re °C
4D
5 4 /5 5
35
5
3D
4
25
3
Figure 63.
Temperature °C W SC
Aren 12 - Greenland Sea and
Fram Strait. Temperatnre (npper
panel)
and
salinity
(lower
panel) anom alies In Fram Strait
<73 > 0 ’N ), in the W est Spitsbergen
Cnrrent (WSC) between the sh elf
edge and 5°E, R e h m i A tlantic
Current (RAC) between 3°W
and 5°E, and Polar W ater In the
East Greenland Current (EGC)
between 3 °W and the Greenland
S h e lf for the 5 0 -5 0 0 m layer
Temperature °C RAC
Temperature °C EGC
2D
2
Da t a Provi der: I O P A S - Institute of O c e a n o l o g y Pol i s h A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s - Pol and.
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
35.20
Salinity
0
35.15
35.10
Data P rovider: AW I - A lfred W e g e n e r Institu te fo r P olar and M a rin e R e search - G erm a n y
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
35.05
352
35.00
34.95
1995
35. 1
1
1
2000
2005
350
Y ear
349
348
34. 7
- — Salinity WSC
V E R Y T H I C K A N D C O M P A C T S E A ICE W A S O B S E R V E D
+— Salinity RAC
346
IN N O R T H E R N
■
F R A M S T R A I T D U R I N G S U M M E R 200J.
345
1980
1985
Salinity EGC
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
5. DETAILED AREA
DESCRIPTIONS, PART lis
THE DEEP OCEAN
IS F E D BY T H E C O L D A N D
THE
DEEPEST A N D
OVERFLOW
IN
5. 1 I n t r o d u c t io n
IN
THE
WATER.
ARCTIC
THE
In th is section, w e focus o n th e d e ep e r w ate rs of
th e N ordic S eas a n d N o rth A tlantic, typically
b e lo w 1000 m . T he gen eral circulation schem e an d
d o m in a n t w a te r m asses are given in Figure 64.
WATER
BOUNDARY
OF
OUR
REGION
OF
INTEREST, THE CO L D A N D D E N S E O U T F L O W FRO M THE
ARCTIC
OCEAN
ENTERS
FRAM
STRAIT
AND
REACHES
MASS
ICELAND
MIXING
THE
ORIGINATES
WATER
WITH
DENMARK
PRODUCED
SEAS
BY W I N T E R
SURROUNDING
STRAIT
OVERFLOW
T H E D E N M A R K S T R AI T SILL, V I G O R O U S L Y E N T R A I N I N G
AMBIENT
IN
WATER.
INTERMEDIATE
WATER,
THE
DEEP,
DOWNSTREAM,
WATER
FORMED
MASS,
BOUNDARY
WATER
IS
OVERLAIN
THE
LABRADOR
BY D E E P W I N T E R
LABRADOR SEA. THE
COLD
IT
MIDDLE
EXPORT
CURRENT
IS
IN
THE
SUPPLIED
CONVECTION
LAYER O F
DEEP
THE
WESTERN
BY T H E
ICELAND
T H E G R E E N L A N D S E A . T H E O U T F L O W IS A M I X T U R E O F
S C O T L A N D O V E R F L O W WATER ORIGI N A T I N G IN WATER
EURASIAN
MASSES
AND
CANADIAN
BASIN
DEEP WATERS A N D
FORMED
UPPER POLAR DEEP WATER. TH E EURASIAN DEEP WATER
INTERMEDIATE
F E E D S T H E D E N S E S T W A T E R O F ALL N O R D I C S E A S , T H E
WATER).
GREENLAND
THE
BASIN
SUPPLY
SEA
BOTTOM
DEEP WATER
THE
GREENLAND
ARCTIC
SEA,
AND
WATER.
UPPER
POLAR
INTERMEDIATE
AND
THE
THE
CANADIAN
DEEP WATER
WATER
LATTER A L S O
IN
THE
INCLUDES
ICELAND
SEA
WATER.
DEEP SO U TH W A R D OUTFLOW
FROM
THE
NORTH
ATLANTIC IN T H E DE E P W E S T E R N BO U N DARY C U R R E N T
THE
SCOTLAND
THE
NORWEGIAN
AND
NORTH
THROUGH
UPPER
OCEAN
DEEP
THE
SOME
AMOUNT
THE
ANTARCTIC
OF
THE
WATER O N THE EASTERN SIDE.
WATER
AND
DEEP
BASIN,
ALSO
LABRADOR
BOTTOM
WATER
THE W ESTERN SIDE
LOWER
OF
(ARCTIC
ICELANDIC
WATER
INFLOW
SEA
ATLANTIC
OVERFLOW
ENTERS THE NO RTH ATLANTIC O N
ACCOMPANIES
THE
IN
WATER
PASSING
ENTRAINS
AND
PRODUCTS OF THE WINTER CONVECTION.
Figure 64.
Schematic circulation o f the
interm ediate-to-deep w aters in
the Nordic Seas and North
Atlantic. CBD W - Canadian
Basin Deep Water; EBD W Eurasian Basin Deep Water;
A I W - Arctic Intermediate Water;
G SD W - Greenland Sea Deep
Water; N S D W - Norwegian Sea
Deep Water; D SO W - Denmark
Strait Overflow Water; IS O W
- Iceland Scotland Overflow
Water; L S W - Labrador Sea
Water; DWBC - Deep Western
Boundary Current; A A B W Antarctic Bottom Water; M W
- Mediterranean Water; LD W
- Lower Deep Water. Possible
convection regions marked by
circled stars.
AND
AND
MASSES.
BY A N
NORTHERN
WATER
5.2 N o r d ic S e a s d e e p w a te r s
W A T E R S I N K S T O T H E B O T T O M A S IT P A S S E S T H R O U G H
SEA
AT T H E
THIS
INTERMEDIATE
GREENLAND
CONVECTION
D E N SE OVERFLOW WATERS.
D E N S E S T IS T H E D E N M A R K S T R AI T
DEEP
WATER
MEDITERRANEAN
The deep w aters of th e G reen lan d , Iceland, and
N o rw eg ian seas are all w arm ing. The longest
tim e-series (the N o rw eg ian Sea, A rea 10) reveals
w arm in g from th e m id-1980s; how ever, a slight
decrease in tem p eratu re occurred in 2007. The
co n tin u o u s w arm in g h as b e e n observed in the
G reen lan d Sea deep layer at 3000 m (Area 12) and
in th e Iceland Sea in th e d e p th range 1500-1800 m
since th e b e g in n in g of th e tim e-series (early 1990s,
A rea 3). The w arm in g rates p er decade are 0.13°C
(G reenland Sea), 0.06°C (N orw egian Sea), and
0.06°C (Iceland Sea). The source of th e w arm in g is
th e deep outflow from the Arctic O cean, a so u th going current of th e E urasian a n d C an ad ian Basin
D eep W aters an d u p p e r Polar D eep W ater fo u n d on
th e w estern side of Fram Strait aro u n d a d e p th of
2000 m . The G reen lan d Sea D eep W ater is w arm ing
fastest ow ing to th e m o st direct contact w ith this
Arctic outflow, w h ereas th e Iceland an d N orw egian
Seas are w arm in g m ore slow ly because th ey are
p ro d u cts of m ixing b etw e e n th eir ow n am b ien t
w aters w ith G reen lan d Sea D eep W ater an d Arctic
outflow w ater.
1200 m , sim ilar to th a t observed the previous w inter.
The G reen lan d Sea D eep W ater h a d previously
in cluded a sm all adm ixture of surface fresh w ater
th ro u g h the convective process and, therefore, h ad
a low er salinity th a n th e Arctic outflow w aters. The
observed increase in the G reen lan d Sea D eep W ater
salinity is likely an ad ju stm en t to the Arctic outflow
in th e co n tin u ed absence of deep convection. It is
n o t clear th a t th ere h as b e e n an y corresp o n d in g
salinity tre n d in eith er th e N o rw eg ian or Iceland Sea
D eep W aters in recen t decades. A fter som e decrease
in th e early 1990s, salinity in b o th deep b asins has
rem ain ed relatively stable the last decade.
THE DEEP WATERS OF THE
G R E E N L A N D , ICELAND, A N D
N O R W E G I A N S E A S A R E ALL
WARMING.
The d o m in g structure in th e G reen lan d G yre is b ein g
replaced by a tw o-layered w ater m ass arran g em en t,
after a cessation of deep convection. Since the
b e g in n in g of m e asu rem en ts in 1993, th e w in ter
convection d e p th h as varied b e tw e e n 700 m and
1600 m , an d only in sm all-scale convective eddies
w as it significantly deeper. In w in te r 2006/2007, the
m axim um convection d e p th w as estim ated to be
D ata P rovider: A W I - A lfre d W e g e n e r Institu te fo r P o la r and M a rin e R e sea rch - G erm any
Ref: IC E S R e p o rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
1600
— ■— C onvection D epth (dbar)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
1994
1999
2004
Y ear
Figure 65.
Area 12 - Greenland Sea and
Fram Strait. W inter convection
depths in the Greenland Sea
Section at 75°N.
5 6 /5 7
ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport N o. 291
F igure 66.
Area 12 - Greenland Sea and
Fram Strait. Temperature (upper
panel) and salinity (lower panel)
at 3000 m in the Greenland Sea
Section at 75°N.
ICES R ep o rt o n O cean C lim ate 2007
-0.95
F igure 68.
Area 10 - Norwegian Sea.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) at 2000 m
at Ocean Weather Station "Mike"
(66°N 2°E).
Temperature °C
-
5-yr Smoothed Data
1.00
-1.05
-
1.10
*
-1.15
-
Pot. Temp°C.
1.2 0
-1.25
Da t a Provider: Ge o p h y s i c a l Institute - Uni versi ty of B e r g e n - No r wa y
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
Dat a Provider: AWI - Alfred W e g e n e r Institute for Pol ar a n d Mari ne R e s e a r c h - Ge r ma n y
Ref: I CE S Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
Salinity
34 .915 -
5-yr Smoothed Data
34.920
3 4 .9 1 0 3 4 .9 1 5
3 4 .9 0 5 -
34.910
3 4 .9 0 0 -
Salinity
1992
2002
1997
2007
34.905
1945
1955
1965
Year
1975
Year
1985
1995
2005
5 8 /5 9
5.3 North Atlantic deep waters
Dat a Provider: Haf ranns oknas t of nuni n - I cel and - Mari ne R e s e a r c h Institute
Ref: I CES Re por t o n O c e a n Cl i mat e 2 0 0 7
F igure 67.
Area 3 - Icelandic Waters.
Temperature at 1500-1800 m in
the Iceland Sea (68°N 12°40'W).
-0.78
- o .æ
-0.82
-o .m
-o.æ
-
0.88
-0.90
*
Temperature °C
5-yr Smoothed Data
-o.æ
In the deep layers of th e F a ro e-S h etla n d C h an n el
(Area 7), th e pro p erties at 800 m are th e sam e as
th o se of N o rw eg ian Sea D eep W ater as it passes
th ro u g h the C h an n el back into the N o rth A tlantic.
A fter a perio d of decline in th e 1990s, tem p eratu re
h as increased since 2000 , b u t still rem ain s low er
th a n th e h ig h est tem p eratu res observed in the
1950s, 1960s, a n d early 1980s. The relatively stable
salinity in th e first p erio d of m e asu rem en ts (1950 to
m id-1970s) w as follow ed by a slow decline th ro u g h
th e next 15 years; since 1992, it h as stabilized again.
A slight decrease w as observed in tem p eratu re and
salinity from 2006 to 2007.
Salinity an d p o ten tial tem p eratu re of th e D en m ark
Strait O verflow W ater n e a r C ape Farew ell (Area
5b) d em o n strate considerable w ell-correlated
in te ra n n u a l variations b e tw e e n 1991 an d 2006
(correlation = 0 .7 ).The lo n g -te rm tren d s in salinity
an d tem p eratu re for the p erio d 1991-2007 are n o t
significant. The lo n g -te rm sta n d ard deviations of
tem p eratu re an d salinity are 0.15°C an d 0.014,
respectively. In 2007 an d 2006, th e tw o h ig h est
D en m ark Strait O verflow W ater tem p eratu re values
since 1991 w ere observed. Evidence from a m oo red
tem p eratu re salinity sen so r suggests th a t th e
d o m in an t tim e-scale of hydrographic variability is
ab o u t eight m o n th s, w ell less th a n a year.
In deep w aters at th e C ape D esolation station
(at 2000 m , A rea 1), w h ich rep resen ts th e W est
G reen lan d an d D eep W estern B oundary C urrents,
an increase in tem p eratu re an d salinity w as observed
b etw e e n 1984 an d 1989, follow ed by a cooling and
fresh en in g tre n d th a t co n tin u ed u n til th e late 1990s.
A n increase in tem p eratu re (~0.3°C p er decade) has
b e e n observed since 1997, an d an increase in salinity
(-0.05 p er decade) h as b e e n observed since 1998.
T H E H I G H E S T T E M P E R A T U R E IN
D E N M A R K STRAIT O V E R F L O W WATER
W A S O B S E R V E D I N 200J.
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
Figure 69.
Area 7 -F a ro e-S h etla n d Channel.
Tenipemtnre (npper panel) and
sa lin ity (lower panel) at 800 m in
the Faroe-Shetland Channel.
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
0.4
Figure 71.
■
— ■— T e m p eratu re °C
0.2
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
0.0
3.3
0.2
32
-0.4
3.1
-
0.6
3.0
-
0.1
29
-
T em p eratu re °C
3.4
D ata P rovider: In stitu t fu r S e e fisch ere i - G erm a ny - Institu te fo r S ea Fish e rie s
Ref: ICE S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
D ata P rovider: FR S - F ish e rie s R e search S e rvice s - A berd ee n - UK
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2007
34.96
35.00
— ■— Salinity
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
34.98
Salinity
34.94
34.96
34.92
34.94
34.90
34.92
34.88
34.90
34.86
34.88
1950
Area 1 - W est Greenland.
Temperature (upper panel) and
salinity (lower panel) at 2000 m
at Cape Desolation Station 3, in
the W est Greenland Current.
1960
1970
1980
Y ear
1990
2000
1980
1985
1990
1995
Y ear
2000
2005
Belone
R V "Lance” at the ice edge in
Fram Strait. Image courtesy o f
A . Beszczynska-Möller, ÄW 1,
Germany.
Figure 70.
Area
5b Irm inger Sea.
Temperature (upper panel) and
sa lin ity (lowerpanel) in D enm ark
S tra it Overflow W ater on the East
Greenland Slope.
5. 4 N o r t h A t la n t ic in t e r m e d ia t e w a t e r s
'M
^^
12
1.1
10
09
T em p eratu re °C
08
D ata P rovider: K o n in klijk N e d e rla n d s In stitu u t v o o r Z e e o n d e rz o e k (N IO Z) - R oyal N e the rla n ds Institu te fo r S ea Research
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
34.92
Salinity
34.91
34.90
In th e central Irm inger Sea (Area 5b), th e cold and
low -salinity core w as observed b etw een 1600 m and
2000 m in th e early 1990s as a result of the deep
L abrador Sea W ater (LSW) fo rm atio n in 19881995. Since 1996, a q u asi-co n tin u o u s increase in
tem p eratu re an d salinity h as b e e n observed (w ith
one exception in 2000 , w hen b o th properties dropped
tem porarily) as th e LSW m ixes w ith su rro u n d in g
w ater m asses. The tem p eratu re in 2007 re tu rn e d
to its h ig h est value, w h ich h a d b e e n observed only
once at th e b eg in n in g of m easu rem en ts, before
th e cooling period. A fter a levelling of th e salinity
b e tw e e n 2002 an d 2005, it increased again in 2006
an d declined slightly in 2007.
34.89
34.88
34.87
34.86
34.85
1990
1995
2000
Y ear
2005
In th e Rockall Trough (Area 5), the core of the
L abrador Sea W ater at 1800-2000 m is defined
as the p a rt of th e w ater colum n w ith th e low est
stratification. This d e e p -w a te r m ass d e m o n strated
co n tin u ed cooling, a tre n d th a t h as d o m in ated the
entire tim e-series.T h e sim ilar lo n g -te rm fresh en in g
tre n d h as also continued; in 2007, b o th tem p eratu re
an d salinity reach ed reco rd -lo w values. In particular,
tem p eratu re d ecreased significantly after a tran sien t
p eak in 2006, a n d salinity w as low er by 0.05 th a n
th e last-d ecad e m axim um in 2005.
6 0 /6 1
ICES C oo p erativ e Research R eport N o. 291
ICES R ep o rt on O cean C lim ate 2007
CONTACT INFORMATION
Area
Figure 72.
Aren
5b Inninger Sen.
Tem pem ture (upper pnnel) nnd
sn ltn tty (lower pnnel) ofLnbrndor
Sen W nter (nvernged over 1 6 0 0 2000 m).
Figures
T im e-series
C ontact
In stitu te
1
West Greenland
10
N uuk Air Temperature
Manfred Stein
(manfre d. stein@vti .bund .de)
Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen,
and Seewetteramt, Hamburg
1
West Greenland
11,12, 71
Fylla Section and Cape
Desolation Section
Manfred Stein
(manfred.stein@vti.bund.de)
Institut für Seefischerei (Institute for Sea Fisheries),
Germany
2
Northw est Atlantic
13,14,15
Sable Island Air Temperature,
C abot Straight Sea lee,
Misaine Bank, Emerald Bank
Brian Petrie
(PetrieB@mar.dfo -m po.gc .ca)
BIO (Bedford Institute of Oceanography),
Fisheries an d Oceans Canada
2
Northw est Atlantic
16,17,18
Sea lee, Cartwright Air
Temperature, Station 27, CIL
Eugene Colboume
(colbourn@dfo-mpo.gc.ca)
Northw est Atlantic Fisheries Centre,
Canada
2b
Labrador Sea
19,20,21
Section AR7W
Ross Hendry
(hendryr@dfo - m po.gc. ca)
Bedford Institute of O ceanography (BIO),
Departm ent of Fisheries and Oceans Canada
2c
M id-Atlantic Bight
22
O leander an d East of
Boston Section
Bob Pickart
(rpickart@whoi. e du)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, US
2c
M id-Atlantic Bight
23,24
Georges Bank
M aureen Taylor
(mtaylor@mercury.w h .whoi, edu)
NOAA Fisheries, NEFSC Oceanography Branch, US
3
Icelandic Waters
26,27,28,
29,67
Air tem peratures, Siglunes
Station 2-4, Selvogsbanki
Station 5, Langanes Station 2-6,
Deep D ata 1800 m
H e dinn Valdimarsson
(hv@hafro.is)
Hafrannsoknastofnunin (Marine Research
Institute), Iceland
4
Bay of Biscay
30
San Sebastian sea surface
tem perature and air temperature
VictorValencia
(walencia@p as .azti.es)
AZTI, Aquarium of San Sebastian (SOG) and Igeldo
Meteorological Observatory (AEMet) in San Sebastian, Spain
4
Bay of Biscay
31,32
Santander Station 6
(shelf break)
Alicia Lavin
(alicia .lavin@st.ieo.es)
Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO;
Spanish Institute of Oceanography), Spain
4b
Northw est European
Continental Shelf
33,34
Station E l 10 m salinity
C ontinental Shelf
Tim J. Smyth
(tjsm@pml.ac.uk)
Marine Biological Association and Plymouth Marine
Laboratory, UK
4b
Northw est European
Continental Shelf
35
Malin H ead Weather Station
G lenn Nolan
(Glenn .N olan@marine .ie)
Marine Institute (Met Eireann), Ireland
4b
Northw est European
Continental Shelf
36
M l Marine W eather Buoy
Sheena Fennel
(Sheena. Fennell@marine .ie)
Marine Institute (Met Eireann), Ireland
5
Rockall Trough
37,73
Eilet Line
N. Penny Holliday
(nph@noc .soton.ac.uk)
National Oceanography Centre, Southam pton
an d Scottish Association for Marine Science, UK
5b
Irminger Sea
38, 70, 72
Irminger Sea
H. M. van Aken
(aken@nioz.nl)
Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Zeeonderzoek
(NIOZ; Royal N etherlands Institute for Sea Research)
6
Faroe Bank Channel
39,40
Faroe Bank Channel
Faroe Current
Bogi H ansen
(bogihan@frs .fo)
Fiskirannsoknarstovan
(Faroese Fisheries Laboratory), Faroe
6
Faroe Bank Channel
41
Faroe Coastal Oyrargjogv
Karin Margretha Larsen
(KarinL@frs.fo)
Fiskirannsoknarstovan
(Faroese Fisheries Laboratory), Faroe
7
Faroe-Shetland Channel
42,43, 69
Faroe-Shetland Channel
Sarah H ughes (s.hughes@marlab.ac.uk)
Fisheries Research Services (FRS), Aberdeen, UK
8&9 N orth Sea
44
Modelled N orth Sea Inflow
Morten Skogen (morten@imr.no)
Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Norway
8&9 N orth Sea
45
N orth Sea Utsira
Solfrid Hjollo (solfrid.hjollo@imr.no)
Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Norway
8&9 N orth Sea
46
Fair Isle Current Water
Sarah H ughes (s.hughes@marlab.ac.uk)
Fisheries Research Services (FRS), Aberdeen, UK
8&9 N orth Sea
47
H elgoland Roads, Coastal
Waters, G erman Bight N orth Sea
Karen Wiltshire
(kwiltshire @awi -brem erhaven .de)
Alfre d- We gener- Institut/Biologische Anstalt
H elgoland (AWI/BAH), Germany
8&9 N orth Sea
48
Section Average,
Felixstowe, Rotterdam, 52°N
Stephen Dye
(Stephen.dye @cefas.co .uk)
Centre for Environment Fisheries and
Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), UK
8&9 N orth Sea
49
Sea Surface Temperature
N orth Sea Average
Peter Lowe
(peter .loewe@bsh .de)
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und
Hydrographie, Germany
9b
Baltic Sea
50,51
Baltic Proper, East of Gotland
Baltic Sea
Karin Borenas
(karin .borenas@smhi.se)
Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Sweden
9b
Baltic Sea
52, 53,54
Baltic Sea, LL7, SR5
Pekka Alenius (pekka.alenius@fimr.fi)
Finnish Institute of Marine Research (FIMR), Finland
9b
Baltic Sea
55
Baltic Proper, SMHI
Observed lee Extent
Karin Borenas
(karin .borenas@smhi. se)
Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute, Sweden
10
Norwegian Sea
56
Svinoy, Gimsoy,
an d Sorkapp Section
Kjell Arne Mork
(kjell .am e .mork@imr.no)
Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Norway
10
Norwegian Sea
57, 58,68
O cean Weather
Station "M ike", 50 m
Svein 0 sterh u s
(Svein.Osterhus@gfi .uib .no)
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen,
Norway
11
Barents Sea
59
Fugloya, Bear Island Section
Western Barents Sea,
Atlantic Inflow
Randi Ingvaldsen
(randi .ingvaldsen@imr.no)
Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Norway
11
Barents Sea
60
Kola Section,
Eastern Barents Sea
Oleg V. Titov
Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine
Fisheries an d Oceanography (PINRO), Russia
12
Greenland Sea
and Fram Strait
61
G reenland Sea Section
West of Spitsbergen 76.5°N
Waldemar Walczowski
(walczows@iopan.gda.pl)
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
(IOPAS), Poland
12
G reenland Sea
and Fram Strait
62,65,66
G reenland Sea Section 75°N
G. Budeus
(Gereon.Budeus@awi.de)
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar
and Marine Research (AWI), Germany
12
G reenland Sea
and Fram Strait
63
Fram Strait, West Spitsbergen
Current, Section Average 5°E
to shelf edge
A. Beszczynska-Möller
(abeszczynska@awi-bremerhaven.de)
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar
and Marine Research (AWI), Germany
3.15
3.10
3.05
3.00
2.95
2.90
2.85
— 1— T e m p eratu re °C
2.80
2.75
Data P rovider: K on in klijk N e d e rla n d s In stitu u t v o o r Z e e o n d e rz o e k (N IO Z) - R oyal N e the rla n ds Institute fo r S ea Research
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cea n C lim a te 2007
34.93
34.92
34.91
34.90
34.89
34.88
Salinity
34.87
34.86
34.85
1990
2000
1995
2005
Y ear
Figure 73.
Aren 5 Rocknll Trough.
Tem pem ture (upper pnnel) nnd
sn ltn tty (lower pnnel) ofLnbrndor
Sen W nter (depth 1 8 0 0 -2000 m).
40
— ■— T em perature °C
39
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
38
3.7
36
35
3.4
33
32
Data P rovider: N ational O ce a n o g ra p h y C e ntre S o u tha m p ton and S cottish A ssociatio n fo r M a rin e S cie nce
Ref: IC E S R e po rt on O cean C lim a te 2 007
35.04
— ■— Salinity
35.02
5-yr S m o o th ed D ata
35.00
34.98
34.96
34.94
34.92
34.90
34.88
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005