A Review of US History for
the EOC
MRS. PEYTON & MR. HART
(BUT MOSTLY LOGAN NAPIER AND IN NO WAY AT ALL DID EMILY BALL HELP)
George W Bush
 Deregulation:
an economic policy in
which government loosens
restrictions on corporations
Deficit Spending
 When
a government spends more
money than it brings in
Patriot Act
 Government's
response to 9/11, provided
for increased surveillance and is seen as a
loss of freedoms/privacy rights
United States aid to Afghanistan
in 1980's
Aided them to help defend against a
Soviet invasion of their country
Industrial Revolution
 The
modern day development of
information technology has had an
impact similar to it.
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
 The
trade agreement between
Canada, U.S. and Mexico created a
potential for job losses, wage cuts,
and environmental abuses.
President Reagan's Foreign Policy
(1980's)


The path to peace lies in America's strength and
willingness to assist anticommunist forces
throughout the world, BY GOD.
Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev began 2 new
policies
 Glasnost: an openness (transparency with the
government)
 Perestroika: restructuring (more capitalist)
President Carter's difficulties (late '70's):
Rising unemployment
Iranian hostage crisis
Energy crisis (Middle East controlled oil, therefore
prices)
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) for
women's equality
 Social
conservatives affiliated with
several Christian denominations led
opposition to the ERA and emerged
as a powerful political force.
Flower Power Image
 It
symbolizes the tension between
nonviolent civil disobedience and
the threat of force.
Détente: an easing of
tension
 Nixon's
China
 Official
visit to the People's Republic of
recognition of China & opening
diplomatic relations
César Chávez
 Known
for leadership on labor issues for
migrant workers.
Civil Rights tactics
 Martin
Luther King, Jr. & the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference:
Nonviolent or Civil Disobedience
 Malcolm X: Nation of Islam supported
blacks defending themselves
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Soviets intend to put missiles on Cuba

JFK establishes a quarantine

Khrushchev removes

US pledges not to invade; missiles in Turkey removed

WWIII averted!

It led to improved communications between the two
countries
Rock and Roll music

Broke down racial barriers

It appealed to both races because it
developed out of both musical traditions.

Encouraged protests, challenging authority
Domino Theory

If one country falls to communism, many more will
GI Bill 1944
 Allowed
 Helped
veterans to attend college
transition veterans back into the
workforce
Nuremberg Trials
 WWII
victors put Nazi officials on trial for
crimes against humanity
 Revealed
details of the Holocaust
Rosie the Riveter

Famous poster symbolizing women in the workforce for WWII
Battle of Midway

First significant naval success the US had over
Japan

Marked a turning point in the Pacific Theater
WWII rationing & price controls
 The
U.S. government introduced this to
limit individuals usage of certain
necessary items (food, gas, metals, etc.)
vital to the war effort
 Result was that people had money to
spend after the war was over and goods
to spend them on
Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

We declare war on Japan

Germany and Italy then declare war on us
Internment camps
 Reaction
to Pearl Harbor, Executive Order
9066 calls for over 100,000 Japanese
Americans to be rounded up and put into
camps out West
 Challenged under Korematsu v. U.S., but the
Supreme Court upholds the governments
actions
Onset of the Great Depression

Overproduction in agriculture and industry

High tariffs and war debts

Unequal distribution of wealth

Speculation on the stock market

Installment plans increased consumer debt

Stock Market Crash
Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic
Ocean
A
hero of the 1920s, Lindbergh solo
flight in "The Spirit of St. Louis"
symbolized the tremendous
possibilities of air travel
Roaring Twenties Flapper
What additional factor contributed to
the 1929 stock market crash?

Agricultural problems (overproduction)
Mass production—Consumerism,
advertising, installment plan
Red Scare & Palmer Raids
Plessy v. Ferguson
Upheld
the separate but equal
law and spread to north not only
in south
Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants are accused of theft and murder

Though evidence is unclear, public opinion quickly turns
against them because they are Italian and anarchists

They are found guilty and executed

The case symbolizes the growing paranoia Americans
have of immigrants and the fear of communism and
anarchism during the 1920s
Scopes "Monkey" Trial

John T. Scopes teaches evolution in a Dayton,
TN classroom

Though he loses the case, it symbolizes the clash
in the 1920s between the forces of
science/change/urban values and the more
traditional/rural/conservative values
Korematsu v. U.S.
President Wilson's Fourteen Points
 To
provide a plan for just and lasting
peace to end WWI
 Included the League of Nations
Prior to U.S. entry into WWI, what factor
most challenged its neutrality
 Germany's
unrestricted submarine
warfare
 But remember: Lusitania sunk in 1915;
we don't enter war until 1917
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy
 Fire
in a clothing factory kills 145 in
New York
 This exposes the widespread lack of
safety precautions and poor working
conditions in early 1900 factories
President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
 American
foreign policy aimed at Latin
America and East Asia by investing in
those areas to create stability and
promote U.S. commercial interests
Upton Sinclair—muckrackers

Muckrakers – term used in the Progressive Era for
American journalists/writers who exposed the ills of
society

Upton Sinclair wrote, The Jungle – exposing the terrible
conditions of workers in the meatpacking industry, as
well as the unsanitary condition in which meat was
handled
Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary

Monroe Doctrine - U.S. foreign policy that
opposed European nations intervening in the
affairs of nations in the western hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine –
Latin American nations must keep order or the
United States will come down and fix it for them
President Theodore Roosevelt's
trustbuster

Roosevelt believed that business monopolies
could potentially hurt the public interest

However, he did distinguish between good and
bad trusts, only going after the bad ones
U.S. interests in China—Boxer Rebellion

The Open Door policy attempted to secure for
America the same power as European nations
had to openly trade in China

A group of Chinese (known as the Boxers)
attempt to kick out all Westerners from China
1903 revolt in Central America—
Panama Canal
 U.S.
encouraged this revolt because the
Colombian government refused to ratify
an agreement allowing construction of
the Panama Canal
 After
we help Panama become a new
country, we build the Panama Canal
Philippines after the Spanish-American
War

President McKinley decided to keep control
after the war to increase commercial
opportunities for U.S. trade in Asia

The Filipinos do not want this and then fight the
United States

We lose more soldiers here than during the
Spanish-American War
1893 overthrow of Hawaiian
government

U.S. government participated in the removal of
Queen Liliuokalani because of her attempt to
reduce the political influence of American
sugar planters

Hawaii is then annexed and later becomes a
state

Pearl Harbor is here
Alfred Thayer Mahan—The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History

Mahan said that a nation benefited from
having a strong navy and the overseas bases
needed to maintain it

Important to America's expansion/imperialism in
the late 1800s
William Jennings Bryan's 1886 "Cross of
Gold" Speech
 Main
topic of this speech was changing the
U.S. government's monetary policy by freely
coining silver (both silver and gold would
back U.S. dollars)
 This would put more money in circulation
and help farmers (Populists) pay off their
debts with cheaper money
 It would cause inflation
Populist Party

Political party made up primarily of farmers who
wanted the government to regulate railroads
and put more money in circulation

Many of their ideas were later adopted by the
Progressives
Nativists
 Americans
who supported only nativeborn citizens
 Nativists
considered immigrants from
southern and eastern Europe more
difficult to assimilate into American
culture than earlier immigrants
John D. Rockefeller Reacts to
Government Restrictions on their
Businesses

Placed his company under the controls of a board of trustees
City Bosses and their Political Machines

Kept control of the city governments by
providing aid to citizens in exchange for their
political support

They controlled major cities

Very much used the immigrant vote to stay in
power
Feminists in the Late-Nineteenth
Century
 Feminists
disagreed on the suffrage
movements goals and tactics after
women's suffrage was not included in the
15th admendment
Policy towards American Indians After
the Civil War
 Dawes
Act:
Apportionment
individuals
of tribal property to
Wade Davis Bill
 Congress's
 It
counter to Lincoln's 10% plan
required a majority of Southerners to
take an oath of loyalty to be admitted
back into the Union
13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment
 13th
-- abolition of slavery
 14th
– citizenship to all born or naturalized
the U.S.; citizens guaranteed due process of
law and equal protection under the law
 15th
– cannot be denied the right to vote
based on race
Anaconda Plan

The Union military strategy against the
Confederacy to completely surround them so
the South could not get access to supplies
Underground Railroad
Northern States Had What Advantages
Over Southern States
A
more extensive railroad system
 More
 An
industry
established government
 Larger
population
Reform Movement
Feminism During the Antebellum
Period
 Involvement
of women in a variety of
reform movements
 Women
were seen as more moral and
virtuous, thus social reform were in their
"sphere"
Factory System

With the introduction of the factory system. . .
 Women
 Textiles
moved into factories
were mass produced
 Peoples
workdays were defined by the clock
Dred Scott vs Sanford

1857 Supreme Court Case

Issue: A black slave had been taken by his master into the
Minnesota region, which, according to the Missouri
Compromise, was a free territory

Did residence in a free territory make him a free man? The
Supreme Court said, "No."

Black men were not citizens, they were property, and
could not bring suit in Federal court

Therefore slavery could exist anywhere
Regional Economic Differences During
the Mid-Nineteenth Century
 Northern
 Manufacturing,
Shipping, Railroads
 Southern
Agricultural,
Slavery
Northerners Strongly Object to the
1846 War With Mexico
 This
war would open territory to expansion
of slavery
Temperance

The drink is bad!

The mid-1800's movement led by women to
restrict alcohol
Prohibition

The 18th Amendment to the US Constitution (1920)
 It bans the manufacturing, distribution, and sale of
alcoholic beverages
 Enforced by the Volstead Act
 Never
completely ended alcohol use or abuse, but it
did create new criminal activities such as
bootlegging and speakeasies
 Repealed by the 21st Amendment
Suffrage


Seneca Falls & the Declaration of Sentiments
(borrowed language from the Declaration of
Independence)
 Goals: Right to Vote, Overcoming the "Cult of
Domesticity"
 Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott
National Women's Suffrage: 19th Amendment
(1920)
Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson's expansion of American territory

Eliminates French influence in America
Manifest Destiny: Go West!

American Expansionist Mindset, destined by God


Brings about the Oregon Trail and exploration of the Northwest and
West Coast
Promoted by

Land-hungry Americans

American fears of British desire for land

Merchants' desire of the Pacific Ocean for trade

Democratic-minded people seeking to spread freedom, individualism

Nationalists who sought America's greatness
War of 1812


War between the US and Great Britain
Causes:

Britain's seizure of American ships and impressing
American sailors

American resentment of Britain

American belief that Britain and Canada were arming
Native Americans

American ambitions to annex Canada and Florida
War of 1812

Effects of the war:
A
tie that makes America feel good about
itself!
 Native
Americans lose, on their own vs.
Americans
Marbury vs Madison

This 1803 case established the fundamental
government principle of Judicial Review—role
of the Supreme Court to interpret the
constitutionality of laws
First Continental Congress--1774

Addressed a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" to King George III and
voted to boycott British goods

An attempt to reconcile with Britain and avoid war
Lexington and Concord

"The Shot heard Round the World" came from
the Battles of Lexington and Concord
 These
conflicts began the fight that led to the
creation of the United States and inspired
Revolutions elsewhere
Shays' Rebellion
 Massachusetts
farmers protest the way
the government is treating them
(throwing them in debtor's prison)
 Exposes
the weakness of the Articles of
Confederation and the need for a strong
central gov't
Bacon's Rebellion

A poor backwoods population (many of them
were former indentured servants) attack
Jamestown, protesting that colonial gov't is not
protecting them

1st colonial revolt
Join or Die: Ben Franklin's political
cartoon
 Used
1st in the French & Indian War to
encourage colonial unity siding WITH the
British against the French
 Used
a 2nd time in the Revolution to
promote colonial unity against British
tyranny
American Enlightenment

Important Ideas that came from the Enlightenment
 Based
 Right
on science and reason to explain the world
of Revolution
 Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (which was
property)
 Consent
of the Governed
Genocidal
Policy
of killing or extinguishing a
group (based on religion,
ethnicity, race, etc)
"City on a Hill"
John
Winthrop (Puritan governor)
described Massachusetts Bay
Colony
Indentured Servants
 Sign
contract to work for 4-7 years in
exchange for passage to the New
World
 The number of Indentured Servants
decreases after Bacon's Rebellion
 Mostly in Southern colonies
Types of Colonies