MRS. PEYTON & MR. HART
(BUT MOSTLY LOGAN NAPIER AND IN NO WAY AT ALL DID EMILY BALL HELP)

George W Bush

Deregulation: an economic policy in which government loosens restrictions on corporations

Deficit Spending

When a government spends more money than it brings in

Patriot Act

Government's response to 9/11, provided for increased surveillance and is seen as a loss of freedoms/privacy rights

United States aid to Afghanistan in 1980's
Aided them to help defend against a
Soviet invasion of their country

Industrial Revolution

The modern day development of information technology has had an impact similar to it.

North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)

The trade agreement between
Canada, U.S. and Mexico created a potential for job losses, wage cuts, and environmental abuses.

President Reagan's Foreign Policy
(1980's)


The path to peace lies in America's strength and willingness to assist anticommunist forces throughout the world, BY GOD.
Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev began 2 new policies

Glasnost: an openness (transparency with the government)

Perestroika: restructuring (more capitalist)

President Carter's difficulties (late '70's):
Rising unemployment
Iranian hostage crisis
Energy crisis (Middle East controlled oil, therefore prices)

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) for women's equality

Social conservatives affiliated with several Christian denominations led opposition to the ERA and emerged as a powerful political force.

Flower Power Image

It symbolizes the tension between nonviolent civil disobedience and the threat of force.


Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of
China

Official recognition of China & opening diplomatic relations

César Chávez

Known for leadership on labor issues for migrant workers.

Civil Rights tactics

Martin Luther King, Jr. & the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference:
Nonviolent or Civil Disobedience

Malcolm X: Nation of Islam supported blacks defending themselves

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962






Soviets intend to put missiles on Cuba
JFK establishes a quarantine
Khrushchev removes
US pledges not to invade; missiles in Turkey removed
WWIII averted!
It led to improved communications between the two countries

Rock and Roll music

Broke down racial barriers

It appealed to both races because it developed out of both musical traditions.

Encouraged protests, challenging authority

Domino Theory

If one country falls to communism, many more will

GI Bill 1944

Allowed veterans to attend college

Helped transition veterans back into the workforce

Nuremberg Trials

WWII victors put Nazi officials on trial for crimes against humanity

Revealed details of the Holocaust

Rosie the Riveter

Famous poster symbolizing women in the workforce for WWII

Battle of Midway

First significant naval success the US had over
Japan

Marked a turning point in the Pacific Theater


The U.S. government introduced this to limit individuals usage of certain necessary items (food, gas, metals, etc.) vital to the war effort

Result was that people had money to spend after the war was over and goods to spend them on

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

We declare war on Japan

Germany and Italy then declare war on us

Internment camps


Reaction to Pearl Harbor, Executive Order
9066 calls for over 100,000 Japanese
Americans to be rounded up and put into camps out West
Challenged under Korematsu v. U.S., but the
Supreme Court upholds the governments actions

Onset of the Great Depression






Overproduction in agriculture and industry
High tariffs and war debts
Unequal distribution of wealth
Speculation on the stock market
Installment plans increased consumer debt
Stock Market Crash

Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic
Ocean

A hero of the 1920s, Lindbergh solo flight in "The Spirit of St. Louis" symbolized the tremendous possibilities of air travel

Roaring Twenties Flapper

Some 1920's women/girls embraced a new fashion: short hair, higher skirts, drinking, smoking & dancing

Mass production—Consumerism, advertising, installment plan

All of these represent the economy of the 1920's

Red Scare & Palmer Raids

Fear of Communism

Investigations led by A. Mitchell Palmer, targeting immigrants and labor unions

Plessy v. Ferguson


Sacco and Vanzetti




Two Italian immigrants are accused of theft and murder
Though evidence is unclear, public opinion quickly turns against them because they are Italian and anarchists
They are found guilty and executed
The case symbolizes the growing paranoia Americans have of immigrants and the fear of communism and anarchism during the 1920s

Scopes "Monkey" Trial

John T. Scopes teaches evolution in a Dayton,
TN classroom

Though he loses the case, it symbolizes the clash in the 1920s between the forces of science/change/urban values and the more traditional/rural/conservative values

Korematsu v. U.S.

President Wilson's Fourteen Points

To provide a plan for just and lasting peace to end WWI

Included the League of Nations

Prior to U.S. entry into WWI, what factor most challenged its neutrality

Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare

But remember: Lusitania sunk in 1915; we don't enter war until 1917

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy

Fire in a clothing factory kills 145 in
New York

This exposes the widespread lack of safety precautions and poor working conditions in early 1900 factories

President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy

American foreign policy aimed at Latin
America and East Asia by investing in those areas to create stability and promote U.S. commercial interests

Upton Sinclair—muckrackers


Muckrakers – term used in the Progressive Era for
American journalists/writers who exposed the ills of society
Upton Sinclair wrote, The Jungle – exposing the terrible conditions of workers in the meatpacking industry, as well as the unsanitary condition in which meat was handled

Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary

Monroe Doctrine - U.S. foreign policy that opposed European nations intervening in the affairs of nations in the western hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine –
Latin American nations must keep order or the
United States will come down and fix it for them

President Theodore Roosevelt's trustbuster

Roosevelt believed that business monopolies could potentially hurt the public interest

However, he did distinguish between good and bad trusts, only going after the bad ones

U.S. interests in China—Boxer Rebellion

The Open Door policy attempted to secure for
America the same power as European nations had to openly trade in China

A group of Chinese (known as the Boxers) attempt to kick out all Westerners from China

1903 revolt in Central America—
Panama Canal

U.S. encouraged this revolt because the
Colombian government refused to ratify an agreement allowing construction of the Panama Canal

After we help Panama become a new country, we build the Panama Canal

Philippines after the Spanish-American
War

President McKinley decided to keep control after the war to increase commercial opportunities for U.S. trade in Asia

The Filipinos do not want this and then fight the
United States

We lose more soldiers here than during the
Spanish-American War

1893 overthrow of Hawaiian government

U.S. government participated in the removal of
Queen Liliuokalani because of her attempt to reduce the political influence of American sugar planters

Hawaii is then annexed and later becomes a state

Pearl Harbor is here

Alfred Thayer Mahan—The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History

Mahan said that a nation benefited from having a strong navy and the overseas bases needed to maintain it

Important to America's expansion/imperialism in the late 1800s

William Jennings Bryan's 1886 "Cross of
Gold" Speech



Main topic of this speech was changing the
U.S. government's monetary policy by freely coining silver (both silver and gold would back U.S. dollars)
This would put more money in circulation and help farmers (Populists) pay off their debts with cheaper money
It would cause inflation

Populist Party

Political party made up primarily of farmers who wanted the government to regulate railroads and put more money in circulation

Many of their ideas were later adopted by the
Progressives

Nativists

Americans who supported only nativeborn citizens

Nativists considered immigrants from southern and eastern Europe more difficult to assimilate into American culture than earlier immigrants

John D. Rockefeller Reacts to
Government Restrictions on their
Businesses

Placed his company under the controls of a board of trustees to avoid anti-monopoly laws

City Bosses and their Political Machines

Kept control of the city governments by providing aid to citizens in exchange for their political support

They controlled major cities

Very much used the immigrant vote to stay in power

Feminists in the Late-Nineteenth
Century

Feminists disagreed on the suffrage movements goals and tactics after women's suffrage was not included in the
15th admendment

Policy towards American Indians After the Civil War

Dawes Act:

Apportionment of tribal property to individuals

Wade Davis Bill

Congress's counter to Lincoln's 10% plan

It required a majority of Southerners to take an oath of loyalty to be admitted back into the Union

13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment

13th -- abolition of slavery

14th – citizenship to all born or naturalized the U.S.; citizens guaranteed due process of law and equal protection under the law

15th – cannot be denied the right to vote based on race

Anaconda Plan

The Union military strategy against the
Confederacy to completely surround them so the South could not get access to supplies

Underground Railroad

Network of escape routes for slaves out of the South

Some to the North, some to Canada, some south out of the country

Northern States Had What Advantages
Over Southern States

A more extensive railroad system

More industry

An established government

Larger population

Reform Movement

Abolition, prison reform, education, temperance, and women's rights were all popular reform movements in the mid
1800's

Feminism During the Antebellum
Period

Involvement of women in a variety of reform movements

Women were seen as more moral and virtuous, thus social reform were in their
"sphere"

Factory System

With the introduction of the factory system. . .

Women moved into factories

Textiles were mass produced

Peoples workdays were defined by the clock

Dred Scott vs Sanford


1857 Supreme Court Case
Issue: A black slave had been taken by his master into the
Minnesota region, which, according to the Missouri
Compromise, was a free territory

Did residence in a free territory make him a free man? The
Supreme Court said, "No.
"

Black men were not citizens, they were property, and could not bring suit in Federal court

Therefore slavery could exist anywhere

Regional Economic Differences During the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Northern

Manufacturing, Shipping, Railroads

Southern

Agricultural, Slavery

Northerners Strongly Object to the
1846 War With Mexico

This war would open territory to expansion of slavery

Temperance

The drink is bad!

The mid-1800's movement led by women to restrict alcohol

Prohibition

The 18th Amendment to the US Constitution (1920)

It bans the manufacturing, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages

Enforced by the Volstead Act

Never completely ended alcohol use or abuse, but it did create new criminal activities such as bootlegging and speakeasies

Repealed by the 21st Amendment

Suffrage


Seneca Falls & the Declaration of Sentiments
(borrowed language from the Declaration of
Independence)


Goals: Right to Vote, Overcoming the "Cult of
Domesticity"
Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott
National Women's Suffrage: 19th Amendment
(1920)

Louisiana Purchase


Thomas Jefferson's expansion of American territory
Eliminates French influence in America

Manifest Destiny: Go West!


American Expansionist Mindset, destined by God

Brings about the Oregon Trail and exploration of the Northwest and
West Coast
Promoted by





Land-hungry Americans
American fears of British desire for land
Merchants' desire of the Pacific Ocean for trade
Democratic-minded people seeking to spread freedom, individualism
Nationalists who sought America's greatness

War of 1812


War between the US and Great Britain
Causes:

Britain's seizure of American ships and impressing
American sailors


American resentment of Britain
American belief that Britain and Canada were arming
Native Americans

American ambitions to annex Canada and Florida

War of 1812

Effects of the war:

A tie that makes America feel good about itself!

Native Americans lose, on their own vs.
Americans

Marbury vs Madison

This 1803 case established the fundamental government principle of Judicial Review—role of the Supreme Court to interpret the constitutionality of laws

First Continental Congress--1774


Addressed a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" to King George III and voted to boycott British goods
An attempt to reconcile with Britain and avoid war

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot heard Round the World" came from the Battles of Lexington and Concord

These conflicts began the fight that led to the creation of the United States and inspired
Revolutions elsewhere

Shays' Rebellion

Massachusetts farmers protest the way the government is treating them
(throwing them in debtor's prison)

Exposes the weakness of the Articles of
Confederation and the need for a strong central gov't

Bacon's Rebellion

A poor backwoods population (many of them were former indentured servants) attack
Jamestown, protesting that colonial gov't is not protecting them

1st colonial revolt

Join or Die: Ben Franklin's political cartoon

Used 1st in the French & Indian War to encourage colonial unity siding WITH the
British against the French

Used a 2nd time in the Revolution to promote colonial unity against British tyranny

American Enlightenment

Important Ideas that came from the Enlightenment

Based on science and reason to explain the world

Right of Revolution

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (which was property)

Consent of the Governed

Genocidal


"City on a Hill"

John Winthrop (Puritan governor) described Massachusetts Bay
Colony

Indentured Servants

Sign contract to work for 4-7 years in exchange for passage to the New
World

The number of Indentured Servants decreases after Bacon's Rebellion

Mostly in Southern colonies

Types of Colonies