30
1. What they studied
Specialty within curriculum of BA recipients
35
Percent of students
25
20
15
10
5
News-editorial Broadcasting Public relations Advertising Other
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
News-editorial 21.8
18.3
20.7
16.7
15.7
17.1
16.2
18.6
18.2
17.9
17.9
16.4
17.3
17.2
Broadcasting 17.6
22.7
20.1
17.8
22.6
21.5
19.1
18.7
21.6
25.3
22.4
24.2
24.1
22.3
Public relations 20.5
16 19.2
19.8
17.1
18.2
17.2
19.3
17.6
18.3
18.8
20.5
16.4
19.5
Advertising 20.8
19.6
16.2
16.2
16.2
14.5
16 15.2
13.3
12.3
13.1
12.5
9.8
11.8
Other 19.3
23.4
23.8
29.5
28.4
28.7
31.5
28.2
29.4
26.2
27.7
26.3
32.3
29.3
(N) 943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2391 2672
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
2. Campus activities
Campus activities of BA recipients
Percent of students
Newspaper Yearbook
Magazine WWW.Site
Radio
Media internship
Television
80
60
40
20
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Newspaper 58.4
46.2
39.1
37.2
35 33.6
33.3
34 33.8
33.9
34.5
33.8
35.6
32.5
Yearbook 18.7
12.6
5.2
6.1
7.3
6.6
6.5
5.6
5.9
4.9
5.1
3.9
5 4.1
Brdcst. station 38.8
30.8
Radio
Television
18.7
20.8
18.3
18.6
18.7
16.1
16.2
19.1
16.9
18.3
19.5
15.1
12.8
13.4
12.8
15 14.1
13.8
14.4
17.7
15.7
16.5
19.5
17.1
Magazine
WWW.Site
6.4
1.3
7.3
3.4
7.3
3.7
7.9
3.4
Media internship 67.9
78.5
74.8
77.1
78.6
77.4
78.2
77.7
76.9
81 79.6
82.2
82.2
79.5
(N) 943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
3. Gradepoint averages
Final grades of BA recipients
A B C
80
60
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
A 26.2
24.5
26.7
26.6
29.7
30.7
31.5
36.5
31.3
33.5
35.6
B 70.1
C 3.7
72.1
3.4
69.4
3.8
69.7
3.6
66.6
3.7
65.3
4
65.6
2.9
60.4
3
61.4
7.4
59.4
7.1
56.5
7.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
4. Grades by major
Final grades of BA recipients by major: percent with A or A-
1996
1997
1998
1999 80
60
40
34.8
32.7
34.8
39.7
34
29.9
33
34.2
32.6
26.8
26.4
30.6
33.6
30.6
34.1
36.4
40.1
34.3
35
35.6
20
0
Print journalism Broadcasting Advertising
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
PR Other

5. Seeking print jobs
Jobs sought by BA recipients in the area of print media.
Excludes students not seeking jobs.
Percent
35
30
25
20
Dailies Weeklies WWW
15
10
5
0
Dailies
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
24
Weeklies 14.3
22.3
13.5
21.5
15
22.1
14.4
21.8
14.9
21.2
13.3
19.2
11.8
22.3
12.2
20.6
10.8
22.8
12.6
21.4
12.5
13.5
13.8
13.1
13 11.2
12.3
Magazines
Consumer Magazines
Trade Press
Book Publishers
Wire Services
Newsletters
14.6
9.9
3.1
Newsletter/Mags
WWW
(N) 2190
9.1
3
2434
11.5
9.1
2465
9.6
2.8
2670
10.1
3.5
2392
8
2.7
3.2
4.8
2238
6.2
2.8
2.4
4.8
2296
7.3
7.6
7.9
2.7
2.2
5.2
6.6
2241
6.9
7.1
6.7
2.9
1.7
4.7
9.2
2169
8
7.5
7.8
3.8
2.5
5
10.3
2235
7.6
6
6.8
3.6
1.9
4.6
12.4
2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

25
20
15
10
6. Seeking broadcast jobs
Jobs sought by BA recipients in the area of broadcasting.
Excludes students not seeking jobs.
35
Percent
Television station Radio station Cable television
30
5
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Television station 21.5
25.6
24.5
22.7
23.2
22.9
26.9
26.7
25.1
27.8
23.1
Radio station 16.4
18 17.3
16 15.8
16.3
14.7
15.7
13.9
14 11.8
Cable television 9.2
(N) 2190
13
2434
13.2
2465
10.8
2670
12.8
2392
11.9
2238
12.6
2296
12.5
2241
11.2
2169
12.5
2235
10
2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

30
25
35
7. Seeking PR/advertising jobs
Jobs sought by BA recipients in the area of PR and advertising.
Excludes students not seeking jobs.
Percent
20
15
10
5 Public relations agency Public relations department
Advertising agency Advertising department
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Public relations agency 22.9
21.3
24.1
22.5
21.6
21.1
20.4
23 24.5
24.7
23.9
Public relations department 26.1
Advertising agency 26.5
Advertising department 16.8
(N) 2190
24.3
26
16.9
2434
28.7
24.9
16.6
2465
26.6
26.8
17.8
2670
26.4
23.7
15.8
2392
23.7
23
13.6
2238
22
22.8
13.6
2296
25.9
25.3
14.9
2241
25.9
25.2
14.3
2169
25.7
25.1
15.2
2235
25.9
24.1
14.7
2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
8. Job offers to BA recipients
Job offers for BA recipients on graduation: percent with at least one job
Percent
Percent at least one job
80
60
40
20
0
Percent at least one job
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
56
Mean=number of jobs 1.2
(N) 587
67.3
68.1
60.5
62.8
64.7
69.8
70.8
75.8
78.1
81.8
82.2
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2 2.2
2.2
2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

9. Employment status
Employment status of BA recipients six to eight months after graduation
100
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 68.3
66.6
70.9
70.5
64.5
61.7
62.4
62.2
65.7
67.9
68.4
73.3
75.3
76.1
Part-time work 11.9
12.3
10.6
9.8
11.5
14.2
14.4
13.4
12.2
11.1
9.8
8.3
6 6.9
Continuing school 7.5
7.2
6.3
6.4
7.2
8 8 8.5
8 7.7
7.9
7.1
6.6
Unemployed 12.3
13.9
12.3
13.2
16.8
16.1
15.2
15.8
14.1
13.3
13.9
11.4
12.1
6
11
(N) 943 1215 587 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

10. Permanent positions
Status of BA recipients: percent in permanent positions
100
Percent
80
Full-time Job Holders
Part-time Job Holders
60
40
20
0
Full-time Job Holders
Part-time Job Holders
1994
87.1
47.6
1995
89.6
52.6
1996
88.6
48.4
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1997
91.1
54.2
1998
90
47.3
1999
90.9
44.8

12
14
11. Unemployment rates
Unemployment rates of journalism BA recipients compared to U.S. labor force data. Figures represent seasonally adjusted unemployment rates averaged across June of the shown year to May of the following year.
Percent
US Labor Force US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old J-Grads
10
8
6
4
2
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
US Labor Force 5.8
5.3
5.3
6.2
7.2
7.4
6.6
5.7
5.6
5.2
4.7
4.4
4.1
US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old 9.1
8.4
J-Grads 12.2
8.1
8.7
9.6
11.2
11.2
10.2
9.1
7.2
10.4
9.9
8.4
8.6
7.4
9.4
6.9
9
6.5
8.2
5.4
7.6
5.9
7.5
8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates; US Bureau of Labor Statistics

12. Job offers, MA recipients
Job offers to MA recipients on graduation: percent with at least one job
100
Percent
Percent at least one job
80
60
40
20
0
Percent at least one job
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
66
Mean=number of jobs 1.7
73.1
1.4
56.6
1.2
68.9
1.4
67.2
1.4
70.2
1.4
73.1
1.7
75.8
1.8
83.3
2
74.5
2
81.2
2.2
(N) 162 148 144 155 159 151 178 143 145 156 147
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
13. Employment status, MA
Employment status of MA recipients six to eight months after graduation
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 74.1
76.4
60.4
68.4
67.9
66.2
72.5
65.7
83.4
75.6
80.3
Part-time work
Continuing school
7.4
3.1
Unemployed 15.4
(N) 162
7.4
2.7
13.5
148
10.4
5.6
23.6
144
10.3
7.1
14.2
155
9.4
6.9
15.7
159
11.3
6
16.6
151
9.6
6.2
11.8
178
11.9
4.9
17.5
143
5.5
2.1
9
145
5.8
4.5
14.1
156
6.1
4.1
9.5
147
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
14. Employment, news-editorial
Employment of BA recipients in the editorial specialty
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 65.3
69.1
66.1
64.2
63.2
61 69.1
68.7
72.1
71.8
74.5
80.4
Part-time work 17 9.7
9.4
12.9
15.7
13.3
12.3
9.3
7.5
7 6.6
4.8
Continuing school 6.1
Unemployed 11.6
(N) 147
11.5
9.7
362
8.9
8.9
15.7
14.1
383 427
7.9
13.2
432
10.8
14.9
444
8.6
9.6
405
8.1
9
13 11.5
409 401
9.6
11.5
355
6.6
12.2
377
5.7
9.2
459
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

15. Employment, broadcasting
100
Employment of BA recipients in the broadcasting specialty
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 76.8
72.2
63.4
57.6
56 56 60.9
64.5
61.8
68.3
70.2
72.3
Part-time work 14.1
11.7
15.6
19 20 21.7
17.9
16.9
15.1
12.8
9.9
9.6
Continuing school 2.8
Unemployed 6.3
(N) 142
6.7
9.4
385
4
17
585
5.6
17.7
536
6.7
17.4
511
2.9
19.4
448
6.2
15.9
482
5.7
12.9
580
4.4
4.2
18.7
14.7
498 524
3.7
16.2
544
4.7
13.4
596
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
16. Employment, advertising
Employment of BA recipients in the advertising specialty
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 74.8
72.1
71 68.9
66.1
68 69 73.3
74.7
79.7
83.7
77.7
Part-time work 15.7
Continuing school 2.6
Unemployed 7
(N) 115
10
7.4
8.3
6.1
10.5
14.6
351 396
9.6
15.2
4.1
4.2
17.4
14.5
363 428
11.3
5
9.8
6.7
15.7
14.5
363 297
8.9
6
6.8
6.5
11 11.9
281 293
5.2
5.2
10
271
3.4
5.6
5.1
5.7
7.3
11.5
233 314
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

17. Employment, PR
Employment of BA recipients in the public relations specialty
100
Percent
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full-time work 72.6
72 70.7
64.2
68.4
69.7
69.9
73 73 78.8
84.2
80.6
Part-time work 11.1
Continuing school 6.7
Unemployed 9.6
(N) 135
7.2
10.8
10
429
9.1
5.8
14.4
417
13.8
6.8
15.2
455
12.9
9.8
4.4
6.8
14.4
13.8
459 458
8.9
6.1
15.1
397
7.2
6.2
13.6
419
7.4
10
9.5
419
6.1
7
8.1
444
2.1
6.5
7.3
385
5.6
6.2
7.7
520
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

100
18. General types of work
An overview of BA recipients' work situations
Percent
Communication work Non-communication work
Continuing school Unemployed
80
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Communication work 53.7
60 60.7
52.2
49 50.6
51.4
56 57.7
58.2
64 63 65.1
Non-communication work 26.8
21.2
19.6
23.7
26.9
26.1
24.3
21.8
21.3
19.9
17.5
18.3
17.8
Continuing school 7.2
6.4
6.5
7.3
8 8 8.5
8 7.7
7.9
7.1
6.6
6
Unemployed 12.3
12.4
13.3
16.8
16.1
15.3
15.8
14.1
13.3
(N) 1203 580 2186 2425 2461 2664 2392 2234 2293
14
2241
11.4
2169
12.1
2235
11
2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

15
20
19. News-editorial tasks
BA recipients' job tasks in the area of print journalism
Percent
Writing/reporting Editing/page layout
Combination Technical writing
10
5
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Writing/reporting 11.5
9.7
7.5
7.2
6.6
6.4
8 8.4
7.5
9.6
9.5
9
Editing/page layout 3.1
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.1
3.9
2.7
3.9
3.7
3.1
3.1
Combination 9.6
7.5
4.6
5.3
4.8
5 6.6
6.7
5.4
6.4
6.5
8.3
Technical writing 0.1
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

15
20
20. Advertising tasks
BA recipients' job tasks in the area of advertising
Percent
Producing ads
Selling/placing ads
10
5
0
Producing ads
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
3
Selling/placing ads 6.2
(N) 711
3.5
2.7
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.1
2 2.4
2.4
1.6
1.8
4.2
4.8
3.6
3.8
3.4
4.4
3.6
3.2
4.2
4 4.3
2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

10
5
15
20
21. Corporate communication
BA recipients' job tasks in the area of corporate marketing and communication
Percent
Promotion/marketing
Corp. communication
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Promotion/marketing 10.8
8.1
8.6
8.1
8.2
7.8
9.5
9.2
10.7
9.1
10.6
Corp. communication
(N) 2171
4.5
2448
4.3
2500
4.9
2670
5.2
2397
5.5
2238
5.6
2282
6.6
2241
6.5
2169
5.6
2235
5.8
2679
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

10
15
20
22. Newspaper work
BA recipients working in newspaper jobs
Percent
Daily
Weekly
Wire
5
0
Daily
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
8
Weekly 5.6
7.3
3.5
5.3
3.2
4.8
2.9
5.5
2.5
5.1
2.8
5.8
3.2
4.9
3
5.7
2.2
6.7
2.1
5.8
2.5
7.2
2.5
Wire 1.3
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.4
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

23. Telecom work
BA recipients working in telecommunications jobs
20
Percent
15
Radio
Television
Cable
10
5
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Radio 3.8
3.4
2.9
2.7
1.8
2.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.2
2
Television 4.5
4.6
4.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
5.2
6.7
6.2
6.6
7.5
7.4
Cable 1.4
1.6
1 1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
2 2.3
2.5
2.1
1.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

10
15
20
24. PR and advertising work
BA recipients working in public relations and advertising
Percent
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
5
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
PR Agency 2.8
2.1
1.7
2.2
1.2
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.9
3.2
3.9
Ad Agency 5.9
4.6
4 3.5
4.2
3.7
3.9
4.6
4.8
5 5.5
5.4
PR Department 5.5
Ad Department 2.8
3.6
1.8
3.8
1.7
4
1.2
3.3
1.7
3
1.1
3
1.5
3.5
1.2
2.7
1.3
3.3
1.2
2.7
1.1
3.1
1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

10
25. Other communication work
BA recipients working for magazines, newsletters/ trade press, book publishers, WWW
20
Percent
15
Magazines
Newsletters/Trade press
Books
WWW
5
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Magazines 2.5
2.7
2.1
1.5
2 2 2.3
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
Newsletters/Trade press
Books
WWW
1 1.2
0.9
0.8
0.9
1
0.7
0.9
0.5
0.6
1.2
0.5
0.9
1.8
0.7
1.1
1.6
0.7
1.1
1.7
0.8
2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

26. Hiring news students
Employers of BA recipients with a news-editorial emphasis
100
Percent employed
Newspaper, wire
80
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Newspaper, wire 40.6
47 37.4
34.5
30.6
32.3
26.8
34.7
32.6
32.2
34.9
36.4
41.7
Broadcasting 0.5
Public relations 6.8
Advertising 1.8
Other comm.
12.8
In School 12.3
0.9
3.5
1.7
2.5
5.5
2.7
1.3
5.3
2.4
1.9
5.2
1.9
1.2
4.4
1.2
1.8
5.6
1.4
1.5
3.7
1
2.2
3.9
2.5
3.2
5
2.2
6.1
16.2
14.7
12.4
18.6
18.7
22.3
19.9
20.2
8.7
8.5
9.2
9.5
10.5
11.5
8.7
8.1
9
3.1
2.5
2.8
22
9.6
1.4
2.9
0.3
2.4
3.1
1.5
22 22.3
6.7
5.7
Unempl.
10 14.8
13.2
15.6
Non comm.
15.1
17.4
14 16.8
14
24.5
12.8
19.1
14.9
19.4
9.9
18.3
14
16.9
11.5
16.7
11.5
13.5
12.3
18
9.2
14.2
(N) 219 115 364 380 421 430 444 404 408 401 355 373 458
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

27. Hiring broadcast students
Students with an emphasis in telecommunications who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
Telecommunications
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Newspaper, wire 2.9
2.9
3.7
2.2
0.8
2 1.8
1.2
1.7
1 2.1
1.5
2.9
Telecommunications 30.5
43.3
32.1
24.7
Public relations 1.8
7.7
2.9
2.2
22 20.3
22.9
28.3
33.3
34.9
2.3
1.8
2.2
1.9
3.3
1.4
34 36.6
38.1
2.3
1.6
2.4
Advertising 1.4
Other comm.
21.9
In School 4.7
6.7
3.8
5.8
1.8
21.8
4.7
1.8
18.6
5.3
1.9
16.5
6.1
1.4
19.9
8.5
0.9
18.4
3.8
Unempl.
16.1
11.5
12.9
17.2
17.6
17.3
19.5
1.7
19.8
6.2
16
1
18.5
5.7
13
1.4
16.4
4.4
18.8
1.3
20.5
4.2
14.8
1.5
22.9
3.7
16.2
2.4
17.5
4.7
13.5
Non comm.
20.8
18.3
(N) 279 104
20 28 32.8
28.9
30.5
24.9
23.5
21.6
20.7
21.4
18.5
380 547 527 508 446 481 579 495 521 542 593
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

28. Hiring ad students
Students with an advertising emphasis who choose their own specialty
100
Percent
Advertising
80
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Newspaper, wire 4.6
6.7
6.9
4.9
4.8
5.2
5.6
4.7
3.2
5.8
4.8
3.9
3.5
Broadcasting 3.3
Public relations 1.7
4.5
6.7
4
4.9
Advertising 23.7
33.7
22.4
Other comm.
14.1
In School 7.9
5.6
2.2
19.8
5.2
2.3
4.9
21
2
5.6
19.6
1.6
4.4
22.2
3.3
3.1
18.9
0.7
0.7
26.4
1.4
2.9
28.4
1
2.1
30.6
2.6
1.9
31.5
2.6
2.6
35.1
4.2
2.2
31.3
1.2
17.9
18.7
21.4
22.7
23.7
23.4
27.4
22.4
25.6
6.4
4.5
5.9
5.6
6.8
6.1
6.5
5.2
5.6
5.8
Unempl.
13.7
11.2
13.8
14.6
17.6
14.5
15.8
14.6
11.9
Non comm.
31.1
29.2
23 27.7
28 27.4
26.4
23.4
22.3
12
18.6
10
16.7
7.4
20.3
11.5
16
(N) 241 89 348 390 357 427 360 295 278 291 270 231 313
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

29. Hiring PR students
Students with a public relations emphasis who choose their own specialty
100
Percent
Public relations
80
60
40
20
0
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2
1
3.9
1
3.7
1.6
3.2
1.7
Public relations 27.6
26.2
20.1
17.4
Advertising 6.1
3.9
2.3
2
2.5
1.6
1.5
0.9
2.6
2.2
21 15.5
19.5
2 2.8
2.8
1.5
0.8
2.4
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.2
18 18.1
18.3
23.4
21.3
21.9
2.6
1.9
2.4
1.4
5.2
3.3
Other comm.
12.2
12.6
31.1
30.4
27.1
29.7
29.3
35.7
32.8
33.4
39.1
42.8
41.8
In School 5.1
8.7
6.1
6.9
7 6.1
7.4
6.2
6.3
10.1
7 6.5
6.2
Unempl.
15.8
15.5
15.4
14.5
15.3
14.2
14.4
15.2
13.7
9.6
8.2
7.3
7.7
Non comm.
30.1
28.2
19.6
(N) 196 103 428
24 23.5
29.3
21.7
20.1
22.7
21.9
17.3
14.7
16.6
408 443 458 457 389 415 416 440 382 517
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

30. Minority employment
Full-time employment of minority and non-minority BA recipients
100
Percent
Minority Non-minority
1997
80
60
40
Excludes BA recipients who have returned to school
20
1997
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Minority 66.4
77.4
71.6
63.4
66.8
66.9
64.1
67.1
68.3
67 70.5
77.7
76.6
Non-minority 72.1
75.6
75.6
70.3
67.3
68.1
69 72.6
74.8
75.7
80.7
81.3
81.9
Minority N 107 53 197 287 286 329 345 343 366 352 329 319 441
Nonminority N 1013 488 1840 1953 1965 2107 1831 1674 1716 1684 1657 1744 2208
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

31. Gender and employment
Full-time employment of female and male BA recipients
100
Percent
Female Male
80
60
40
20
Excludes BA recipients who have returned to school
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Female 71.5
76.1
75.5
71 67.7
69.6
69.5
72.2
74.8
75.2
80.1
82.3
81.3
Male 71.8
74.9
74.7
Female N 741
Male N 380
356
191
1389
653
67
1495
757
65.8
1569
690
64.4
1643
801
65.2
1480
693
70.3
1363
679
71.2
1368
736
72.6
1369
683
76.8
1321
685
77
1393
688
80.4
1423
612
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

32. Where grads seek work
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication bachelor's degree recipients in 1999
Daily
Weekly
Wire
Radio
TV
Cable
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
Consumer Magazine
Trade Press
Newsletter
Magazine/Newsletter
Book Publisher
WWW
0
11.3
(3,990)
3.2
(1,130)
10.6
(3,740)
19.3
(6,810)
20.8
(7,340)
9 (3,180)
21.5
(7,590)
21.8
(7,700)
22.3
(7,870)
5.4
6.8
(2,400)
(1,910)
1.7
(600)
4.1
(1,450)
6.1
(2,150)
11.2
13.2
(4,660)
(3,950)
10 20 30
Percentages, with projected number of students in parentheses.
40 50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

Daily
Weekly
Wire
Radio
TV
Cable
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
0
33. Minorities and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication bachelor's degree recipients in 1999
18.8
21.8
(1,310)
(5,510)
12
11.1
(720)
(3,250)
2.8
5.9
(820)
(350)
10.1
13.2
(2,960)
(790)
20.1
24.7
(5,890)
(1,480)
8.8
10 (600)
(2,580)
11.6
(700)
13.5
(3,960)
19.3
21.3
23.6
(1,420)
(6,240)
(1,160)
22.3
(6,530)
20.6
(1,240)
23.9
(7,000)
10 20 30
Percentages, with projected number of students in parentheses.
1999 Minority
1999 Non-minority
40 50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

34. Minorities and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication bachelor's degree recipients in 1999
Consumer Magazine
Trade Press
Newsletter
Magazine Newsletter
Book Publisher
WWW
0
4.3
(260)
7.4
(2,170)
2.9
(170)
6 (1,760)
1.6
(100)
1.7
(500)
2.7
(160)
4.4
(1,290)
5.9
(350)
6.3
(1,850)
11.3
(680)
11.3
(3,310)
10 20 30
Percentages, with projected number of students in parentheses.
1999 Minority
1999 Non-minority
40 50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

Cable
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
Daily
Weekly
Wire
Radio
TV
0
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication bachelor's degree recipients in 1999
10.7
(2,490)
12.7
(1,520)
18.6
(4,330)
21 (2,520)
2.7
(630)
4.5
(540)
9.2
(2,140)
14 (1,680)
18.6
(4,330)
7.7
26.1
(3,130)
(1,790)
12.3
(1,480)
24.3
(5,660)
15.3
(1,840)
17.4
(2,090)
23.6
(5,500)
26.4
(6,150)
16.1
(1,930)
11.1
14.1
(3,290)
(1,330)
Percentages, with projected number of students in parentheses.
1999 Female
1999 Male
10 20 30 40 50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

36. Gender and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication bachelor's degree recipients in 1999
Consumer Magazine
Trade Press
Newsletter
Magazine Newsletter
Book Publisher
WWW
0
8.2
(1,910)
3.7
(440)
5.8
(1,350)
4.7
(560)
1.8
(420)
1.5
(180)
4.4
(1,030)
3.5
(420)
7 (1,630)
4.2
(500)
9.5
(2,210)
15.2
(1,820)
10 20 30
Percentages, with projected number of students in parentheses.
1999 Female
1999 Male
40 50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

37. Overall salaries
Overall nominal annual salaries and adjustments for inflation
$40.0
In thousands
UG Nominal Salary UG Salary in 1985 Dollars
Grad Nominal Salary Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
$35.0
$30.0
$25.0
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
UG Nominal Salary
UG Salary in 1985 Dollars
Grad Nominal Salary
Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
$14.0 $15.2 $16.9 $17.8 $18.0 $18.1 $18.2 $18.5 $20.0 $20.8 $21.5 $23.0 $24.0 $25.0
$13.8 $14.3 $15.3 $15.3 $14.6 $14.1 $13.7 $13.5 $14.2 $14.4 $14.4 $15.1 $15.5 $15.7
$25.0 $22.0 $24.8 $25.0 $25.0 $28.5 $28.8 $28.5 $30.0 $35.0
$20.3 $17.1 $18.7 $18.3 $17.8 $19.7 $19.3 $18.7 $19.4 $22.0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

38. Salaries and dailies
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation at daily newspapers
$30.0
In thousands
$25.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $13.9 $13.9 $16.1 $17.0 $18.1 $18.2 $18.2 $18.2 $21.0 $22.0 $20.8 $21.0 $22.6 $25.0
In 1985 Dollars $13.7 $13.1 $14.6 $14.6 $14.7 $14.2 $13.7 $13.3 $14.9 $15.2 $13.9 $13.8 $14.6 $15.7
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

39. Salaries and weeklies
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation at weekly newspapers
$25.0
In thousands
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $12.9
$14.3
$14.7
$15.6
$15.0
$15.6
$15.6
$15.6
$17.0
$18.2
$19.6
$20.3
$21.0
In 1985 Dollars $12.2
$12.9
$12.6
$12.7
$11.7
$11.8
$11.4
$11.1
$11.7
$12.2
$12.9
$13.1
$13.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

$25.0
40. Salaries and radio
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation in radio
In thousands
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $12.8
$14.6
$13.5
$13.2
$14.0
$15.0
$16.9
$16.0
$17.0
$18.0
$20.0
$20.8
$22.5
In 1985 Dollars $12.1
$13.2
$11.6
$10.7
$10.9
$11.3
$12.3
$11.4
$11.7
$12.0
$13.2
$13.4
$14.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

41. Salaries and television
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation in television
$25.0
In thousands
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $12.9
$16.9
$15.2
$15.0
$14.5
$15.6
$15.6
$16.0
$18.0
$17.5
$18.7
$18.2
$20.0
In 1985 Dollars $12.2
$15.3
$13.1
$12.2
$11.2
$11.8
$11.4
$11.4
$12.4
$11.7
$12.3
$11.8
$12.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

$30.0
42. Salaries and advertising
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation in advertising
In thousands
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$25.0
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $14.7 $15.0 $16.4 $18.0 $18.5 $18.1 $18.5 $19.0 $20.0 $20.4 $22.0 $22.0 $25.0 $25.0
In 1985 Dollars $14.4 $14.2 $14.8 $15.5 $15.0 $14.1 $14.0 $13.9 $14.2 $14.1 $14.7 $14.5 $16.2 $15.7
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

43. Salaries and PR
Annual nominal salaries and adjustments for inflation in public relations
$30.0
In thousands
$25.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal Salary $15.3 $16.7 $18.4 $19.0 $19.7 $20.0 $19.5 $20.9 $21.0 $22.0 $23.0 $23.1 $25.0 $25.0
In 1985 Dollars $15.0 $15.8 $16.6 $16.3 $16.0 $15.6 $14.7 $15.3 $14.9 $15.2 $15.4 $15.2 $16.2 $15.7
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

All
Dailies
44. Salaries Compared
Median yearly salaries for 1999 BA recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
$25,000
$24,960
Weeklies
Radio
Television
Cable Television
Advertising
Public Relations
Consumer Magazines
Newsletters, Trades
$21,000
$22,500
$19,968
$23,400
$25,000
$25,012
$26,494
$26,000
$28,000 WWW
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

45. Salaries by region
Median yearly salaries for 1999 BA recipients with full-time jobs
Midwest
Median salary: $24,366
N=666
Northeast
Median salary:
$26,000
N=360
West
Median salary:
$25,012
N=379
South
Median salary:
$24,960
N=500

Basic Med. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
46. Job benefits I
Benefits available to BA recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
29.5
29.7
33.1
30.6
33.4
36.6
33.9
32.9
45.4
46.3
44.3
48.4
46.6
45.9
48.6
50.5
Major Med. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
25.1
25.2
27.4
24.8
25.8
28.2
27.2
26.4
47.5
49.1
46.7
51.5
52.4
52
52.2
54.2
Disability 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
0
19.1
22.3
22
21.5
22
22.7
22.3
22.3
20
33.1
32.1
33.9
34.9
37.6
38.1
36.9
39.1
40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
80 100

47. Job benefits II
Benefits available to BA recipients with full-time jobs
Prescription 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Percent
13
12.9
15.8
14.6
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.9
45.3
48.5
48.6
54.7
55.9
59.3
59.1
61
Dental 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
17.9
19.2
23.1
21.4
21.5
25.8
24.8
23.8
37.6
39.3
37.1
42.6
44
43.9
45.1
48.9
Life Insur. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
25.8
28.4
28.2
26.4
28.5
29.9
28.4
30.2
29.7
29.2
28.7
32.6
32.7
33
33.9
35.7
0 20 40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
80 100

48. Job benefits III
Benefits available to BA recipients with full-time jobs
Mat./Paternity 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Percent
23.3
24.8
28.7
28.7
30
34.5
32.8
35.4
23.9
29.6
29.6
31.1
35.1
31.8
34.2
34.6
Child Care 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2
4.2
4.4
3.4
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
9.6
12.8
11.9
15.8
15.5
15.8
18.2
18.2
Retirement 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
16.2
14.3
16.3
15.8
15.3
16
15.3
15.3
36.1
39.8
40
42.4
47.3
48.4
50
52.6
0 20 40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
80 100

30
35
49. Overtime without pay
BA recipients working more than 40 hours per week as full-time employees without reimbursement
Percent
25.2
24.3
24.2
25 24.8
25
25
20
15
19.5
10
5
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1997 1998
24.7
1999

50. Hourly employees
BA recipients paid by employer on an hourly basis or paid the same regardless of hours worked, 1999
Employees paid on an hourly basis
38.7%
Employees paid same amount regardless of hours worked
61.3%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

25
20
15
10
5
0
30
51. OT without compensation, hourly vs. salary
BA recipients working more than 40 hours per week as full-time employees without reimbursement
35
Percent
38.3
3.4
Paid on an hourly basis Paid same amount regardless of hours worked
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

News, Wires
52. Working OT compared
Percentage of employees who say working overtime is required without compensation
Percent
15.4
21.8
Radio, TV and Cable
Public Relations 41.6
38 Advertising
27.3
Other Communication
14.9
Non-Communication
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

News, Wires
53. Hourly Employees, Specialty
Percentage of employees paid on an hourly basis, by specialty
Percent
58
56.7
Radio, TV and Cable
Public Relations 13.3
12.6
Advertising
29.3
Other Communication
54.5
Non-Communication
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

Available
What Want to Do
54. Why jobs chosen
Employed BA recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
Percent very important
1993 (N=1787)
1994 (N=1682)
1995 (N=1748)
1996 (N=1675)
1997 (N=1768)
1998 (N=1818)
1999 (N=2222)
1993 (N=1787)
1994 (N=1682)
1995 (N=1748)
1996 (N=1675)
1997 (N=1768)
1998 (N=1818)
1999 (N=2222)
0 20
Available
35
26.2
26.3
23.5
19.2
19.6
17.7
40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60 80
What Want to Do
51.7
56.1
60.1
58.9
61.5
63.9
61.6
100

Available
What Want to Do
Salary
Benefits
Location
Flexible
Challenging
Advancement
Variety
Coworkers
Visibility
Opportunities to learn
Saw people like me
Liked technology used
Had talent in that area
55. Why jobs chosen in 1999
Employed BA recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
Percent very important
17.7
1999 (N=2222)
16.1
22.3
18.8
15.7
27.1
33.2
39.1
44.6
42.3
51.8
50.8
61.6
59.9
68.9
0 20 40 60 80 100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

56. Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction of employed BA recipients: percent very satisfied
100
Percent
Full Time Work
Part Time Work
80
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Full Time Work 38.7
32.8
33.7
31.4
28.1
30.6
31.4
34 38.5
35.8
35.5
34.1
34.8
N 799
Part Time Work 14.7
N 143
409 1536 1565 1511 1651 1472 1461 1546 1516 1574 1658 2026
3.6
56
11
209
6.9
277
8.1
347
9.8
378
8.2
318
11.6
267
15
253
15.3
216
15.3
176
8.4
131
9.5
179
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

57. Regret career choices
BA Degree Recipients Who Wish They Had Selected Another Career
Percent
Yes
27.3%
Never planned communications career
4.2%
No
68.5%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates

Low salary
58. Why choose other career
Reasons given for preferring another career
Percent
68.8
Poor benefits
Location
Working schedule
Difficulty finding job
24
22.9
33
Uninteresting
No advancement
7.6
21.5
Interests changed 40.9
Few people are like me
10
9.4
0 20 30 40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
50
56.5
60 70 80

Realistic view of job demands
59. Job orientation provided
Orientation to work as described by BA degree recipients with jobs: What they said employers provided
Percent
81.9
81.6
81.2
Explanation of expectations
84.5
83.1
83.5
On-the-job supervision
69.7
69.4
69.5
Orientation Session
52.9
54.5
57.7
1997
1998
1999
Assistance meeting job demands
68.9
70.7
70.6
0 20 40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60 80 100

Job Meets Expectations
60. Attitudes toward work
Attitudes toward work of BA degree recipients with jobs
Percent
63.2
74.7
Job is interesting
Job is challenging 67.6
Job provides advancement
Job provides opportunity to raise family 35.3
Job allows me active social life
0 20 40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60
59.7
65.5
80 100

10
5
0
15
20
61. Retirement plans
Attitudes toward retirement of BA degree recipients with jobs
25
Percent
1997 1998 1999
20.7
18.2
17.5
5.8
4.4
4.1
Expect to Retire with Company Expect to Retire in Occupation