IB® BFFBGff QW F1BR1 01 tM
mxtumim OF I?IIIA®IBB
by
■©BBsat $«fB mums
in partial fulfllia^tit of
tlaere^ulr^sesite for the^0g3?©.0 Of
•3Usa0 1044,
APPRCHfKn
jaoi
i'>V^Wn^*MwWiW'
/fi«ftd of Ddsavtiasiit of FoodtiB wad tititfition
■
-J"'
"
GH&iamai* ©f School G^a^ua^® Cofflait^tQ©
jl^Wp-HirtMHitii^lil
—
^n
Clm4i?mft» of Stut© QolXeg* or^diMite GoimeiX
■■IUil.l^l»liip-|MII»l»l»g|WH*lll^lff<i'
kind aeaiatatte* aM aaspiraHoii givda % Ds?* s^rgarot* £.«
Flaaoko* jftpofeiAsc* ©f foods aM tetflfeioja* Sfe@ &%m
wishes to aolepid^iddsd the i&teffe&t of SUPS* ^dam^no
Chapman WiXllaaej* Hea^ of the ^@pai»tm©nt of Foods a«&
]ltfttritioA«>
ymm m ommm
cmnm t
fcXTE
it.
* * ♦ •,»■*?«, ♦, * »».« * * «. # *• * «■ * «#'. ft. .*.
•efee'Silst^ tad ^@p.©j?ti^ **.**,,-*«*...ft.).**.**.«.
Stafei^ity of Ttoiamto® on dooteiag «««««««««
I'^sioiogl' of fMaate^ *...ft.'.,,*, ♦■., * * „♦**,.** *«
2
3
4
fto 'fMtiilsa© eoatessts ©f the ABwv&o^a
ft ft ft ft • ft ft ft ft. « ft ft ft .ft ft', ft' . ft; ft; ft ft • ft' ft. .ft ft . .* ft. ft
W
flue fhl^wla© Oontettt of CeHp^»i$ •.*.,***"#****
fltt MgdAt^liit; of c^reftlff *4««*♦***#«♦+
.13
l#
ffelasln© Hequiresnoat ,.... ft. * ♦....,.. *...«,
A&a&f 'iSefehod-js f©I* IMtmis© JI*.***...**;^*,♦.»*.
%G
§0
CHfTFa II
mmmsB m WE ssm&sxo&s tm **«»**#%♦*♦ **. *.. «■
33
SCPSElMISSf&E» f-ROOSBiamE * # « * *- ft * ? ft * ♦»' *•« * #. *».♦, * * *
S4
Fl^ti '§>f $t$® 3|Kp©l'iM€lf3!% *****,«,««. ftft ;?. « ft ,♦,• * ft. * ft *
54
ft. B » .ft 4 *.» «. * «• * ft «■ ft ». * 0'.«) ft. • tt * * * <* * *. # #■ ft- '<>:
•^t-
'0^'OWth M$ti3to# ..... *■ ft .* *»*. * *.... * ,ft.. .#« *. • ,* •,«*. ft ♦
•S^pl&ei&s&fcetf'y ]PQO4&> **♦«?*«•*#.*#;«..##♦■•»«*«*;<«»
Basal* 0i©% oofi Pl^ts. Pnriflefti&dii *•*«••»#«
38
4f0
4.1.
.^nal^sls '©f tho B-rasa toy tla© ffeioelspem©
Jvi0'&3u,Ow
RBsmcips
i>i»ctiasio» *•*,.***♦**.•****■♦****»*«»
43
.$m3»sir ^iB oofHcurs 101^ »«* # *.«* * * *». * * .♦■ *... *, ♦ * *
m
BIBLXOGRAFJix ...•,»•.. •».«.»« . *. • # ft ♦ ^.«., •. ... *.. *. • ♦ ♦ . ... • * * * .. %
Si
JMH)
tmvB mn m
% m: * # * * ♦■ 4- * .* ■* * *■ v #• *■ ♦ *■*(#'♦ *'«. 4 '♦.■ * * ■♦ * * *i f ■ # .# •■ •
'*«#*»■
GiiaX'tJ X:» • * .*#■**»•»■»#.♦* * «. *■ # * * * '# :#, * ♦ * « # * • :• * •'♦' *• ■*■ •• '# # *. *
WM
nm mmom OF wmm m n
cmnm t
wmtsm .OF .1*1®.mmtsm
dwnlWHii fiiixn* iHn.n'i fim ir i' 11_ limit Mr, j; i wlihi ^iii HiilHMi.dnWr* wi),.!
^!l^f>l^.il.w^^p^.l>.ii.»i»i^Pt>...>.(^.ii^Ja^^i>^iWi»^»iw»^^
Hod em uitto^wSjgo of iMWfl^ri frolaafeif' ^©.tes ffom
1897 tofcati Blj^BMMti 4laeotr0V«d n dl#Mi$« Hi fowls t'hafe *#*
©©sabl©*! 'Usetmrn twvlbevl (40):.*, ii@: fttoeowvy ttiitlatdd tfet^
long $:©rio? of 8%v&%9&t tfotth e^emttaallf ^feotsrei fctt&t th©
braft e©at0 ©i' graliss -©©Btain. v«P5r aasll aaiounts of ■& sub*
©taaee which is a sfacifie pr©v@ati^# axtci cure for th©
4is©aae (113)* fh® door fe© ©itpariSB^ntatlon «s?as ®p®m§.
guaA w&a& of thft lntricae£©8 of beriberi a»a much of the
ahettidtt$3r aad ph^si^logy of irit^siiij B| 'fea^e sino© been re*
■trealea*
Caslialr fasnl: «a© th© first t© r©e.ognSa© that berS-
beri was cata;s©4 W
A
<a©fa,©i©no|r la the «Ji©t (40)* S©
©ailed th© wifisiag embstaae© •vitaajaw**
VttmSxt % «ftd ©epar^tedl ©heiaic&llT by ^aasen 4iii&
Donath t^eatj year© after J*1*^*© ^jm©tm©©ai©nt* fheir
aetfeoiaa \mr0 ©© 4@il©at© m®. the jfie.M so Infiialtosimftl
that for tever^i years th© ©©paratioa eould not be <Supli*
©atet by ©th©r©# ^h© teefejai© of i©olatlo» w©© l«prov©<3
bf several iia^©©tlg©t©rs# ©ai th© final -solution, ©f the
problem was provided Uiy Sillismsi, whof ih 193S#i proposed
th© structural forsaula {V&y* William*© forsmila vm prov©<3
correct in 1036 by the almost siaaultaiaeous sysitheei© of
vitamin B^ tg four groups' of invent igator^*
tthmtBtTft -ana, gydpoyt.ioa
¥it4iala 3^ (tliimiina., thiaain© chloride, oxm
is a colorless^ ao^rly o^oylesa cr^stallin© solid with a
slightly mtty taist©*
fh® moleoul© ig compost of it
pyx'iinMin© m& thiasol© nueleus conn©ete<3 top a a^tixsrldttA
bridge.
It is liygyoscopie and -ver? soluble in wafcexv# feut
insoluble in 0tber8 eiilot-ototm^ bonbon©, and neetonot
It
Ma the following dtraetorai fomntlaii
^3
c
N=C • NH, •
H3C
• C
C
HC.J
CH2
I-JH
r==C • CH, • CH-OH
N^
c—s
Cl
Thiamin© Hyi^o<3lalorl<3'©
The vitamin is mxstabl© in neutral or al&alin© solu*
tions b©oaus® it is split Into its constituent rings (29)
but it is stable in most acids alttougfe it is deeompos©^
in sulfite solutions^
It is stable in th© dry form and is
not readily destroyed by oxidation*
it can b© maintained
at 120^ e. for Saalf an hour in acid solutions with little
loss of activity (29)*
The rsSistanoe of thiamine to keat
$
is a fynoti^ii mt mlf of pM lattt ttl^tx of th® el^cfcf'Olsrt©system Iwolv^d ill)*
g&uri$69 o* &ulfw dioKM© Soooi^oa©
It, ©a OKidaticia ^Itssaisi w% i^ tjoav^a^eS into- fcMo-ohrom©!.
stability of ai^»in».,,pa,<ieo3teiag
.Mtkoi^Ji v£ta»S» i^ £0 not ^©adtlf -iestroyoa at fch©
t.0ia|s©ral;^y© of bQiXlag tre.tQi?* it is ir^jpf ^olia^l® ©0 tfe&t «
layge psp©|>op^il«a ssaf dissoXva aii<3 fe© ioet in oo^kiag wat^y*
la bof ilag mm® yBg®t&totm m mueli a® &&-■ p©3s?«©at ©f tM
tklnraia© is Qoftt^oyed «ad a© M^ &$ 15 pe^oeat is- ^£«*
•solved.in tfeo eookiag tyatef (4)# fh© e^ditioa of sodiua.
bicsirboaato does aofc iaeroas© tHe d^stsm^tioa la pm&i bat
the <S©stJ?uctloa ©f tho v^tsttata dlssoived ia fcft© eookiiig
water Is gjp^t^r ia BmtQ m-&m (2^)*
Ro&$tiag o&tavies n 4B fore^at los® of tki^aiao la
pork loia^ maplf th^m t'$m®& «6 felgb, &$ b^i^iag iooe
7
t2g)* Doablo boiler oooteiag of f/liole grain O0*eal* doos
not aostro^ thiaisiae (SS)* & siabstnao© ©eowpg: $m apiiw fiefe
oMotot ioetroF^ irittamia B3. (®$> b^ aa m%ysi&® f^aet^ioa (Si)*
iKt©a®ii?o stuiiea tmim tftvoxm ttobt torn ®t tfeigmia©
ia. bfilElag %& roliitQi itismetxy to tfe© toffli^^attxr.© <aa4 doipe*
tioa of heatiag $a<3 i# aot iotoapmlao^ bf tfe® ©otajpoo. of
tbiiBttSsie CS3l.? 80)« At «a ovoa t.©^©rat«3?© .of BWQ p* ontf
m sraall pmt of tH© ^©^gife i# lioat©^. aboiro- 21©° P* ©act that
br«ad wJaieto. lias ■©■ PS of atooat 5*7 {^>+ tfiia«:r «wrag@
fegd in tte o^vnte beSttg €#0 po^ceilt (39K
a<3|>©?ia©«iti :on the dogyod of ^©aotratloii of M@fc as wa^I a©
^,te tima of iteAt&ng {87)* foattiag lo^aat range f3?Q!a 0 tp
17 pareaxst i%$) $Xifam&*. imv® wmm $om% my leee :it s>©»*
m footer -waA tlnmm tbida&a^ eec«r# "b^tJi Ixi tko
|S®)* O-afeoa axsd J?©t6s?« (77Jf ttd&ag ^««a and ^lgeoB« fou^i
pp'Opto'S^hafe® tMia IMaKiixtt* O0o<ltiar% m& SSnoXftS^ (56)
0
rs&flilF into the cell© and passes mt imto the tidau©
f3Ati<S#
Aeco^ing to ^ineXaiv (98) tlMto* t$ t$M%® free
vitamfca B^ or ooeafbojsylase t» tfo© ^©o^# most of it fco&ag
e©mbin©«S probably vilth specif So protein*
35a the bloo<3 of
iafa»t& euad yotmg cliiHreJEi there t®* i5toi»a®'3ti|r# ^ l@ir&l of
stbout 10 mcs. of coearboxyl&s^ per WQ
QO.,
stibjeot® Siortiwal Hauaian blo©4 ooufctliit m
(90)*
&&QV&$&
in a&wlfc
©f 7*0
saog-. porc-ent' of oocarbo^lias^a saostlf .ii». eoxaiblmed fwMk
(35,36).
fhe valuee bocam© tmep In tha oase of ps»0loi4god
or aeut© illtt©©# (116}*
fhe findings of Barkis (4l> ai?e taportaBt in that
thQj domoristrat© qmite el^ayly that tls® saturation loirol
of thiaaiiao for the rat is rd&eh&d at .-api^osEitaat©!^ 10
times tfe© saaintenaneo 2P©<£a!r©!iesvte level*
Usoamlaatloa in-
dicated that th® tlaanea vrnm mnablo to stor© the vitamij*
to mf exte&t tflawJpeaa the body la able to- etore the fat
soltihl© vltantlxta yaadiily^ otheir wogriteeya sappo^t tho etoa.**
elUBion that the bodyt-s capaolty to: ato^e vitamin Bj t9
liittited*
F03? $ome time it haa boeu feaotm that vitamin S^ is
present in th@ uyino in amounts that may vary directly with
that fm»ni8h0d in the diet (67) # Thla fact i@ Important
to the.phyKiologist and clinleian*
fhe disturbed physlologsr of ©eafco thlamlaiio defi*
olendy 1® acoosspanied by no* or at neat* a few apparently
0
s-0- coste03a|&,f acodpted @# its outataxiiiBg ed^g^qu^ao®^ Jias
t^noovuft tMaaiE® deficddady 1» ©sot (twn?ifeerl) wfeteli l*»ve
a.1.9© ia@#3i imp2.ie-at'@<S i& Miim^i© ^^ 0s^lij#ta@'Q«kMs?''
$mm%$- ^©mo^is o^js-gaetioa of the ^Iwlowisa^l trifi^ora* ^fftt*"
#i«nd iato a-e3POtt# .oavltios^ and ^deraa ©£ t&e ©^t3P©alti©t
^tost of tM- ^feturbed p^^iologgr ans patlaoiog^ of
tMwtftd defl^teiwjy Eaay b©^ related t© famlt^' ©Qd?^oii^«ls*'at#
iaet-abo.l»ism. (09) #
J@LB'
^
«(«MI04|HI©»O«
tfoe m©-tir©ut tfsam©^ etUk-
mo lo&gap fanotidA a^^t^^teiy' 'aia<a th©- ®$®®§m® of vi&tmiA
©* def±®%®mf ^©V0ii0.'p* ffeet© afo fatigat-, isss of appa*titd« i8oodia«*a#; tf*Mt*# iri'itafelilt.y aad aervdiusittesQ '(113^
©2).,. ©iiiiaffiS: lyetft ©©©oi^kafs (io©)- ftrand pfolaugad r®^
'StrlctS^ii of tM's ^ita®i» asaociafeod ^itk $tat®a of am©*
tiaiaai tnatafellitf raflectad lay irritability and tao-adl*
nmBf $ie^eX$8at8itd8$* lack ©f eoope^ati©^* vapt^. faaips
progpoaslsig t# agitati®^* a^stal d©pra©si0% ^arlaMe r^*
.strietiosa ©f mti^i^f* $£& tsm&t&m. ©omatie ^ymptoiss-.* Ba*
^stab-ia m©tab©lle d^attxrbaaees o.ectxp-ri^g ipregftlterljr*
tcaried im d©po©# ■of #e-ir^i?itf and s^r© raf.3Lett^4 fef Sis*'
ffeie faja&ft&<m of fldUwiBibte to tefcfi&oltiSffi
xntommwm*
most ©X©@#l,y rslatea t« e&rllob^F&t© metstfeoliipi* fhosi^soia
and ^oiaaeoa (184) dwwwwtjpatoa In 1998 t!bat tilie 1?looa ©f
tliia»3^© d^flelout pigpens domti^lfited a1i>ii6i*aal aaoants of
psnwio Aeld« Shojpi^eiii ^aa; Elvohj^m Wi em£!iaem& $M ox*
tsoMe-a t&ia f Indies i>f »0p9itSx^ t&ft pyjwwktd ^^i#^i©ii
%f e03?©^ml .a,Bi l?iifiof ti««ni»$ of 'ijoipi^-aritio oMefea &®&
t&tsmM* and Scliustsor l*?^) «Io ^h© ftsatew^iili^l tSia^oirotfy
ia 195? tfa&t toQWfo&s&l&Bo »&» thSMte fp'opliospliateo
■(70)' a^ dofioleiiof of %h* vttmin mmm m ofammmt &o*
ouwttlation of iaetl© mM m& pyr^vitt toii ia %la.e %loo^
(ei^^iO^I* fisets© roipS^at^oa ©tmcli^e Mw #ko^i» tjiat
tkttsisio i^fielo^^f diffitoiatoofr ts^goa ^t^ke %&■&&$ fcis*
@a«9f ^aai F©t©q?s ■&!©§ owwnriiwspd (80) twtfre ddsoiist^ate^ tSmt
thi$ ilaMl^ixta fels&ti;© f'@'0|>ifat4o^ associ@jto<3' tultfe &
0pm$l$ 4$®&1&%&M®Q efoiltfaf to ox&oi&iSQs p^r^vsfeo imj t)o cop*
sraeted ^jr t!*® 'HiSitlon of vthmtet 8U to %lx0 tifii^o r©'Spi3P*
iBg la vitxw* f&# eofr^etvtosi ©f tlswo fofiflriatiom bf ®d.»
<litiott of tliiiuBJUio ifi oalloi *hft *<»<sftt-o*,al4tt effect**1
lSdioa?eiiei# isft dicfta.if ear^©l3^'s?afc© ;a©^#nttxa.t0S tfa&
spptom® ©f i^ Sofloionof of viAmSan B^*. Eat© Isav^ iboon •
ghaxm to tliriv« m a 6&*t fs?@© f^oa iritcmin % if it eon*
taifts xio. earfc©^e!3?&te* fh© aaiaalg grow we'll. a@& do $10%
develop o^vio^i© siga$ of doficiency sueto as poifxieiirifcis
{8),
A^jsi^il^tyation of tMaiaiii© to defiet^afc aalmals
loadu to a large ao^walatioa of tlilaala© and a &&*!&<& la^
oreas^e ot Alptiod^I^thlaai&e ia the S,!?'®?1 wlthtn ^0 adtitttt^d
(S0#W}#
other mtte®m have aMe4 that th© aSwtniatap&tiosi
of thlamime to pol^ieuritlo asiiaaig pyoduoea in a ahort
time a-iarg© tec^ease of both tMaaia® m& ^iphosphothi*
amiEe in th© k&daoy aa m&il a a la the livei* (78)*
l«merous investigations toiie&fca that caJ?hol^iyate
t©e#i»§ iti thisffiiljie &ettctsMsy Iftere&Bds the ppmvie aoM
eotieeiitratlois in hloo^' aa well aa it* urine C9>6Of100|.*.
It
ia fomsad that this aefeetive oxidatloB of p^mvate whioh
is reatorea by the a64ition of vitamia %'*^ *1» respiMhg
tissue oocura In all aniaala #epi*ivea of the vitamin^ ir*
reapeetive of the eoiagpoaltion of tho diet ani the presenea
or absence of other elgaa of iQeficieae^ (10)%
f hia® pppiivlo a©i<a is nom iookoa upon a© a normal
interaietiiar? product of carbohyclrate metabolism' (38*60*
iOD)#.
it ia twem& ^taring the proeeaa of glyoolyai® whrn
th® glucose jtoleeiile is split with the addiction of <si#
phosphopTriiiae 'nu-cleotia©* $he breaking down of pyptfrlo
acid so formed proo©e4s by the action of eoearboxylaee or
diphoaphothiamine (37*7?j80»lQ4)«
3to the absence or M
e
tb& ai»immt'ioa of tbie irlt-aaia,^ VtoovGtQVQ* the reaoirai of
oa?boxgr%ft%9 pymvte &oM %.o ■m<$tBMQhT®0 eafl C§g {ee feast
imio^ ®^a@r^bi^ eosKli^i^m® or ttteetXy WK
3DA
wo©* ««i#
nal tt#sm#s pfrm^fe aeli- I® emD>VBfc&& oaW$ae4 *o #©0 AHA
aWy ewivod tte^nga $1& egeoo^ of-diptoospbotlilaBine (30) ♦
De^ftftjoaqriatioit of otietev <^ *ls©to %eM& amh m oC*kietogJtt#
t&^ie gai cC ttKetotofttyrie to ^at^3.f26<l br diplioi&iaio^Uinl^e*
aetfftosyjULt&oft of «< «**et»6aci4tt 4» ©li living e#3.1a (80)*
of vlt^mfe % ##ftei$»ej to visuals (90K
♦thd ghiaaaltte OoBtcmt of the Aiaepjoaa Ptotecry
fk© Avideneo S^ now eosavtaelug that %bB moAQin
dietary is $6£iei9ii& i& ^itaais S^» JSi eontv^st to tha
dQcreeeing ua* of ooroftie* th9*« fern-© boon « steftdy a?Ss.0
ia tho eonewnptioa of oane «iie«r# a hS^hiy jpw&fiod
£6o6.0feti?f *
atntift^ioaX flat* IndieAt^ ttmt ttom i&avlowti
poo^ld get fttofttft 4^ pfrooBf of moro of thai? ealorioa from
«ugA» and h£gt&7 .r®f:iis©a flow <80J*
Frier t® %M im^entSon of toiler mills* flfcow rep^^
dent«a 81*4 p^^ceat of the ©riginal vfte&t kernel, isua ooa*
tftifi94 afeomt @t inefcaat of ftbs total vitJ^raia presdat' la
the 9hd«Ltt»
tid^em ^»axi|*i©li0«l ^lis^li floux^ ©tt th» otha^ taexift
vepred^^tQ OBly 78 »0 pereoat of tli® fe^noi m& contains a-s
little m 5*$ pd^odnt of th© vitamin oris&naXZy oorilJ^ia^t
In tB@..#e^gi-i». Shis prcAuet tAiSoh 8Up8>ile8 £6 |>©x»©©at or
iBor« of tlw tofcaj, oftlori^© ift the avofag© ii@t giv©^ mt «
D-itsmts Sj «oat«nt ftfeo^at ©aQ*@3.®^0iitli of t'lmt of ^toa©*-
groms fi0«> iso>*
4|)pro3s%iat©lf 98 f«rc#nt of thfr 10*6 blllioxj poutt^-s
of te^^ eoaeiasftdl onmt&Xly In tfe© ©aiteS States la whit©
d&i&y f#r- espSta ookkdwt^tioft of flouap is eoooptdd^ am^l If
It let atsM^ that the flour i© tib&le vhoat^ tk© thi«Bti&o
cosit^llmted to t&0 4ally atot t^os tlal# s'^t^e© wouM Is©
4tl!»ottt O»0 rag* ©is' J««t ott©. half tlM; ©alX3r yeqpiroaftafe of'
a moQera.-t^Hy aotlvo mm «oco^t&g to fi^spa® roeoimiooiaed
&5f» tla» 0<JWiitt'##
OB
FooS «i«fi S^trltiott of the Satioa&l
fte.s0&*«}si C(!»m9Sl ti04l>#
fte atiefeel^g ropopt rftvealodE a large proportioa
of *poe9* 41etdfl ^a€ ftndieated that the m®v&%® thieaaiao
S&fcak© foip tt%X Aietfi T^a© very ttd»* tb* mlaisma a^^ c«»»
Mainly mot tla® o^timmt for hraiaii needs {&QX)»
■JTolilffe 168} ©onciudoa that; the smrgia of safety
aff^ded fey toerieaa dStetariea "'varies from 0> feo BO jper*
e©fit#'B the figttf® <a@pow3i&g ©n the aetbod -of ©vafesfe&on*
1^ deHeieney ijs eisdaai^ in tbe Watfe©^ Spates} *li4« fii*
0ea#©t eaHaiS Is.e^S.b^yi. to the ■oiPi^Bfc:* la «#maXIy cl^sgifSoa
h#3?e unda^ a varlaty of mieleaiteg dia^Mrada*
Bafora th# etwi^baneiit of br^^d tha thi&wi4a@ eantai^
^©f tb» avaraga .tt©?i;0en diat vaa .al>©mt OS m$* per 8600
leal* fMt 4a aab^tentially Iowa** tMm jirevieuely iiiil*
©at©i hy aoinptt^ation meh aa tlu»aa ©f Sti®-b0lisi.0 a&a
Fhipaapd* JtoriaXnaent of all flow? and thread sroaM valaa'
this vaixw to |L#:a mg* (W.!)*
Food, .goMycoa of .ghiaatna
HKiXUfia aa»e of the other vitaagaa* thiatsin© ia n«t
gruatly eenaaatvated in plaacta and a&taals*
BoaeJttft m^fehoiis
©f foe4 j^oaoaa^ikg &M present day prefe*eafte teat refined
taom featro- yaau>ved potent aeu^caa of this vitamin frota th#
d:i©tary# ia $m% it 1© dlff iauXt to aeXaet a diet eoatain*.
tag adaqiaate thiamine without n9$ng tthol® grain eepealJ. #rxn ^artieislavt aodora s&XiJ&g pvmm&m have
%2
l$mp6& kto» v&Km&n i^ goatenfc ©I" $%&& wteil it is mo
Ximger a :rle& somre#* fa offset, feftft aietafjr ieficiojaof
r&gtjituio® «»# int^odutood retiring t&ftt 'all ©Mt^ ir@at
porkij. fe:©'!&t '©m# j&Ult; are fe&e f^iB^lfaJ. «5@atjpllim*©r©. »f ■
foufth«
ffeo ©^i©ri# 6<5iife'fifemtfom0 to tltft d4.«l» %" Issdi*
t?idiia3L l^ode traff ©ftdsly- totd & a-Mpio fdM #f' low fcki&sste©;
ewteafe vaf .e0?ife»»$feufe« « large |>art of tM t©tal tMaat&n«
ttalikei ofctor nctaolft mm%» m® 'dmlf ^i^ (iltl* trg^
feiastae^ :|£.2*@ ricteJ?^. s«l -heart a^a fe^^lm ^onfett&A &*%*%?
eofefca of -i^^lut^ {ivadent id mdh t*o&8 m. -mtm&t m&
taMLdtafe*** f•©#)# S«xt to tbA e#r©g-l. gralft©>; th» logan^s
&£« oa© *f tins b^at ®®mmm Bowms of thi«nltt««
fedaiat
»BS
*»«**■■ lina
t©;!^®^®, both firaeh #ad dv-lodt «re metottwfa
4p&&«ch» ftapeupagnft^ ipmas^i© *j»0at*# ^mbl>4^* eaaWf 1M»^
b#©t er««fi9# cawpotff^ tooato^^^ stoeoh or i«d»ie<l« «t»4 bftfteift
f.©t&t'o Ctl9)«-' 'f#g©tiibi©B ifteloAiim potato-ea toxm oae of
13
diot (73):*
le^at an^ peanut a ar© good aamroess, and milk
m# be 0 veluab^d ooatrib-mtor if eaomgli. la
OOHSHIM©^
{112)*
Qbentfiehed ^ilte flour> tfMt# rice, emSl ^et1? p^o*
e^ss1' oovaaeftX • eontaia Xittle Ihiaaila®* an4 ooaaaeroiaX
a«ydett« ©ad fet© alaoafc none*
wnmin 8j. ia fomi Sn-am fooif, tet totarert Mi
o«mtero<S ntjwt tho oet^aaX9# beeattoe over twenty per.eettt of
the ©aXorie JUitaiee of the Aautiriftan fllltet' is eontjpibut^fi tf
tzhB&t (3^)* Breads beieaws© it has maeh a Qidddproad us**
pr©ifi<l$# aia M©aX eavriep for vittada '|3|*
the tMaiutoe eoateat of vheat 1$ 4afXm@nes<a tof the
t)rpe# vaf»i@tf- ani envlPoaaant (75)»
la genevaX dunuft and
ap^izig trhasits oositaia th© Xa^g©©t am^iiat of thXaoino tfoX*
Iowa by faarA wlpter a&d #0ft winter isrtoQ&t in tlaat: os^er
(20),
lard abeats*ve#*ge 7*X me^f against 6*X mog*.for
tlie ooft wS»«t» 120)*
for praotleal puvpoeos the kesnnioX i&otxld b® oo&*
oiderod as bo-isag ©os^o^ei of 75 per<io»t eiadospemi^
percent ©©oi 004%, &tt& 3#5 peroent' ©mbr^o (3X).,
2@A©
3h ailX*
ing practle© the propertioae of .produet$ aro^ youghly W
perooat of floor^ 24 percent of mill feede* ani fro® 0*:2S
percent to 0*50 pereefst of gem* Only about IS peroent to
X5 pero.^xit of the gera le reoovered in the flour* wharea©
14
about 85 pdttodnfc of it goss S»to tfeo isiill, feta© {SS^
apdtilttl 4»te?aflt
&&l*tom>tk$¥
&B
vidt? of tM oo^n^it ii*ograii of fhawe
It Is auggddtod tbat
RB
tho fewsa©! rl^ena fctoa
aoif02®©sit. of tjafcey ff^m t^he tosMo tK> tba aus^fee® gift? eon*
tte ^ai©%©wi i(96)+ Afc mp sratd most ©^ t£i» vifeaiaSa ooow#
teaa*: flsi© eaBnopem c^ntsins only e^eui^ M {ttvimt* t:li@
©mtojo ;afe©mt is ■perMmtot iiai tla© oipiitsar Jftyo^d Afeeot 'SI p©3?*
©v«r# 4o not. giw « tftt© plcfeqpe ©f tbs dtdtapibutioa in
fefeo nilled prodnets l3©cmM«SQ miiHiBg <3o©g ia©t ai'pax'at^ tll«
teem©! afetrflf &&& @»4o.®|>©rs!# #afe^0| onS oixber l«ye»
<S1)# isaalyse© ustaaXly «hew about 0*« I* S* tt tMm&m
p;®® ^fim of fnioapemi tlid mill f$«dft ^^e^ag© ^feout €»§
I* ^*
ADA
gei'm coataia©' efeont 3t0 I* ft po* grem* ^M ^koi©
kofuo^ will 'a©is%r about i*§ I». ft* p®& gpm«
It osm *m ml*
mMtoil fffoa tM* tlwft tbo «abP5ro oontfiii^ only about 18
percent to ^© pepeont* tbo ©aaoppo^s about 20 po^oont^ andi
tbo tes» eomtaias mbmxt t&o-tkt&Tte &t& total v&taotSa B^ f^
ttoo keraoi (31#85«9&)f- Sifting tho Wm m® mm. fro® $h<&
<&M®$pmm no saatter tfhotboi* they troyo eoparatdd by mtl& or
milletonoo^ will
V^BIOVO
a largo pposf03?tlo» of tha vitamis
&1 iia»eaont la tb® ^on5i0i.*? snaliyoos of ayillatroasia abo^ a
g©s©p&1. progreseiv© .teej?@as@ in ijMamiEto ooacontr^tloxi as^
th@ x!h.<$&% ppoeoedif ttootigh the .milling |>3?oo©'aa« TH® eon*
c@)at3Patioa in tto humn* shorts ana foo^ alddlinga is v@i*sr
Mgh (51)*. Hioa th© pareoBtag© ©sstraetion of flous? fro®
tHe wte^t kotael «ppro«k«&»8 ¥8 tteoi*© i9 It 9h@5?|> vl8« la
tblaalm©' oontojat owing t.O' iaolugi©» of ti0S«;0.g MJaoosst. to
the- hrm qnA g©3?m*. Afcovo 80- pefe^at' ©straotloB %M ounro
of
^AAJP6AS9
fatten® O'^t again booamse tho eoaomtirsitioii
of thiamia® isi th® outoifaost teaxm^ layers is yolativoly
low (31)* tUikYlf all ©w prasoat flomr is a 73 peyooat
est^aetiofi costtaEalng afeomt 25 poroont of th® owlgimX
vitasaia B^|i
©IJOJ?-©©-®
b©' ©straetoa to
evfeoiat SS percent of tho Itojmoi njould
IMW*
lialf of tko vitaaia % la tk© flour
<8S)#
A repovt of the Gounoil. on Foods ©ai Hutrition of
tli© Anfevltiaa SdciioaX Assoeiation' <!)■ states that the f,avoa?■ag© eojapositiop of wfeol® who©t flour i&elu$@3 2.»04 ag»^ of
tkieaaUmo*® f&tont flotar s^opr®seating 63 p-orcont ©f th®
eloanod ifla©@tf ooataias omlf 0. poycemfe of tha tMstaino of
ths tJholo gi?.«i34nf. isrhoreas soeond olsar fiomr iropx'asentlng
4:*.S p@i?.o©iit of t^o vyho^t^ QOAtai&a .10 pore^nt of th© thi*
amtoe (88, 96) # flie short patent flow ^as ©feotit half as
mah vitwnStt B^ as th© straight fioiyr a3a<3 the oloar is
mlaost tff&te as hl^i as the straight gfad© (09)*
Balcop aaS. DrquttonA (S) flaa that usioxiyiohoa ishitO'
flow oeataing only 7 pevsvaA as mmoli vitasdit as t#iolL<s>
trh©at flour* Ifillieas :&sai Spies (1X3} .©usasari^teg tBi©lit©r®feus?0 Ydperfe Vftlsww. of f^on 4**? to 10*3 Btog* of tftt*
itvtj?©g@ fap^ia 4 to S stog*
e^ats of %h» vhmif &mixk m& mmllf ©oatato® aoa© of the
ttheaft ©afe^j© plua a ««iaXX aaiov»it of oadodposmi I SI)-* Ttao
Wtmt m®mtiMg to ^ppro^ismt^iF X2**X& perooat of tDo
graia, is widely uoed fos? feedia^ aaiiaal© (06)> asndi also,,.
.ftftox* oloaftSAS^ ^y coiptala toakoffy px>odttotd«.
j^epftjpod
Wm 4i©ta?i%iat©6 as a breakfast oe#«&X food hap "b^oa eute*
joctM to )p»oeo»«oe ^eei^nod to impmm its paXatft^illtf ♦
B^ing t&096 |^oeo«0O» e^taia soXubXo ©utJStniicea
BSPO
loat
by oaetolng and other umlasfeaBe©© 0*0 safiesd <X8)#
fla® tfeisiEim^ o^Kiteat of Wan has ^ooft oatluated fef
'SQV©??.^! oothodto* awPPi* and W«ag (48) &m<l L©©®g aaa
Hei^is (S9) mi®% tho teadyoariia aot^od fls^ tfeat bwm
ooRtftia(» ^*6' i* 9«
t&t
8«KS'
gram*
P©3?
gs?«Bi*
tefe©^- <tiid wr&ghfc (6)^ usiag
in*tofeo4* find mXu©# of X#,3 aai S<»0 2». TJ* pw
Sy tfeo tMocSisNsm® m@tM@a Um avosNigo tfeigiaisi© oon<*
t«At of ooaonopeittX b^aia vhen ©appX©^ f^om s©v©f@i miXXiage
asp© tak^B la 4.*&5 ®g* pojp pout^ (00) «m$ «ftio» iJJPft® fapora 9
ttilXft is tatea it ia S>©-© ag* pea? po\mi ^itli a vftago of
2*76*4*0@ og* p®^ pound«
Slaetla.r aa^ l$mm. (97) fjtofl &
17
figure ©f S»7 »eg, p©r graa tjrith the t'hlochrome method*
4 tteereaae iia vitamin B^ content from flour to &r@&&
ie due,, first te dilution hy vitamin free ingredient© audi
a,a moisture^ shortenings sugar^ and salt) end seoondly to
slight 'feateing loss .(47)*
Oopplng ©nd Reseee (17)- find that
the moistur© free parts of breads contain suhstantially the
saia© amounts of the B*vitamins as the fleurs from which the
breads tsrere made# the only eaEoeptien being haklng pm&QXbr®ad> the moisture free part© of which contained less
vitamin Bj, than the flour (113)*
Ie evidence me obtained
ef synthesis or destruction of B*vitaains In the bread*
making procose with yeast (17)«
¥nenriched Tihite bread made tyifch sis percent non-fat
milk solids will usually have frem 0*30 to 0*45 ag. of
thiamine per pound (20.)*
Whole tJheat bread averaged 1*36
mg* per pound, -of fresh, bread (96)»
fwo samples ©f whoie
^'jheat bread analysed by Schultz contained 1*0 and 1*7 mg*
of thlamine per pound (10S)*
The vitamin Bj. contents pro*
duced b^ the long and short processes were equal and about
one^third as great as that of ■wholemeal bread (17)*
Sherwood and ceworkers (©6) reported the making of bread
averaging 1*55 mg* of thiamine per pound from flour- ranging from 1*9© to 2#.S3 mg* per pound*
IS
fhe Dlae&tiibility., of €^y©alg
Early mrk of th© Bopartraent of AgriotiXtttre Ineltid*
e<l a largo numlser of inmost igatioa-© on the digoBtibility
of x^heat flours,,
Th*** ©tudi©^ sbovsr tfeat the protein anei
carbohydrate are mor© completely assimliatefl from ©Mt® flowr
tfam fr^sa wkoie wheat or grahaa flourdf la -other t?0r&8 In*
oreas^ in the aiEeiount of feran In a flour la a©o-Offlfflail#d toy
a corresponSlag ieeroap® in Its cligefitibility (48)♦
Stellar $ttt<ai©s with human subjects ladlcate that
the coariser types of bread with a large proportion of ^hole
grain are oonsidsrably leas digestible thah the breads md©
from white flour (10, 74),
MacEaa and co^orlsers (62) found
that the average digestibility coefficient for energy, •
nitrogen, and fibre were 96.!» 91*1, and 65.8 reapeotively
for ^hite breadj 86*9, 8§*$, and 14,0 reapectlvely for
medium ground wholemeal bread*
Sealoek, Paainki, and lurlin (87). fousid no signifi*
cant differeaco in apparent digestibility of carbohydrate
and fat in white breada and ©hole wheat breads*
"mdi-
geatible residue1' had an apparent digestibility of 29.2*
76,S percent.
In white breade it had an apparent di-
gestibility of 6$~70 percent and in rafcole wheat breads an
apparent digeatibllity of 58*62 per^eeat-,
fhese workers
conclude that ^hea the diet supplies approximately adequate
19
calories for uaaintaiMtae© of wai^it#.tfa© high©!* "tedigiiS*
tibi® r@sl4me*' of tJae tslaoie ^li#.sit proimets does not tnfc#r*fotfd ©ItB tb& .digesfelon and •absorption of oarb'd&y&rate. aaS
fat*. Hwrlim ®ft<a coworkers' (7'i) found that who!© «?&©•&£
bremd -gaw© lowei* ttias dlgeufclbilitf ^aiu©a fov protoisa
than whit© did-.# but at tb& sam© tim® it prodticod hi^os'
MoiogiopI values*
la tean its@lff aooording to Bmnoll and cQ&mtee&ii
(34), ©bout one^third of 'the total carhoh^ds^tO' eompriaiag
th& staroh and d@xtriti ia digestibi© and thiarefos?©- amv®® '
as a ©dorc© of energy* Oniy about SO. s>©r©^nt of the pro*
tein la bran was mtiiigied by their fcumn aub.je©t&*
Uolm®0 (48) stated that the eoeffieienta of digestibility
of bran protein and earbohydrat© in hwmm siibieeta ^ere
44,7 and- S6*6 percent re^peetitrely f©r fin© bran and 28*0
and 5S*S pereent respectively for coarse bran* fh© ee*
efficients of digestibility of protein.^ fat, and carb©*
hydrate for the diets as a whole in the series in tJhiqh
fine bran was eaten and in whieh ©oars© bran w&s ©'ates wer©
lower than the ©©©ffieients of digestibility for an ordi*
nary sailed diet {48) *
it is possible that the bran s-tlssm*
lated peristaltic ©etion t© smell 'an. estent that the food
materials itere not' as completely absorbed as is noniajly
the ease ^hen they pass through the alimentary traet rjith*
out increased peristalsis*
SOB©
of the subjeets found the
20
"bafan <ai®ts cleciSodly laxative^ although th©y noticed XibttQ
02? so diff«r©aea between feh® ILajsative effects of fine asEKS
eoai,Q# fo#aft«
Bernard <1£.) foian^ that wheat Wm i®<i at a l&'rel of
I© poreoat of t&e wet ration de^dpsed th© over-all digea*
tibillty of a dl«t tn ndsdcflv
KW depvesotog effect 10
proteafel^ ex^laiBea lay t&© laxativ© effect of tlM htm.,
Brm f©^ ©.Ki tije ©aae level ^iS aot appear fco-fo® lajsative
to f03E'©a*.
Uieia ■cereals -were finely gromd it la&ss fotind tliat
tlaty left tM ©tomaefe of rats faster*
B3?aa ted little if
aay effect in 4eere.adl»g the fate of atojaach emptying in
the case of finely gi»oiani mLt®ri®l®#, amS thejpe was evidence
that the htm particle.® migEt even accelerate stoffiaoh paa*'
aage of a compact anct glnellke «eraai preparation*
Fhysl--
cal consistency rattier than roiagtiage 's©e»e<l to 4ete3?miiie
tlie time ©f atay of cereal in the rat^ stosstach t66}*
"Sim laxative' value of «hole i?heat ln»an an^l l>ran that
.had fee©n treated with xmaM acM to remove the phytin was
eoBfared ■&&& It- \im concluded that the laxative value was
mainly <3ue to the fllare and t^s not related to plsytln or
othes* Won constituent® that a2>e readily eatractahle hy
treatment ^Itli weafe acid (Si)*,
m pan. the' digestIhlllty or disappearance of fihre1
is €Kfcre®.®ly variable and depende in part upon its content
21
of celluXosa @M pentoeand (apparently ligniiri Is not di*
gestea at all) m® %M pvasenee of Ua^teria in the alimentary esnal (49)*
It is indieated that th© imavailei^l® oarbobgndrato
distribution in a diet »ay Ue altered ^itkoufc changing the
total fibre iatafe© or the oaloric value of the daily.diet|
that an altered distribution of the unavailaible ea^bo*
hydrate* (ligiaim^ oollixloa© and hemieelluloee) has 'an in*
fluenee on nutritioaal procoaaesj that the food in which
the fibre i© prot'ided affeeta the response of the'hedy to
itj and that ether eonatitnenta (pectin^ vitasiins,. tannin)
or propertiea of ^ foodi, aa well as the level cf intake#
■may vary the pfcyelologio reeponse (4©)*
Itemel and eotierkera (a®) fonnd that fro® 2#6 to 99«$
poreent of eellnloee and from 16«6 to 88«Q pereent of heal*
eellnlo^e in the diet of a gronp of ehildren 4 to IS years.
old Kae digested by intestinal flora of the colon*
Older
ehildron appeared to ho able to doeompos© more oollulose
end heMieeXluloee than young children and. this ia attrih*
uted. to greater Intestinal length and greater opportunity
for taeteriai deeompoeition of fihre*
mw children of
these agee* St©? grated of dietary fitre daily eamsed
nomal laxation and had no nndeeimble effect on abaorp*
tion of H or minerals*
fihre doe© have an of feet on the retention of aome
m
other food prlttttipleg*
SKMpgsoai ■C'72) studied 'the offeot of
the iBgostion of moasfat© daoiattts of a .e<&l,ltx2,©se pmp&m*
tlon on jotmg xwmm*
Sho fomafl .a slighter inorw»©d ©.sere*
tloa of t*6&% nlW&gm^ m® m tofftnit* ijaofeaso la the ««*■
emotion of pltodpXwHrad# calels® ®»4 fecaX 'a$ti*
It Ban fe©0a avieigestod feteft' the pvo$«aie« ©t toaife nay
rotari protoo^ytio dlgoatton^ femt it appears that the afo*
foot produced by stoder&to 'anoonts of fibr@j, aithougli dofi*
nito» -la sli^bt- (1B).> fivow 50 percent of fifer© did not
reduoo fefe© positive ealoium toslano© in fsiaiXs f-at^j, al*
thcrngt* poQitive nitrogen foil star^odly*
fh® inereaae of
fibre im tfce diet Inoroasod th® phosplmtasjo in the faoeod
toy 8©"v@'ral tlawd, indionting it le bolloved^ Sneroased
eoeretofsr activity within tho intestines {9M}*
I'fao leir©! of fi1»p$ in fela© food h©d a pro&ounoed
effect ott the developstteat of f&vm-S Qfattikmrn,
Ssseees of
fifcre liatitdd growth^ tout from about 5 to 6 peroent of
fibre wa© fotmd to bo benofieial (93)*
gg*. ^gtroi^atint^, .freot. a^i i^aor^ionriof JUagime
Wmy esqperiindttte to*?©' been made oa the relation of
the Tit&mia B ooaplex and the gas^rointeetinal tr&et^ &md
prohahly in jsany of these esperinente nultiple defioienoiee
exieted^ the^o ie a tendency to' rs^ard tMi&fai&& «s epeoi^
ally iaportant in th® naintenanee of the nofual fVnotion
23
tit the gasfci»o$nt©sfcteai tFUCfc* but studies showing sucla
a jpQla'fctmsMp are rat»© (86).
fhe ioflueao© of' the ne^oti^ ©ysfcera
©B
the organs
of dig#sti@ii ha® aiwikya heen oo?!i8i^e?'0d Impo^tsmt: to
snedicml pfactiee-,
lost physleiaas ha.^e aofcei the f3?«^aeiit
|#eociatlon of dige^ive diaorderis with ooaditiom& ^hlch
p^laiairij.^ affect the ngrvoug &$&%m> (i03)t fhls matf part*
ly aecount for .soate of the symptoms occtjypihg la a 8 eett**
pl©s: &©£ Icleaey*
ll iarg© itt«jah©'r of @a®tf*oi»te.stln®l syasptdms' Ijielui"'
lag ftnoapexifr* eoiastipatlonj,. Qlar^he©,,. dyspMsia^ flatulerse© and .vomiting hav@ heeu &0c3?ih©d to defioieney of
eoraponent® of the B complex (103)*
HaiibXein* fhofflpson aad
Scully (44) have reported that vitaasin B ooatpXex defleieticy
caused »arked returdatioa la gastrio motility aad moderate
delay of vm%% latestixml aotility*
Free and I.eoaard ($&}
found ia studies of intestinal absorption of galactoa© by
■rats that the rate of intestinal ahsorptlon of the aon*
defieient aniJials'averaged 3© peyeeat more than that of
the B deficient anisals*
There- nmn also an indieation ef
impairmoat of intestinal ahsorption in the vitaiain B- eost*
plex deficient animals*.
fery few specifie ^ata have heon recorded on the
pathologic changes In the stosach and intestine© in cases
of deficieacy of vitamin f^*
Some itorkers are certain that
24
tMaslno mid nlc&t'inic acli are ©asmfcl&X tov notnaX
functionixtg ©f tb* ga©^a?o*imt©stijia1. tfaet {108)*
Of tfe®
pathologi© wad pSiysieal cMtigm amd ^^ptona «bl6h
IK&VO
bmn observed# amorsjElm Bppa&mtXy is fck© only osi© which
is elearly rdXat«d to Sefielenesr of vitg^im .B^*
$t ©oo©s
clearly eatfttolJUtadd that andFexia accoapaiai®^ dajfictaney
of vitamin % ia maa «& «rall a© in aBteaX© (1®)* ®^©
atudlas of Semite m& ffiiott (92) indifiato t'feat tbe imt^te
©f vitamin B% % ckiidrea is related to t&eip appetito*
fliiamino^ also aeems to ftmofcion to ttoa siaiat^smneo of tba
novnaX motiiity of tho digestivo traot <96)* Soth %* i3r«
Harris aad M. &» ®o©'© spoalc of a geatral laok of ton® of
the gastvojjtiMso'st&aal traot roeuxting fro* a dafioioney of
tbie vitaain*
SuasoXl -^uad Ifaaset (86) torn® that auppXom^Btiag- aa
already adequata baffid diet witb additional aAoimts of
thiamtoa fead no: of foot on tfeo saotroixitostinaX tracts
x^ie«*eaa yoaat bad a dist.iftotXy $tiwilatory affoet osi
gastroi&tostinaX aotiXity probabiy duo to tbo pvosonoa of
Xiv© yoaet in- tba gastroiatoatlaaX traot* Dick attd toge
(S4) roportod that «ho*o ^etfusion of tM&iaim bad no of*
feet on tba isolated intostioo of a nonoftl rat# tb®
peristalsis of isoiatad intestinal Xoops obtaiaod from a
thiamino dofioient rat is incroassd and tbat tba rats of
progroasiv©' tanus is rotarded wmfior tba influonea of
£5
t&iejsiin® Jg villa*
li®3?%iE ®ai «<mopker« i85) litlng. fowig fogs otsswsrM
that vhea vitanito B^ ®ma ri^oflatr&s t»©^e the only vlfc«»i»
B #ttpplesa«nt0 tto aotillty of the ^mtll Aafeeafeiae- was fcfc*
e^oastS @M tfeafc ©f the oolott dew^^ed * Dftea the fcasaH
^i©%lm.j> gaatfO'-lmteetli^I function 'ap|)©^3?@4 to he norsutiu
Beubleiu «nd e^OFicea?© (44) fo^iaa tha^ ««#ly la tha aemtd
$hae$ of » 9it«»lii B' eo^les a^flolomey M d^gs th^v^ tmft
& siarl£®€ ielay to gaetvio ©nfi a. soSorat© dol&y to Int^ati**
ml mot 1X1%f*
-Aim lafe®^ ot)i9» ©ffeetts^ ^omo^rMt po^on^ling
tho$o of' a imltlfi© iofisitaoy Sa hunaaft inelu&iag afeo^r
wore dtrideat ttemigfe. the small lnt@st.itt©* Mssinist^atiom
of nlee&Sa&e s©ld asii ^ifeofla^ia «2M littl® to oouat9rft«t
tfes© ef^ots trntte ftimSttlfttimtion of vitwuSn S| tfttta^Mfi a
t^porftvy rotwa of ootility to aof»aml> thcmgjh to thsd^
amtfetor©^ ©pluiom <50®pl©t^ r0.|sto'r@ti©sit tima&A* &th®w factors
ooalei'3a©.a la whol© y^ftftt*
B3cp0i?$a©Eta oa tli© vhamid m®zik®y gitr© no support to
tht mBmpMo® of » «|f»6»gi*tio ianiMM of Yttamiii ^
upon ImmHm- metioa i@l)*
It %$ p&mmto thftt ^Itumln %
my *«» ^st jRP«aft tlj» 'body unfis? «o»aittoiili «tf «l»ron&ft
aia^Mea*
.It ftpsM»ftj?a that diasThoa mp®lj ®m®m som
fallur© of aksorpfcion of aa apppecift'blo f^aeticoi of the*
YttmiUi Bj, is eomplot©!^' s&sopfodtg ffos "feotla the
©jmll gmi largo iatestia® either in fcte fr©© or in tte
p&osphojpylafc&S form (log)-.
Harpef' (38) fi^ci® t&at the rate
of .absorption of gltteos® f^oBH tho Intestine la 'lowered in
a?jats maintained in u state of ■aufeaccut'e. vitamin 'S^ defi*
•el@Eoj.*
it is igidicateti that phoaphoffla.tion plaf® no
dominant, roie In $et©5»inin$ the ^ate of intestinal ab*
sorptlon of thiassine*
fhle eomeiuslon is .aupported by the
mrte oi Ochoa <70) who finie that in vitro intestinal tie*
Bm, in contrast to lives? tisatte* poaaeaaea iittle ability
te pho®phoi»yiat© thia^in©.. fh© ahao^ption of thiaalne
probably takea pXae* ley ©©ana of almple diffusion (10$) ♦■
Flrat the rapid Initial abaos»ption of thiamin© is aucceed*
ed % a imch aiower ^at© of abaorptlon.^ p?»©sttraably after
aiffaelon efuiiibritm ia ©stabliahed»
^ieo it la fotand
fch&t the abaoafptlen of thlaiaine ae:#Bi® to be romghly propoi?*'
tionai t© ita eoncantrat.ion in the inteetine*
M all
probability people m&f v&ry with reapeet to the efficieney
of $uoh abaorptlon*
Tha warsin between amn^a needs for thiamine and hia.
Intake 1© rather ali©> and at the saue tlae hi©- normal
capacity for sterage la diatlnetly limited*.
Eatlmatea of thianine retirements are inflmaneed
37
Tbf ttea ojpltaria thafe tti© invest igatop uses *o jodgo tht
AdQ^uooy of tli® ^gitakd so.^ toy ^H® leagfcfe ©C the period of
m&ntena&e* oa a aaaatwsd dogs of thtttnSnd (109)* %m.g
t®m stmaio® <ar© asee&sm'y* ®lll%&mt laaoa^ ana ipijdejp
(tm) b©3l4*w tba* asta-mii^es of t&tfflsSao i*e^air«aeato ©a®
fttat«9 of %h.® m^mbt 42) tho eondltl«>» ^f tlio tls'sn^
:stoF©0 of tM&ffito0f «sd (3) tbe Moelii©mical ateftos of s^b*
3oet9 ^la© h^v® hmn fmtnt&tm®® tor several, nojatbd oai teoum
Intakes ©f thlfiiisdsi^«.
00t#etl0H of ateo^tmij hlglb tal»©® of pgnrovic a<5id
asia laotio eoid ia tbo felooi after admiaistttfttion of cl0j$%
treed 'has jMpoveft to b© tlie moat ftpplieftl&d of $h® Mtstoolte
tests for t&las-is© defletonesr l$O*i0:0^*. Seftuits of thm&
toBts to1?® %®m e©ripeX«ite4 ^ith <3ltoi«a2. iigiis m® ®jm®tQm
of ttiiLsi&D&e def'le4enftyf tie dat«i ©^ ©^©3?#tioii of tMnaSa©
to 24 InoiMC^^ ana esorotiea After ^datlliiifttrfttiOA .of a t^uft
ddse of t^i#mto^ iM}*
ffelWilaQ re^iiresient is most- QenmstiXy <Sot.©»mt&9i
toaay by the ttrjbuery esoretlen nethed^ ^any reports wiittg
tbe biological A$«ft7 9tet)»odd« tlie oeXor^tBetriet tlae tht0*
ebrone metbod* mA the ,y©8,s^ feiMentation procedure toetv*
tsbotm th^t the urinary eserefcfcea of tMaaiss^ Is m gooi ia*
aex of the mtrition&l ©tutus of the imxm ©ubj^et (8798^#
109) #
She .a©ficiont subjeet has no @sfes»^ aietory thi«miii0'
2$
t© escr@*.0 but* attempts to retail all his tlii^iaiae to r^*
g>loEtlsfe a.e|>l@ted tissue stores.*
Pop a noraal saaii> t&©r«*
f'ore> th© exoretioa of a tost ctos® of tshHnaa-ijae iaaicafcaa
thft a^par©?it e;0m<3itl©n of tfMsi atoras of thi^tsin^ 1109 )■« A
grottp of aomnftl ati'feleett (©7) r^sp&niai proiaptlf to vari*
atio» la tbljaaaine intake «M3>e 0ttfe4i6t&fig oa-^£©ts sa^plsr*
lug oja t)to avsrag© 1*0 Big#^ of thloisitie p©r 'dair*
^parontlir
a eoastaat ^aiiy iatak^ ©f 1*0 ing* i$ eoffieiextt to satur*
at© the 0at>4'&'Ot to such an exte&t that there is no neoea*
sitf to cosiS@rve dietary dJMamino.
Th© mSa&iaum allowaae© for male, adults is a^out 1000
laog. per &&.j or afcout 3SO
BIOS*
.p©r 10fl©oa'lorl©s of <Si©t$
th© mMiffim, dallf inta&# r#o©s^emi©i hoth hy Wliltam^f
grou|> :(109) .sma l>3r lolnlek (67) mm ®*S «g» |>®r 1000 oal*
oriea...
fheae •valTO^ ar© .©up^ortei 'by E^srs atti Hoaseh®'!*
(SS) tJho bell^v© that aet£v« aelult ml©s ar© net ban^flt^d
by © dally supply ©f move thaa 4S0 acg* of thiaatln^ per
100© ealories ♦ iilllaa^* Mffi®oS|, an& WIMer (110) later
ooneluQed that an allowaac© of 0*45 •rag* per 1000 calorlo©
may bo r©gar(3@d a© th© general ainiinura' r®<iuir@®©nt> but an
amount of 0#€ sjg* per 10.00 oalorles is T&ti®Mtwi&&& to ^ro*
vide a saf#guar<3 in oa^es ^here sore may b© required'*,
iast fi|par# is also rfiooRimeMod by th© Food and nutrition
Board of th© latiosm! Sea^aroh eouncll*. ■
;jn<tivisual requlreroents however -vary con^l^erably^
29
tot© of' tnotfftfeoi&e ■cfeaB§®s of ^aerg^* or aat«rial« ©s ml%
aa envlpoBaietttfta, f®.eto'rs# «otiv&t3r* diet* «»# intoaftiaal
abser^tioB ^Itould U^ eoasldoa?^ when the fO«|mir©iae»t of
the tjaia^Mml is luagei <*©©)*
jfe is zioTsr tmii @0fc©l)l,lshoi th*t fat h&a- « tbianfttt*
spar lag «etien trhiit 6ftrlM»h^Arftt» ft&©»©a@'©-® Uh© aoei (2)*
Baa©s*|i i©)' fo^Kii that, tfee l»e«atlosi *t a hi^fe .f At di*t ^
iMtts a@prtv®<l #!• v&taofta Bj, dintoi«h«a the datevetiioa ef
ih# .severity of tfts l)ipaay<M»dla* M'elalelfi asut Field (68)
oonolmd©?! that tha ^itaate S^ aparing ae.tioa of fat ami fo®
attributad to the deoveaaeg ne^abolio re^uiveBtanta fosp tWL*
toaln© ©hea tha fat of tha diet Is iiBM»»daaa^*
fh€i praaanea e£ a lapga amount of ppoteta la th©
4iet 'ppawataa th@ lara^yeardia ani ioaa tm- w^i#it ttauaSUy
ansooiatad «ritti^daf$oia&ey of vttamia % (0>*
It i®il®&
foomm® to pravant tba ioaraaaaft axoratio» of biaulf t«©*
biBfiiAg sMfeatatic^©*
la this laat ^aapaefe ptvtalu differs
f^om- fat* iratei© (107) found that tha thisu&ia© raqjutirdmatit
appaared Xot?a»' with a a lot eontainieg vmofa p«it0i»*
<Bba ^©^talfoaeat la Incjraaaad Itt parlefie of aoblva
groyth ^nd i-^lMig pro^aacy and la«tatlo» (S©),.
edBdXti-<m&
1» whieh thore is a scmaraJ.^ Snaraaaa^ zuatabollatt su^h &fl
fevers aiid 'h^parthyroidism ai©0' iaeraaaa the raqtuipamant^
fo&af atmt tmntf methods for %%.& Aetemninatiott of
^Jiiamisa© in foodafuff $ ^r© to nior-© or %&m Qwrrmb u»» ai^
ar© actively advoeatiea fey oartAin grottpe of workers (1X3),
fTtoa 'biological naibbdda m© vaXiabXa ani tha saost t»am toowi»
Haintanaaaft of treig&fet promotiots of growth,, aM euro of
FoX^eurltfo a^mptea© tutva eao& tsaaia asiapXoy©^ as measuraa
of fch© variow^ cosBponasits of fc&a B coaapiosc (45) ♦
aspQeisXXy plgaoaa^ and rats ara uaafi*
lass uniform
$M
BirQa^
BirSa ar© sometitet
%&$%$ j^aa^oJiisaa to grafied amotiiats of foods.*
Although chea'ieal aothoda for tha datjanaiaatioa of
thiamto® ar© teeing $^roved* a rat^g^otTth mathod thefe p©r*»
ffllts statl&tloal analyaaa of th& rosmXtss oo^tSnuaa to b# of
great iralTie for tfeiaiaiae aaaaye of fooda^ aapaeiaXly food's
of low tlkittnAoe eoJatant. (71)* Host aoaaya of foodstuffs
raportad ia tko litaratmra toav© baan ©ad® by this mothod*
It mkea •aaa of t^o parallel groiips of yottug ajilmala* ouo
on a basal diafc aloaa, aaS the othar on the aama diet sup*pl©ffi©at©d by feturon qosiititlea of tha foodstuff or axtract
usadar assay*
Garaftil attaatlosi mwst bo paid to th© pro*
vantloij. of foprophagy*: TMa aathod prosttmoa that tha basal
diet Is ad©<|uat© ia all respect a othor than thiaaaiaa (!©)#
fh© fraquoat oeo'ttrreiica of rafaetioa, in rat growth
assperim^icita (55)# and tha 'inadequaaias of the dlats aia*
ployed i& aost pig©om ^oi^it taothods, togothor oith tha
31
ourraftt «»ewtftinWe» a» to 'tfco ^ettfirittttlons ef th© -imdi*
^MtisS faetoip® of the B eoopleat
Q,1OXI©>
of in varAoms com*'
bSnatl^ns to grovttm %<$& mtif to &$®pt ft ret em»&ttim t®m
(71),.
3& this stethofi* aavoeatei fey th© 9nit«d Stated
VbftMsAeo^eiftjt a .©tanaa^ grade of peX^&eia^itift is ^.©^©-©dt
fa th® p®% m& eured l^jr **#* totet of tla© aater'ia^ m&w
invent l$at ion* tte r©®f©B©e t© fc&© te^t dese ie eesaparea.
vrttfk th» pmpmm'to to©m ^acmati ftf tMniisiaa* Om^ «a»
v&&t&$0 dl&ltted for thi* f^0©0dmf*© it the po0#iM3Lity ©t
asking eosfcttip&tiire tests with the ease ©sa:la®l*
It i© ectg^
QCMted tt»fc eomiiloto' f^miltitrit^ witls 'the. &pmtmB la
eseential fo^ *s*»y «oyj£ toy tM» sieth^d (f^l* ■
fSi# laradtreftvdia nethod te© been. u«@<S mcc-eatfmlly
fejr
A
miiafe0:r of fjaglig^ mvker* ■ $$# is) *■
It is M®ed ©a tlj®
ti&etftttg of tbe !3tee,v6 rate i» 3?&ts i^ th&oaine defieiene^
ana its. gape b^r teat &mm of food trader e^xtvotx^d eoadi*
%%tiM*
Remit* of ©e^ays hj the ^a^foariia i»et£fcod> asad
ftieo % %iu» rat ewfttive, the rat grox^fe 'and the pigeon
astbodft-*gree <16>* Advan^Ageft elafcaed tot %h<$ fe3?adjoardIa
metlied ar^ eiuprt iNrepfiratoipy period # eaee and rapiditsr In
obtai&iaa^ apesuits^ astsd eeonemy in teet ®Bljmi@ b0oawa« one■aalmal wmj Hm nded for aeveftsl teeta«
fha ^atatorollA'* teat is a bioehemiea'}. aetjioi abiefci
®i@a$ur0'S Jg l||f^ tbfi tt^tak© of osygoia by brain tiaetee froia
avlfe^mlnoti© pigeons* $he afiditioist ©f vttaate Bj, toereaaea
m
Bmm %& D© ©ppll^a^a,©- t© foodstuffs*
Hierofeio&cgieftl atdthodft «uelk «s %ta fern* fesrmftntiA*
taen m@tJaoa, 2nt#e4tteod b^ S©telt»| Atkftsiji ntujl tK»©f f00)
amd ^fe@ ^9ft9t 3*0&1& t0#t £»©.0#atXy p^opoa^a b^' t* ^*
filiiliaia® nod bio eoXtoborators <W^) hfeva "b©'©3a found ruli*
6fel# is ©ss^ylag food proattet®, tiafitte extraot^ felooi^ mttd
i^taa for thiasatot. <90)#
Two chomioftX mothods mm «ro3li roco^aisrod*
M 'tho
quatftife&tiirely oaeidisod fey ©BsaiiRt ferri^SPttAid« %® thio*
ete©ffi©>: « .stroiiglf fluoro&eoat sub^tdnoo^' Soveral aodifi*
eatlon© of this t«6t Hav© boon devieed (42, 4S)..»
fvebitHdAi
end SeCo3Ll,utt noo « colwipotrie ^POQodwo to ^&!<Jh thiiaias
ronote tilth aiasotised p^aatoo Aoote$te$8oa$ to fofst a' dg^o
mu
$mmm .pg fm MM&Bwmxoi
$t has %den afa&m
'$M
the jpfip^ious •^Ntpt03? that tht
thi(9iai^0' ooat^at of fes?®a^ t© i^lat^si to tlia <a©g^©@ of
saiitiag.
QS
«*© rie^
tli@ fi'om^* i%ethea? *h® ■&lm&Qn& m& fefaa isf*
IJI
tMsmA^© are fully flig9Stltol0t feow^^^fa^ la^s;
tj^eta qtiastteae'd ^s^. it lia-s feeea ^aggesto^ ttet fmjptker la*
ir^atigeition ©bonsM ^e iiai©+
A larg© balk df issSlg-^stibl© foo^ natorl&l particu*
tyaot^ la g©B©!p©lif %Msili©v©i too Imtufc tfea utillEatiom of
the la^ortoafc tmtri^ntBp but ©^tdeis©^ -supporting tho b^-*li©f has: m&t beo® el©©j?*cut*
ffe©. p^tppo-Q© of thi® ■stad.f.*. t'h^r®foy©'#' was to de*
tenoine vjti©the^' t&tQ thiaaia^ of Wm ift titilfe@ci «v veil
■a® thiaai^© #0ltetS©»t, ■&& whoth©,5? tli.t fibr© «* Wm nffeota
tia© i*t£iisskt|©a of
MM
thimtoaa*.
34
m&mm txt
mmtmmm momwrnm
eMoa® method*, mti tin© asaoimt o.f teiiamiB© utlltsed felo*logically .from tfe® by^a wa« aostpa^d with tfea .Mmeisat
ufSiIg©4- fj»oa tMamin© sol^tioa m& with th© aaotmt util*
imti from b^asa wft#li@a f3?e© fi»om thiaaime pirns thiamtoe
fim 3?)at @s»®wt;lj mothofi ws msofi for tSsio 'biological
©eiaparisoiu .Aft#3? approsiHiatoly t«ro t?©#K»s depietlon
perloQ t;Mi»ty 3Pat$ I?©**® divMedi into three ©qwal gtfoups*
fh©f f;©F0 fed' a ftasal ilet &A«qtiate la ^11 reapeete eao©.pt
for thiamine.* a«i«2 tfaitt was ©uppleaentea filth RaXaton tHP©n
for on© group ^ isrith an ©QuSiralemt ^uasatlty of tera» tmshed
fr©e from thiaraiiao pl«@ fchtsm&iie solutioxi for a seeoM
group* ®nd with thlamin© solution alon© for the thir<3.
group*
the to-st foediftg wae ootttinued. for' four weeka,^ the
-asalmaXe being veighed eeBii^wee^iy* The (lifferesiee in growth
vma takan aa aim laadiaatioa of the thieaalhe utiXisatiofc hf
tho animal.
Ahalyela of the Bran by the fhioehroaie Methoct
Janeen u©ei th® flmorescent property of thiochrome
35
03? ossidlzeiS t&ia®^© as. the hmi& of mi Bjmlftl-Q&X &etii©<l»
Vifam iri»adiat©<l fey light tMs ^ub&taiic© e'Sioiirs. a strong
blue-wviolet tluo^fieenoa.* the isatenaity of i^bioh Is- propor*
tleia&i to fsh® ^oJieettt^tioxi of th© thiooli3?©m®.# Bst^actlon
of thft 'tMooteom^ fi?om th& o&M&tton m&di«a* am allMilii©
soihatioa of fer^I^yasaid© fey isofeut^aoi $.mvmmB th& lat&n*
slty of fch© tfeioohi?0»s fluofeseotieot asia l©a^©.$: most ©f tfm
Interfering aatoriala In the aqueous ^aye?* 4 Man& ae*»
tej?siajmtion of profOFsaed non*»ap®cif i® tItioresoenee Is njade
with th© owlstlon ©f the f©yric5&i&t&e>
ylve gyams of Eal^tea tewm which Ml feeen f&ttfty
gpouiad waa weighed^ and groa^d for fou^ Mnutes Isa a ftolts^
felondep with 200 oo* of s percent aoetlo aeid» fhe nixtviiP^
v;as tretnaferred to a feeaker ^nd heated on the Bteam hath
for fopty^fIve aiinwtes to mafe© oortain that all the thi*
amine was e^traeted* fhls mist^re. uaa ©ooledf stlr^d and
SO grasts tsrere transferred to a 12$ ee:# Brleanieyer flas^*
fo each tlm'k was added 10 co. ef a 3 peroent poll*
daae solution which had feeen siaie up in a sodinai aeetate*
acetie aeid feuffer of pJl 4*S* 5fh» flasks were then stop*
pored with oorl£S# and shaken gently without -getting the
material up on the sides of the f lasJs* f he- aisEtttre was
then- ineufeated ov©rni.ght at. 40-° c*,. and filtered Steoa^i
dry filter paper {discarding the first S^io ee*) into a
dry bea&er*
36
Slare© ere* «?f tta^ fiUtrat© mv® ptp®t&®& igft* © 2$
%&+ *%op99V*& $F&&mhm cftiM&Qw* M«3fci3.l©4 w&mt mm
s^dod to aftke tlt» vftlaao «P' to d •«»«#. ®M ali tli© Balti*
tions aiuS dppavatUQ tre^o px>!ep6r«d *o febat tls© rest of the
proofs eouM it© oavrlad thr©s#x dd qmielly as jx»Bs!'b!&+
fhS*®0 a^'Op© Of .1 p6»Q9A% .I^F^(el:>@. W«*» add«d flMtll
a ttroppitag Dotl;l#*
XBB&etfiiitaly ® •©.* of 1® perc^mt Ia©l
ttoro @i<sa#i# f^iioy®^ fey XS oe« of i^ofeutMiOl* Th» fteeice
wow* gijak^a trigopotauBisr for oat w& oiao*:teM iBitn»t>«d» -ana
t'Si© eo&fco&fci |)0t»@4 into a .s^pm^4to3?f, foimol.*
ft& Xem*
aqudoua *lk»lj^ia lafef w* drfttm. off aaft ^l^oai^o^^ and ttofc
n^por laolnxbassol layor potired off $Ato a eXeiai^ Mff oosa*
t-^ifugo ^mtj.©..
WSJP*
ftso fc© 4 @ram$ ©f a^l^irotj^ toMvia eulfat^
aii^a %© %m ttt*« asid the MlKt®^^ traa ^tokosi vig©f>©'als*'
if tmtll, %b® so'tolioa trad b*iltU«a*tty «l*a»* fii© tufeo©
tj#tis..o©mt^ifug@$ for a^omt fcMrfey aoootidti MsA.tsho Hqtiid
^©.uroi off into &wf rnxwisttm*
4 Ootaitttt oiootroai© t&o^o-f i^oro©0t©j* -naa eot to.
^©ai 70*0 vlisik ^iaine suXfafee ataadavA* flit om^ott©- ©oa*
talaiag tho «hioobr«anft ia aoX«1ioit i?a9 pSaeoo 4a ^ixo fl^o*
vwtar ani t&e rasAiag tnkoa i&naa&Ataiy*
4 ^3Lank# ©oasistlng of a im® memt of the fi&t#ftt*
tveatad witfe, all t-ho tfftago&ta ^taopt tfe© fas^rieyaatdOy was
mm for ogeh ^at of flltvataa ami tfeo. blatfk raadins t&s
aubtvaotad from tlae voadias f^ *^ rag«Xwp aiQiB^le*
m
Wrm the gdlitoratlott eu^e for the fluorojaotai?, th.®
number of acg* of tM-amin® in t&e aliquot was ijalGulate^
•amd fvmi that ^h# .nuiate©? o-f meg*- of thi^aina pea? gram of
Stanfiari Sol^ts Ions j
X* Qaisiisa© Sulfate*
Solution A*
O.*0108 graiis ®-t quimim© tmlfftto Hlosolvod
Ixx oa© liter of OAH «ulffttrlc *i<fcia$ aaA
stored to a ^ark Dottlo Sit tli® rafrlgerator*
gsilalm© Sulfata WorMsag St^ndsvifi #.
8 e©.« of s#liJtloa A dissolves in S'OO wH* of
0«1B sulfur 1© sei<S«
2# Tlii©ffi2,xi© Kyaroohlorld©.*Solution A*
© agfc of thisaaiao kfdroGMorM© dissolved
in 100 oo* £0 ,f@ro#»t ©thaaol# ^Mofe Ms .
txBm i>r0U#it to afpro^limt^lf pR 4*6 ^rltlk
oai HOI*
jotorjaodlato iolutloa*
1© al* of oolutloa 4 dllutod to 1Q0 ml* tvltH
■wator and trough*' to pu 4>0»
!♦ "Sodium
IS poroeat solution^ V& grasae Isi 500 ml* of
distilled tsator aad' $ grass of fia<0:H)2 i^
addod*
3®
2* ?otas«-S«ss WQri>%®fmMQ BQlntiom*
laotjutaaol resistlli©«3 taatllL it showed mo
greatoj* fluoroseemc© UJaan Si$tlil©d water.
4« Bo^iwj di»lf&t9 Axdayflrouft*
fisip r©ageut i-8 ttaed to rt®o^# th© last
trac^^ of twicer a&# elear' itoe l^olsutaaol,
ph&m tot tluQreisQtor reading*
©♦ Aeetie AaJ
g p©i».c©^fe acetto aeii ffiai# f^Qtiaently from
0'.f So^ltm Acot^te^aetti©- i©i<S Buffa^*
SS ui.* of glacial aoot&a &*tA m& %%<&«S «g#
of Ba%%0'© *■ 31g.0# »sa&€> up to ©n© lit^r
with afgtifi©«3 tra.t©r (pi 4*S},,
^htP'W f®wi$ rats ^©ighi^ fro® 4® to 60 .grams ^ froa
sis Ifct-tar^, v/ara tfaanad at 2$ to 89 day® ©i*! piaeect 3m
iMivMimX eagaa with rais@3 aora^n, hottaaj^,* fha atiisiala
ahO'iTOfi a® atriciasiiaa ol* di'aaas© os? 3jat.|w3f or asiatoittieal €a%
va'iop®®iit iKfhio'h tilght hift^er g^a^h* fhramglro^t tfa® d^pia*
tloa parSo^i* avaraging aixtaaa dafs> aaafe 3?at traa proviaai
tyith th© Ohaaa an^ .Sharmasi diett# and tst«tay ^ .M^H^S*
iDaFafmi attasttlom waa paid ta pravantio^. of aapropha^ (78)*
■fba rat-s %?ara neighai OEe© iias*iB@ th© first ^'ja-ak^
mid th®n 4mi%j imtiX th® fchiaroi&a etoraa
90
dapl©'fei0»E pafloi «aeii lifc&e* of ^afes wets 41irld6d ©vejalir
fdwid t&at .a
4QS®
of 18 toog* ©Jt 'tlsla»im© p©y t»e«i; eausoi
an iat'^aa© %n t?®tgliit of app^o^itsafeei^ S fj&aas per w®Qte
f«p eaeh ip-ats.* fMs I« m littl,© ftbe^e %h® CteM&i&fflcwm
but it i^ aot fc©0 tei^fe ljQCja^.0^ l&m Q^s®»-$li®rm®& m%%% rat^
of .growtii is m^pgiBiiJ «mdi: IMlvMrnfi'I .^lamls %m& to deirl*
at® aos?^ from tAx» m©«ta |>©3Pf#^BiamG0 at t&is rat^ t^ttn at
hlgtrnt- ^atoa {il25}« Six mfg* of" thliuAtn^ mw® atoisala*
t^rod OTteffp otli©F a^ making a total of 18 iicg*. |>©3P *afe
fhe didt ol* th© tkp^o jgpoup^ varied on%j with j*0.#
spect to Kh® oappXemtifov* Tte.®m &ix$fp'%;9tt&tito8 trort *&lOtt*
l^ted to gSiKT©. thQ sesad. <juaiititie#' of tMswaiae* 18 meg*, poi*
t^eek to ©'ae^ rat* fke 0u^lem$nt to tJi® f&pst. .group «ras
«a asaousat of Ealstom hmn comtafetog tja© gtota quamtltjr of
titlAttlaoi)
(Eh© we>wm& $$Q%p $$0eiv'&& m ^q^ivdlftttb ajsoujat
of w&.@fe#i brMGi# vbidh %&& hmn &>&*& of t^i^mlw©.^ flue t&©
gtvon .aiaouat #f thlA&tixi* .'$©.lutioa,*
fh© ttoird g^oup »©.*
e^iv©^. tli© giir'©3S amouiit. of thi8t$&» .-eolutioEt aloa^*
l
Vb» '<ai©t. wa* i8ftA9 up fy^^ueatl^ and' kept i» tho r«*
ffrigeamtor to p^eveiat ©asldati^r^ c5Maag©:S*. fh® rats wop©.
40
xml$M& mmi^mlztf si,w^tog tbA mB®$ period ©f fow wdana^
■&&$ foo4 eoaftUB^tion yeooMe w©r© kept for <&aeJa fal5«
TMa»i»@ ftoiutioiif
eaus© of it© fay^esQQplo. mature* fit© solutiea wm aa^© t^
allsaiiii© $Qlat;|'©a© of t&iaaia® are tttiftfe&bl«* ®sa^ ©..qtieow
ttaSioa pHtftftned f:os" trho rat; ^os^g^ Qra« 6' agg* per 0*1 .c@«
^lild doiution waa Kaptf la a Sark glaaa atoppara^l toottl© isj
a ^ofvigesrater*
K^laton sjaek&ged Wm ©a© uaotf bu^ it xm& mc®®&mw
to m-lM 1% w&<s% tia@a? %© faaSlitata tha ostraa^lon ot thl*
asiina fey th@. th&oaltrona aatbod anft al§© ^o na^ca it aaolav
to faad to tfea gata*
nkb htm «a» f«>wit t© aontaftn 7*«tte©# ©f t)9laaiine
■pm &fm* Tteaa o*Bis pi* of fe^sm w©r@ ^a^alv^d to mpp%$
th6 doaa 0^ 6 meg* of t&iamte© atravy atltor da^*
ffe^ vaabad t>pa^ toad the thiamin© vasaavad % leaohlug*
fwo Imaayad gr^ma ©f Wan ware plaead to a elotb Brnte? titd
3L6osolf., ajad ipsi€>a»s©d Im 100© ec* of tap vjatoj? to tAtiali 10
xmtBT was «li®]rig0.a t^£c# ialiy^. tot a is and: on^^tolf dftft*
& modific^t^il. of the aM#©*'$ia#f>sma iiet |3li6) mt
U80& ^$ 4 txuuiil diet and BPd»iw9«d to b# M^^mt© 46 fell
Oto^©© ftail Shevoait Yit^aim %*--jtiP©© Diett
H7bHfi*»i0^i^i»«iitMi«^ limits
/iiiiim
Fevoefil
Oasete
l^t Ceo^n oil)
Cod li^or oil
f^as^ (sit&f&feew&veated}
Salts (osbojpu® anO 8i4niSet)(79)
Smei*<>s©
-
is,*©
:
©.*0
taf«J018*0
4*-d
...85*0
y^llMniwun
HIIMI
2.©©*©
The easeixi was #.0ako(i twl^© tim@§ ia t*#©afe .jae^ie
meM solutioa mM •m®h®$, mil vitfo. tsrater*
It was dried
fat«,
C#:J?3R oil (Hg&golft) na® U0@d 'feecamae it $s V&Qfo ia
Yeast 4
fM .ffa^t (fcfpe 188 of Sttt&daa^ B3?^mie S&e*) vad
givQja tbs' ^ulfit© fci'Sfcfctnen'fe accorfiiiat t6 the airecfeioas of
Ste© {§#)♦■. VitAiaSa % tm$ no ©tll©^ constituent of %h&
vltwdlM B eoapl^s Is 4«8iiP&y&A 1>y thl« method>
Four fawnAytft
'S'M® aotttll bott'l0#
CJO*
©r & o^i, .ip^apteat odluttdn of
AO^IIKOB
A Atvettse of 00©. «#9 introatieea UfitlS, t
and alloroi to stani &t i»o©m t©mp©i»at«r« ($& {}») f0.s» &
dftgre* Uti* aat©a?ial. ^aa tkem di»i©i oa jraopifled eassitj: in
f$ont ©f aa ■©|.#<jti?io f-asi*.
45
GHAmR XV
mflirt[*»w»ffWii}Wi«i'
m@tli.od o<mt&inacg *?*% wog* ©f t^lWJi»© p©^ grara# set ttet
O-^SSS 0pwm$ of fejpau had to-
&Q
fed to th© rats to -awpplf
til® 6 meg* of thiastftig ©veif otH^r <l^»
It «Ad fo^i^ t^at group ©a© subsisting oa the im»
trashed bmn^ <Sid- siot g^.ow as woll as tte other two grompsi.,
Foui* of tl^s to spats ©Si th© nmwaalieS hp&xi stt&piement ^^*
irelopodi s^trex'© polysie'iaffltis witfet 0.$kS?twhe@| turiss aM: e©&<*
vtilsiona* !Pwo otters of ttda group bad y«(l ao^es ami
carved baoks* ffee four rdoainivtg aniipftXo tB»r« ia bettoi'
health stltJiomgh oao of t^em hM a red noao ©ft^liej? In tho
©^Pfrlaeat:* ^© tmntitf ot h&ml <li*1> ©oiigiimed Uy tho
group ©a tfeO' «»t?a®.h«.d. fcraa wa,s d^oidodly l.©ss than that of
the oth&r gromps*. f'ho fa©o@'S of th© groups osa washod aad.
vrnwaehe^ l>raii were hv&kier than those on thiaaiin© aelution
alone*
the: IndivlAuaS. rats In &3L1 thr^e ^oupi aho^ed
conslderahlo variation in growth*
Chart I shows that the rats fed either the thlaiaine
solution alone or vftAhed hran plus the thtamine attpplefflent
g-ained weight fairly rapidly after tho admiaietratiott of
the suppleaBentary diet*' Thoi® on the imwaphod hr/an showed
a tendency to ios® tteigfrt*
Three of the rats in thia grou|>
44
fmm i* o&zn M WHIG® ms fom GoistirsFTioM of RATS
mmwMT SOURCES FOH A PIRIO© ©F soua ®E®KS
0s?omp f*
Mlston iraat
ISTFOOI
Rat
we:
eaten
?2.X7®
' * •?
42X83.
*iS.
t%i®y
0
Oa lit III
weight
.fraag..... fey, .^gta ol1. .^QQjf
104
160
14S
^2198
Averages
^2180
9 33.82
^8186
Him
t2Wf
Solution
?017?
^ai79
^^ligj
^8188
? 21m
?S194
/am
/2201
?2S04
■■*lw=*Wm>«iKw>»niiWiWi'tiit.H
S3
g.5
140'
1S0.0
24
10
IS
147
143
139
24
147
14$
a.
m
0*019
4f
21
ai
1
14
1©
172
ISP
m.
139
1-©?
199
163
.88*0
..161.7
m
-it
0*14!S
45
COMPARISON
OF
RECEIVING
THE
FROM
WEIGHT
SAME
THREE
CHANGE
AMOUNT
DirrERENT
OF
RATS
or THIAMINE
SOURCES
Croup receiving bran.
Group receivincf washed
bran plus thiamine solution.
Group receivincf thiamine
soluHon.
xfalth
®QV&
hdavier at %h® §n<3 of the dopXetlon -p©ri6<2
afcoroeS sow® gpo^& sltliomg^ the/If gJPCroitli. eu^ues w®**® aot
nearlf as $%mp as tltoao @s th* thlamlia® solution eiloaej,.
©r on tt&.8b&& "bran pirns thieMaitae m®p2&w$nt.i.
ffea @tr.@rmgo g^ias of tha tferao gf«9iaps of rats §113?*
lag the ^.sksny poriofi 003*0,. foj? tfe© ^a:@l?.ai- Isrgaa #%&& tht*
■malm- s-oIutfio% tlie tMsalae eo'Jl^ioBj, ,a»a tk© liri^aStoi
toaa gP9«p4 20*%5^4S#j- gg^S+S**?©*-^ 2*5*4*06* ytspoetlve*
ly* that it* t&f gfoiatp f©a th© uanas^©^ teaa tod # 40*
i^ t?#i^t} of tha @J?<2>«if f©^ ©ashed Waia. ^Im$ tlsi^al^a -oolu*
tioti asid the gromp f«4 t&iaaia© ©oXufci&a aHonos tbe 41?*
feteaee fco&sxg 4*0^6♦ST* fher© ws© a st^iflsaat ■diffes**
©mo©, liot?-0¥0r^ ?)ettre@a the guln® of th© .@s?o»p £ed cashed.
h^afli piu? thiwaino soXmtton and th© gf^up ftd hmn (24^t.
IP**
amto© B'olmtioa &M th® group f#d.la'@a (0G»;4*S»,€®)*
For
this m»ab©F of @©'S0S>: a fatio o# diff^^omo© %o its itandard
©rror of $«$ $« 'Si^ilflosint at the 3. percent level <sea
■fhe 'hr&n wai. feyod te h&ve a lowes? value fof thi*
■aiat&e ttfatm te@ted fefologloally thaa whea aaaat^td
» StdttfiaTd B^os6* See SaedeooPa; Q* ?.»» Statistical
.l3@thod^-»:
m
0h.$niG&ltf*
fkts %& jpat!i«p tamsuai as in mm% oases wUm
tfto r©.sulfe9 #©■ aol agee© tiio ^iologiesX method Mas giir^zi
of dtfttmltf In extraction of tfeiam^ie frowi the t©st fooa,
fh? asioBiaHy ae«mot h® accountsed fo^ \>y tim t&W& la
fch© braiQ heoaitisi^ the group fed tfo© «r&eh&d hran pitas tfei*
asiiia® ©©latioa f^etaf a® wll ae the ^foup on th@ thiftBint
aol^tloB. ^iono*. fh» thtaadae In the twan aay |»® comfeitiod
is $oa® ooapiss,* with a protelja iov inatMStce^ sshich
Y®MQV&
■acfim ©f It mavat.iahM to th© 'aiiiaal#
fhe £dV9i of Tsrasa f©d tja© not aa high a a
1A
Bayoavatft
(10| oj^oj?.Jaieat tyith nintea xsUsone^ hyasa foym^i 10 parcoat of
th© wot ^atioa,. mM thatfafojpa it prohaihly did not hav-e as
®®pt®m%ng aa offset on tfao d&gestihiiity of th® d&ofc*
JIISOJI
th4& offset oil th<§> di^estihility of th© d&at ia mi&ka
trae att^ihu^ad to th© laxatlva of foot of toaa && tho ani*
aala^ axs^ b^aa wasr hot ho aa iaxativ® to x*at© aa to siisika*#id3?0ws aad Havd^ran <S) tihaa anaiyslng edvaal^ hy
tho rat gro^'ith amd thiochrotto methods foimd a axightly
hlgjaor ^aluo for th© aefaaXa rich in hs^aa- with tho ehonloeai
natbad t£um with tho hiologioaX mothod*
ShetXar and l^naa (97) found that hpm ooiitaistted
'S*7 mog* of thiam3ae! p®r gram u$i»g tha thiootoom© mothod*
.Bak©3?' and Weight 0) using tho Dradiyaaawiia mothod fotwid
wluoa of s#9 «**& 9*0 mog..; p®s» gjpais*
Har^it and Waag ^4g);t
4$
■and fteong aadt lanprl^ <§■©) using tt>i« ■««»» a^tlicwS. obfraiaM
^lued of S»;6^ I* f> p#r g^gna <?r 10*8 nog* pef griia* fte
Soon eft©? fclte ariaSygi^g of tlx» twittt fosp %fel,;e»isi##
tovied ^r© ©lm^gM# &&i fell© fXiaof<?si®t^^ festaa^^f^iz^i^..
ssiefe i-afe®^ $m t&e 4aBp9^i)aettf»^ fi©^ gemple* of ^m w^wo
gatr© tfoe v^lwe of 0*0 «eg» of tbiaaSiie per gi»» inatoad of
the ppevicrea v©lm® of V*® mog* pap .gpaa* fM® diffttr&tt&e
Biay ac©0:Wit M pa^% fojp1 %h® ®tmtl®w> gain ia weight; of tSa©
mttt f^«a fclfce iMPaa *ttt it: ootaM fear4tf fee ^©spoasiM^ for
s^oli a wido ^iff.03?@ia0O feefewees tho groups fad tfeiia®ia#:
solutiosa tritli or tsitbout wasfe©^ bf^ii ^M th® gro'^p f«4 W**
49
sTOWfar
AID
tmciBBtom
ana fcm& t* cofita&s 7.*^ aog* of thiiasito9 per gppsm* fhia
velud ims ©sod to S©t©r®iae^ fey tito mt ■gm^th n$1}l»ed«
t&d 0ff«6* of fifes?© oa tfee u^iHisfttiod of fehiamtaft*
fJiirty 3?at«' ^©^@ aivM^i into tis^s© ©^maa groups
mateheti «wjco*fli»g t?o waififibib* ««< a»ft Itttojp siatiO0', ^h©y
««pe fod a feasal diet- pi^s suggl^SKsnts ooKitaiiaing a given
aae»t»ii^ of tfei©giiti@.* $h6 ^ffi^asmlj fo^-t^M first grcmp
m$ un.w«Ldh«d laiat©3a fepga* for t^ft s««Q»d gr^up was
^©slied lovm ptm tbKunind golutloa* asa^ for tslie tSiird
@r»0tap wa^' tIkiamSaQ aolwtiioB felone# tfa® evevage ^tins of
tli© tbree €r»wj» -of mte duviag th© a.s@4y p®Fiaa ««y«#
a,e4*4#06» 2&#9+8*4$* S2*©>S,70 nwp ©h6' ^o»t>» oft ^»!raak@d
feyan.^ vedhdd fer«& |>tea thiamia# solution* dztd tMAniiM
solution a&ofee* r«spe0tlvdly« fia^ gl»©^ fdd tfe© u^nuslied
feran Md & decidedly Xower g^in in veigbt a?ii some ©f tk©
ffeei'® tm« Jao afeatitttieaXSy ©.igsaificegafe diff«r«ii«ft
fetttween tbd i^iaa in w®i.ght of %Jjo gr^mp fed ms'Siad fer&n
plus tliiewip© i»o3lutl<m «iid the grotip fed ttoiamlne soItitioB
atot* feufe there wee a significant difference feetweea the
gains of the grmp fed washed feren pXue thieisiae solmtion
m
&sa& the gvmp £<&& um&dheS teaa^ dnfi aUdo feefe^ea the
gala© ©f t&© grom^ tf«fl tfeiaiilla® solution al©m® .rod1 th@
g^oms* f®^: ittniBAhdS ir^a* It am to© ©-©ixoittd^a.# tttsiwfds*^
that tl«& fibs?© ©f bMa b&9 a© eff^^t oa the ^iXisatiom
of tuis^M^*; Slid eipttfieamt ®tiimm&® txstimm th» group
jp^a «a?j@.#to4 taren ant tbe otha? tm &*&&&* toomw&t MM*
6ate« that fc'is&ro 1# eosBd othdv ?e<Mftm tjiay tte thSwnSsift of
feras to sot #11 mtillaeS toy tlio a&isial*. It is imggeatea
tfeat @'€>itj0 or all ©f the tMaaSne ia th© tea© »$• fee ^om*
blzuad in m omplm vm%®h fia net rea^XI^ a@si®txat0a« ^te
p^obi^ia &®mTv®B twpVtow im<3>Bt±g®.t±mm
B%
flow oad iKpesuft^
j« to* II©<i. ilsd'O©* 3ki6^ 8849*
tla,© thiamiae <iefttettt of' foods-.
885*964 3.94®*5* Bafe©^,,-
A*
#«. suiritlon It*
B#* Ifri^lit,, ss« B'4f! laid ^qnuMRfttifi* J» 0* ^Jie
193kSP# IfS?*
'7* aeusM^ilg t# t*
iff^et of « felgji*fat $$»$ on tlutr #st*'
x&i&» of ^ati^ 40fie&Q2it im vitamin %*. Bioeftta*
^r* %i X3S9»13$9# 1940*
*'
8* Baja@rii,# o* a* Eff^et of -ilpfep viefa $& pF®%®tm ^om
rats topttonA of uriltaaftii $%■* BioeAuMi«. JT* -Sft*
X354*X3»V# 1941*
*
toloraaso tost for vltttni& Bt*
XS4e*83^ 19S9*
Bioeta* ^t* 'SS*
10* &*&#&$%+ 0# ©*.,(, ©t«l l^kia*. 8* 'Th® ffistdtttioga of
pprwato ^^ fek© tt««ue« of «9»^tetti«f!^»6 ratt oa
fii^tsa 4ofSolent in vitanlja fij* Bioo&om* tf* '36*
Stftfeilityir of t-hlaaM^ to tieceb* iffBot of ^i ms^
149# SS0#'347* 194:S#.
00
8£>0qlal ^©fe^elic^ to st&f"®^ ami erttS* filaisp©*
15. Bi»«h# f> »*# and Har3?$®# £,« I"* BJP^ayc^^la in tlj@vita^i^ &| def &oi<nkt natf ^P^ it* mse la. vtt-aoifi B%
4«t0iMnintt«ioi»» Bi©0&©m* .#*# S$t #2*6gl# 1934*
3,4* BiMding* B*.» Ste&ftjt S* M»>. asyS •Vovtie, 'I# SlooS
pyrttv^t© e^^ires ^oll-otiri^g ^Xm#0.s© Ingest Son Stt
.» 140# 6:97*t0§t 1941.*
ra@:t- f'0©a&*
sfcvA?
Q£
12*.
t>»tijK>d'0»
D£g06tibil&ty is ^ltf©'# «lth a
#.#. ititr-itioji..% ■si* 10s.©*,
16« •G^as®, B* f**>' and Slietwa&# .B* €*. A «tu43r of th® a©*
terjaia6.t$<«t of tii© amtm^uriti© vXtmsM B-* ^r# to*
8tt« S©e*- S3# -95O0*3@10# ItSl*
l?f Cd^plog^ A« I*,- and ft&see6# I* S* 'fJa® ©ato^^solm^l^
B^lt<eaain© in jr^ast^ floixr ^ai "broad* .-giochoai*
It,*, covglll^ o* f+ ttrntm, requjireiaotttii for ^itam^n %*
^.* Am* lied* Aeao«4 111^ im®*%0l$* 1938*
SO* 'Cowgill* 0* H* fitaalii Bii eonteiit of tlse: Amerleati
ftiotwpy ftpoc* 3&st# Worn feetenologists^ i«*i8# 1941*
01* Cottgilif 0# R«^ afid l»d©^soR.,. 1* B E#- XAjcativo ^ffectfj.
of tthtat Dfaa arid '%ei0h@d fei».s®' in iiaaitl^r Hum*
jFt jftlRw .'led*, Oftsod* 98» 1866*187^. 1930#
Esipaport^ S4 flio ©ff^fet of' .sjod&im Mcarbomt'O on.
1943,,,
2j|« D@mts^k>; 8* f-«# sad §ttf a« ^# fiMttUKiflBt of vlt.ami«i
Bs deetruotiofi W « factor iii rfi.^ melt* Proe*
Soe* S9C|»» Btolt B®d# Sin llt-l^S* 1942.-*
ss
'@a"tho ifitsstlne of the Bi*(3©fioiemt 3p«it-*
fh3rsl©l,,t 132* 69e«3e# I9il.»
to* J*
S5-*- &©««&$■■$. B* !»>>■ an^ Oatl«saa?fe# W* U* 5?Masi^ eenteat of
eowa©rO'iai ^to^^t© of the 1040 osmp* Q®TQ&1 Chota,*
IS, 704*801, I' "
86» So^iSi j>% s«.f and Oatlieart, 1* E. f$ii^wto eoat^jit of
•®Ji@aM.* Osteal Gliea,. 18, 808*$0.S# 1941*
Bit Pmrnsi} P*. fat oM 1@C'&©1» 8+ B* f^iamixi© losses in
taftifaing Wead.* O^d&l Ofeten* 80# S5i*3SS^ 194S*
.dlota^f fJlfey© on afceretottjt Aotliriti^a of tuo ^lim@^*
©Kcretfoja. a^ ealciua- &mi nitrogen "bal^flices of
rats* B&oefefcBU *r* 96, 16*8S# i941#
^©lu%i# v4tiMft4n&#
^* to.* ISM* Agsei*.* lS0:.s 13$®^
30* Bvons^ $«. A*,, JSP* $%» t>io-logllcal aetloti of the vittt*
.©l^s:^ 1M.S-,* ^3S» ttol&Qtr&itf of Chi^A^o Pi?o«d#
Sl.^ Ferrari,, o* ft*, fttami^ end jsfii©f^.l ©fj3?tefe»@nt of
foods:* Ho^ttm^Aterft 8llX@r 310* Ho* $A S©®* $*
of special hi^ ^ItaaAm & toregd*
7^5*73^^, 104'©*
*
tergal Cfeem*. 17 #
3®* F^e©.,. A# !*> and l*o«(MWSi'<i# #* R^ tM «3ffeet of !■ do*
.f Iclfinaqy on %'fa© infeas-tinfti a^'doayp^ioxt vt gal&ot-o.s#
to ilsk9 S'a*, #* itotrltioa. 04* 40©*SO@# 194&*
34* 'Vmm®l#. B« B«» falil'fe©!©^^ ®# 0>«# ao3?rl#j 3« 0«..»
titaQZAQ&t t* • ifh©at Dytm <i0 ft »«M«P«« of vKwwila ft*
^# ^i« Blet^te* Aa9O0» 7,» ©af*^?^,, 1930«
SS* aoodJaart* R* S** and SiaelaSr* I* !*■
bloods
BstlmatfoB of
Blociioffl* #*« ^5# 1099*11O8# 195^*
Bt .fn Jtian a.^ ^©feafmiaed. ©y the felo.oci o^carfeojEylat©«
^r*. miol* ohm** iss* 11*21^ 1940*
m
^8, Harpas?* E» A-*miiaiGmf*
Gat»b0fe.y€lTat-0 Metabolism la thiamiia^
<r*; Bioi* ohoia** 14% 2^9*24©,f i94'g-«
Snineyf W* L* titam-ia Bj toss in tjakiag*> Baker*
PigQSt' 10* 42*S#: 1941* 'Ch«aa« A^«^ 'SS# 8131t 1041*
$G* lajfris,;, i»« j« Vit«aiiMi a»$ vitamin i^fi^i^neiea.
vwit* it Bsfj^qawcto.fy fis4 Hi$%oa?ieal«' fitanisi s^
41 v SMwHLe* I..- Q« -fke ■-realitf of fa^tlal <i.#fi^i©s!i».i00*
I^»o©t#: 194:2$ %%, &39«S40# If42*.
42* Hsrri*? !••■■ ^** ami Wang* t* I»* An Improved proetdwa
£0* «si&n6%ing vitania % iti f^oda^u^f^ and fei©l©gieal as^a2r@«. Bitehem;, £* 3©'# 1OS0*1Q^O* 1941*48♦ EGssmes^y^ ©* I*,.,- an^ Cereoei©,. &« E* fh® .<2al5#?miaatl0n
of ftm 4nd poocqpliovylftted thiiunftn fry * ttwHtfAad
aasay.* ^ M.* (Stewa* S©©.* 61^ l?0*i8S* 193©*
44* l©ut>l©i»# 0'* ®.*,# f&ompaott* W* D* (^.f)' asii Be^ll|,t
om .gas^ri^ ^.pptjrisag aa<l &m&X% iat#atlmal notillty*'
4'6* Hofifman^ s** Selawaitgi©^* f* H** aja<3- Palby* d» iko'la
wkeat aM elan* flow?®*. Oe?*** Chaa* l^ff3S*7i#j
l©as of thisttS&a im l&rea^ o»"fraSd&g wad tdaftting*.
48* lo'lata-,: ^1*- p* Bxpeviiaeftta on ttw*1 dlgsatl^llity ©I*
wlaaai fe^^i in a 4i®t without w^aat flaw* $* ■§:*>
Agr* Bml* ito* 751^ 1919.
49'# Bufflasal* F* 0** Qfo&pbsip&t: %* £*# 'a?a^ Ba^y^ I* @*
Iff©c-t- of afeaag^a Sa food^ Intake ^pon the li0Qint
aallalosa.,. aad hamiealluloa^ cotitaafca of ^iaitt
J* 4m« Uiatat* Aaaoa* 1^* 1©9'*807# 1940*
ss
Afipeat»an6« of aellialose
$B<3.
haai<j.®3.1\ilos© f3?oia th9
tant of Caaa^ifija vheat ana flow*
-$©0*7?., 2448,,
Bui* MS?* 28^
52* ^roliiff®^ St4 Rdoont G!3to9xus&8 in olin^oal appXi<Mktiott0
of th© B vattamins* #* Aas.* Dietefc* Assoe* 17f 8^11#
S5* Keygf A#I» ana Saxwehe}.^ &* p« vifcamia s^ppi|.«montat&en
of ^.- £* aamy r.afeioas la rslatlom t@. fatigad and' t;h©
ability to do aau»cai«br cro^k* ^ iftfttpitioi* 05# @59*
§4* K!|.to94 0* £4 E#jp©3?t m bi^logieal raethoi©' f©?» eost*
pmexLtai oi tbo vitdmSn B oesq^i»x» <y» Assed* Official
$©*
KOB^
3* K*- Potato ©fcapefe w& rofmotion*
jr* Wg# 31»
S6* Ksf-aiBpitg* x»« o*# ana' Woollosr* D* W* foaotivatlon of
tiiiafflSaQ fey fisji l5ip«uo> ^* Bioi* dMft* 16Sf 9*17,
§7*, lCi»©b0:,. 1* A4> aaai lobn@oa# ?/.#, 4, Setabolis©
of k©to»io
aelda in. aftiraal tissuoa* Btmtmm* «r*f. :S1». ©46<*060^
58# Ijaae*. R+ £«# jfobosofe, S«# and Qllliaaa^. i* R« Studies
of t-jfee a^erag^ Jmavtti&n <aiet* 1> ftiiasiswi eontatkfe*
^# Suti?ltiori '85# 0I8N^24# 1943*
S9* I^ong, !>*• 0*^ and Harris,;
£,* ^^ vitaain B^ .aad th#
^b^QOft v©F8tis T^it©,J"^p©ad pvoblm* It* Bioetora-*
jr# 51 f 812#810# 1937 *
60* lii* '?♦ K* and Sato^ K* Defeemnritaatlon of blood ^yruvat©
in vltawin Bi deflcieney* J* I^ab..-. Clin* M@#. 26,
ISl^lStlj 1941*
®1» Loeway @#,. EtO^w®, i*> and Kno% s« (*rr.*)' 9?biaBiln* in*
flu^nc^'wpon laxative action* teor* i'* Digost* ©is*
10,, 45*801 1943«.
§0
aig©$til>ility of t^ioleueftl asui white feread© aag ths
effect of the degre© of flaeae&e of ^rinditag oii the
former* JT* syg. 48# m$*&m., im%+
€§» McHeByy*. s« W# Ofeservatiome on tls® Sutritliire valnid
of Bpeafi* CttHfiAa Fab* Sdftltb ^> 31^ 438*4&S, 1940#
64* Sartte^ 0> W# vitamin Bn contotit of etmat and opaato
of isiilto- I»r0a€# Cheniltu^r awS isuSustry 60.., 343*:
©5* fteftlut ©» ^*.| ^hoaiJioia^ a* &«* ana ©©'Gai»ira|al*farei»o*
J* fhe infltien^e' of sipgio an<3. multipM 3 ooaplex
^ofioiaiaoios upoi!t tJ*® mQb%%i%f of the gastro*
intaailnal ^ract* tons** 2* Digest* ©ia# 9* 268*273^
SQ* isatttlii,. S* 4*# ana Smlt&i R* O* fhe» nuti^itiva ^alxne
of aavaai braafefast foods* lil*. fM© rate of ii*
go-stlosa aad ab#©^ptloix &# 4et©^BiB©^ fey ©spe^iaoata
oa rate* <?* Hutritiou- ^ 83.7# ifNSCU
67« MO'lalek*:- D* ?it.am$« Bi |t|iiawin©) re-quisexaent of man*
©8* loiaiefe^ 0*.# ated field- j, H** J** A twta ©a the vltami»
■ Bt'*spas'S^§ aatiov of fat* j.* !ittt*ltio& Vf* 22$*%2®»
60* MeXaiok^ D*f and plold^- fi«# #r* OiaaBidal deteriainatlois.
of fitasstsa B'I* ^ Bloi* eh©a# IS?# 806*614*: 1939*
TO. iselniote* SU» amd field, Br*# ^P* Gjaemtcal aatamalna*
tio© of vitasilsi &%* $* llol% cMtt* X4S# :859*g4©,t
fi* MiiXes?,- €» 3>* ffoisaiaisi© assays of food© ualng tJie fat**
grovtt) ssotfeod* <£* Butyltloxj S0> 3©S*408* 1943*..
?$# Horgan^ E* flie Xaxati've affect of a regoiiei'ated eel*JlsaAoii® ia tfef dietf Its $&fl&e»ae on satne^ai re*
teatiou* ir* Aai'« Mod* Aaseo*. 10S* SSS^-ffTj, i9S4*
?«♦ I«us©li# H* B* Vitamin B» t isathofia of assay and food
aotaroee* Qba&* Zt of tfe VitaisixiS,, 193© (AsaorioaR
ledieal ikssooiatlosit) #
m
mt:rlfc&©.m£'' val^o of o@ir'®a'3L p2»ot©iB§s in fcfta htmaoa
76;* ior$g3p$;a> E*.^ ami' Aud^eva^ ^ |t« $ho tfet^mlii eent«ii£
VQ* O'e%o% 0. s»'«3fiB&o a^iifc&$©is of cMneas^c^I&dd iw
Oelioa« S«# taw lo^lt®*^ 1# #* ^ir@^i:| eortoat «tiaft
^©SiJlio^f'iatioii of v-lfe©min %* JF% ffey^Ioa*- 97lip.
$940*
79*
Of th^ KflMTftt feoflfiiOl SUMS $$0 afll&M {NPddt^ltftv
J«
00*
81* Fetera* l* A*
Vitaaiiii B* andl Mia© ftmoira-seontf com*
pmma$* M&%w& XSS* 107» 19BS.«
at* Pla^t^ S* -i** ttnd liu* #., |jv% flio
aocawil'a'feloa of jp^*
rertrlc' ao34 dndt oth«r oarl>oa|,.i eotopowiaa. %n hm%b®&%
sni tsbe off©ot of •v&fcaiain nL* SioeMas* .^# $5*
■ehfMiaferf and Ikulvdti^^ p.* fI3,*#ia# 104i*.
€*
Kofcisasosi, W* D*# loinlok^- 0«-t -aid FloM*. S« 3SP*
waaM?y ©3^r#ti.0» of $h&m&m &M 4l$x&<c&i o®eo#. unA
1940*
«6* !iode> 1*- ft# l^^iaiatioB® of fiitrit-ijm* flit Jla^Mllfttt
864
^itmaisi S'tii^i©!js.@fit'B asacl of wfeolo yon-st on the iSlgos*
tiexi «asid ©MoippfeioK of gfeft ^erloo^Sret© of » Qoa|>l,ot©
SB
87* S©alocfe# 1., E#j, Ba&Smski* D* B#t
©ad IMfliti,, 9* 1*
^ppapoaif aig00t4bl3,it|r of ca»(bcih3«l*At5«#f fat; a amS
"broaSs.*
J> Wat^i%io.ii 20# S89*96.,, If41.»
80* Boimlfe2#. A* 3^» Atftta.» X»«» aad F»?oy# C» I# T^ tlta*
min Bi oomteist of wheat.* floma? am^ toifoa^* 0ox*€ial
CM®* li«-643*648t WMk
.stability of'vitAfliia % Sm *Sw- :mai»fac%it4s*-@ of
C#3?©ai ehidtt* t©*- 0S0*0$8# &94fe*
1MNM^«
©0« ScJi^ltSi,. H* $#» atiklB* Xi«# «uad fTOf* 0* I. A, »©%&©&
foi* tM ioteyialBatiioa of thiamiiit" and ceiptaiiii of its
aetaboltlo protJuet® i» uriyie* if* Biol* <3&©ia# IM*
71M7# 1940*
91* Sctelta* F* W,^ atii toott|; S*. 1* fli© of foot of tr«UPldd
vltaam B ingeot&on mfoa the appotit® of children*
J* Stttrlticn IS^ 411*427, 10§8*
92* 8olMxXt^» P* W*#. ami 'ifeott# f* I* CoGa3?'Msyla.e0 eontoiit
of hlooa of ss^aikttf aiaa childipen* MM*, tf* Disoa®©^
OhlldP^ja 61t £91*86* 1941*
93* Skoohy. 1* ly, .axia Burfee^ B* !■*. fh© off^cst of fiW©
'(md ^"ImiJs* in tha 4I#t«j?y «n tho p^o^paas of oMofeons
ani. osa the pf O'Vesitioa of' f#ath<5r, ploling ami oaimi*
baliaa* 3m ©apt* Agrie* €13PO* %$x$&ltt 42*70* 1940,*
Itaty* Abs* Hev^ 10* 77:S., 1940*41*
94*
E* ■0* <ite0ait«try of Foodi' aaaa lut]Pitlosi.
Sixth id it lorn*, fho Maoatllaa Company > 1941*
®I»*VWL$
@8* ;sh©3?3fla»*. i* <3*,|,. aft^ il^hjsm* 0* lu ^ yityf aotiom
of oapystallino vitonin 'Bj. on pyruvlo a^SISa^ta*
holism In tiasiioa fro®' polynotMMtto eMoksi* Aia* 3M.
fhyalol* 117 ¥ 140*15'0|, 1936:*
96* Shi3i!moo&# B* .0*» Horizon,. Ht^ and JtadrmvK* J« 8*
Thiatola In tho pyoi^aot-s of trhoafc ffiliing an4 In
l)S»oafi* JSerftftl Ch#m* 18.s8ll«:819,. 1941*
97.* 8bjOtlfiUP# 1* E.#,f. @n<3' |.^mafi, J- F* fhiasite© contont of
typical aoft'^haat mill utf^ame* 0^i?©al Ghom* Itf
66©*71^ 1941*
§0
98* 3$.ncl&£3?* H* B* fha efente of vltamSA 8,A Ja btood*
J* So©,. Ch@a* Iwi* 87# 4^2.^ I9S©*
100* SooKMsyi* B# OailJohyayiit© aQta^olisss* Ism*. Betr#- Bi©*
101* Stie^ltois^ 1* S*#. «ma ftiipskinjlgi S* F* M©^0 ©f ffiBdW
lids ©f ©sB£S©fi9<a \mg# ©©fttei*© ma§ elespiaai X3Q®'k®v®
f* S* D®pt* of Agriottitwd 0dx»©* 607#
f^oo*. Soe* Sn^til* Biol* M©<a» 46# S87*90, 1©41*103* T&oa&Sji.. Ji s* xnigoation axuS fe&e a©s?v©iss djrtfteni*
Aa* J*. D4@©st* Bis.* 10# 80l*$Q6# I94a«
104» fli0!%a:O8t R«. S* 9^ end ^olmscRif E*- B* EAood pjwtiVQt^
£» v^ta»'ip Bt 4eiPicie&«3r» giocfeea* 4r* Sd« $94*700*
1930*
105*- ^otoof* ^* A* fHi©!© wMmfe anA «iir*<dw>d te.ea<t®# ^., An*
Dl^to^ie AdAoe* 18* 667*a70> 1©4^*
107♦ ?J4lKiio# f> W* the thiaadnft a?©^^®^^ ^^ th» ^IMab
rat se iafluenoeia bf tlx© substitution -of protein
for eaFl30&3$!»-at© 3^ the dlei*, £* attrition '34*
103* 'Will>m^».: D-* I** fto@ e&feetd of vituy&Sn d»JPiei^sicsF oii
tlM) g^sti?0'»i3at©Qtiaal traet* 4im« j* digestive
Blgoas©® nutrition 8f 010*174 1939*
109* irilllams-*. B* 'P-*-* lasom* S* £r*# ^itS4# 0.« f ♦.* iaai
fiM@r^ &» !.•* £adu««<l tMamiB© (vit^mia %} dejpi*eieaoy' iuad t-li© thi&aifj© re^uirem^t of .jaaa* Aroli*
iftt©:m&l im* 69# 7SX*7S8^ IM'S*
110*. Wiiiiaias* 1* D«., Iaaont s* I**,t a»^ Hfilder^ ft* M* i?Si0
mlxiiiram iailf' r«aulveiBont0 of tMontine ©f mass* jr«
Sistrltioa ®6.e 71*97# 194S,..
m
111* ttilllaatt* E* 3* tfatev^flWlafelfr vitamin#• A»tt* »•*«
T&iiT^ iPe»fts jpuj^lieAtpion i©# 4iS^)f $i*S9* Itil*.
ilS.# ¥iFilliS8B> !>■ H*# :aii(3 Spies^ f ♦ t>» Vlttonia ©* «tiA
114# Wtot@j?0^ ^.« <5.*^. :aai Xi»0ll«> E* 34
population ^tiUp*
4 Stuiy of' 'tile $i@t
$*, itati?ifci©tJ it* 44@»4S®;,: l94$«
110* folfea^k* '©♦ B*# ara.^ o* 4* .E^^edy* tissue- ciifcMig&s ia
l$42-<-
116* Worti&fr S*# 8oo<lljartf, 1* S-*,- sad Buecl&ng* B* ۩*
eaf^GEjlas©,, pf&xkvia acid aii<S feistilflte*biMlpig
e^fesliaxi^©© &» cliiMF^a* 4m^ 1* Ul®* Glalld*,,: