LAB:
Bryophytes
and
seedless
vascular
plants
(except
ferns)
Lab Atlas Chapters 6 and 7
Clade:
Plantae
–
all
are
here
now!
We
will
be
looking
at
several
phyla
in
this
clade,
starting
with
the
most
primitive
(this
group
are
all
seedless):
mosses
and
seedless
vascular
plants.
Seeds
begin
with
the
gymnosperms
(not
itself
a
taxonomic
group,
but
is
used
to
talk
about
the
‘naked
seed’
plants
in
the
phyla:
Cycadophyta,
Ginkgophyta,
Gnetophyta
and
Coniferophyta)
Back
to
seedless:
Look
at
your
handout,
and
use
the
phylogeny/classification
system
in
that
handout
and
in
your
lab
manual/book
(as
we
have
discussed
there
are
many
ways
to
classify
things,
and
we
will
be
consistent
in
using
your
book’s
method).
For
this
Lab,
use
your
lab
manual,
your
textbook,
and
handouts
to
become
familiar
with
the
material
Use
live
specimens
AND
the
slides
for
the
life
cycles.
DRAW,
LABEL!
Some
key
concepts
and
terms
(general):
•
Why
do
these
plants
need
water
for
fertilization?
Does
wind
play
a
role?
•
Be
able
to
classify
to
correct
clade
and
phylum/division
•
Recognize
and
name
the
major
morphological
structures
of
the
specimens
we
study
here:
gametophytes
and
sporophytes
•
Outline
the
life
cycle
of
a
moss
and
a
liverwort
and
recognize
all
parts
of
the
life
cycles
of
both.
•
Define
the
seedless
vascular
Divisions.
1.
Nonvascular
plants:
Bryophyta
(mosses),
Hepatophyta
(liverworts),
and
Anthoceraphyta
(hornworts)
These
all
tend
to
be
small
terrestrial
plants
with
some
tissue
differentiation
but
lacking
conducting
(vascular)
tissue.
All
have
an
alternation
of
generations
in
which
the
gametophyte
is
the
dominant,
long
lived
generation
alternating
with
a
short
lived
sporophyte
which
is
attached
to
and
dependent
on
the
gametophyte.
Sperm
are
flagellated
and
water
is
required
for
fertilization.
•
Know
the
representative’s
shown
(know
how
to
recognize
them)
•
I.D
the
major
characteristics,
including
some
natural
history
characteristics
(where
the
are
found
etc.)
•
I.D
major
morphological
structures
on
gametophytes
and
sporophytes
•
Life
cycles:
know,
draw,
and
label
structures
and
stages
in
the
life
cycles
of
o
A
moss
(bryophyte)
o
A
liverwort
(Marchantia)
o
NOTE:
This
is
alternation
of
generations
(sporic
life
cycle)

Antheridia
(what
is
it
and
what
is
it
for?)

Archegonia
(what
is
it
and
what
is
it
for?)

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Gemmae
cups
(on
Marchantia
–
asexual
reproduction)

2N,
1N
stages
A.
Phylum
Bryophyta:
“The
Mosses”
Bryophytes
in
which
the
gametophytes
are
“leafy”
in
appearance
and
the
sporophytes
grow
conspicuously
from
the
tips
of
the
gametophyte
plants.
1.
Examine
the
mass
of
moss
plants
and
then
select
one
or
two
individual
gametophyte
plants
and
note
the
“leaf-like”
(not
true
leaves
because
they
lack
conducting
tissue)
structures
which
are
arranged
around
a
central,
vertical
“stem
like”
stalk
and
the
root
like
rhizoids
which
anchor
the
plant
and
adsorb
water
and
nutrients.
2.
The
sex
organs
are
in
the
tips
of
the
plants
and
must
be
seen
with
the
microscope.
Study
a
slide
of
a
vertical
section
through
the
head
of
a
male
plant
and
note
the
many
antheridia.
3.
Examine
a
slide
of
a
vertical
section
through
the
tip
of
a
female
plant.
Note
the
many
upright
archegonia
each
on
a
tall
stalk
and
each
with
a
swollen
base
or
venter
containing
an
egg
and
an
elongate
neck.
Note
the
filamentous
paraphyses
between
the
archegonia.
4.
Examine
a
living
or
preserved
specimen
of
a
moss
sporophyte
(2n).
Note
the
very
long
stalk
or
seta
and
bulbous
foot
which
anchors
the
sporophyte
into
the
gametophyte
tissue.
At
the
top
of
the
stalk
is
the
capsule
or
sporangium
which
may
be
covered
by
a
“dunce
cap”
of
old
archegonial
tissue,
the
calyptra.
5.
Study
a
slide
of
a
vertical
section
through
a
moss
capsule.
Note
the
outer
wall
of
several
layers,
the
central
columnella
and
the
sporogenous
tissue
in
between.
B.
Phylum
Hepatophyta:
“The
Liverworts”
Bryophytes
in
which
the
gametophyte
has
a
well
defined
upper
and
lower
surface
(dorsi-
ventrally
differentiated)
with
either
a
thallose
or
leafy
appearance.
The
sporophytes
are
small
and
inconspicuous.
1.
Observe
the
living
gametophyte
plants
of
Marchantia.
Note
the
dorsi-ventrally
differentiated
thallus
(simple
plant
body)
with
dichtomous
(in
two)
branching
and
a
midrib
running
down
the
center
of
all
the
branches.
2.
Using
a
hand
lens
or
dissecting
microscope
note
the
polygonal
(diamond
shaped)
areas
on
the
upper
(dorsal)
surface
with
an
air
pore
in
the
center
of
each.
On
the
dorsal
surface
of
some
gametophytes
there
are
tiny
cup
shaped
structures,
called
gemmae
cups,
which
contain
tiny
flat
shaped
groups
of
cells
which
can
produce
a
new
gametophyte
if
they
are
dispersed
(eg.
by
a
drop
of
water).
This
is
asexual
reproduction.
On
the
lower
(ventral)
surface,
look
for
the
tiny
white
hairlike
rhizoids
which
anchor
the
thallus
to
the
soil
and
absorb
minerals
and
nutrients.
3.
Obtain
a
prepared
slide
of
a
section
through
a
Marchantia
thallus
and
note
the
upper
epidermis
with
air
pores
leading
into
air
chambers
containing
photosynthetic
cells
(note
the
chloroplasts).
Then
note
the
lower
portion.
Then
note
the
lower
portion
filled
with
great
numbers
of
storage
cells,
the
lower
epidermis
and
sections
of
rhizoids
below.
4.
Observe
a
female
gametophyte
bearing
an
archegoniophore
on
a
tall
stalk.
The
archegoniophores
have
long
finger
like
lobes
at
the
top
and
the
archegonia
are
underneath
(ventral)
these
lobes.
5.
Look
at
a
male
gametophyte
with
antheridiophores
borne
on
tall
stalks.
Each
has
a
flat
head
with
a
scalloped
edge
and
the
antheridia
are
buried
in
the
dorsal
surface.
6.
Study
a
slide
of
a
section
through
an
archegoniophore
under
low
power
and
note
the
archegonia
hanging
from
the
underside
of
the
head.
Note
the
flask
shaped
archegonia
on
a
stalk
with
the
long
neck
pointing
downward
and
the
swollen
base
or
venter
containing
a
single
large
egg
cell.
7.
Study
a
section
through
an
antheridiophore
and
note
the
oval
antheridia
buried
in
the
dorsal
tissue
of
the
antheridiophore.
Note
each
antheridium
has
a
jacket
of
cells
around
a
solid
mass
of
spermatogenous
tissue
and
is
borne
on
a
short
stalk.
8.
Examine
a
female
gametophyte
in
which
the
archegoniophore
is
bearing
sporophytes
on
the
underside
of
the
head.
9.
Study
a
section
of
an
archegonial
head
(n)
bearing
sporophytes
(2n)
on
the
under
surface.
Note
that
each
sporophyte
has
a
foot
buried
in
the
gametophyte
tissue,
a
stalk
(or
seta)
and
a
capsule
(or
sporangium).
The
capsule
has
a
jacket
surroundijg
the
many
spores
(n)
and
elongate
spiral
elaters
which
aid
in
spore
dispersal.
Note
also
the
remains
of
the
archegonial
tissue
dangling
around
the
outside
of
the
sporophyte.
10.
Review
the
life
cycle
of
Marchantia
and
be
sure
you
understand
how
the
cycle
proceeds
from
one
stage
to
another
and
that
you
can
recognize
any
of
the
stages
and
say
what
comes
before
and
after.
11.
Observe
other
species
of
Hepatophyta.
C.
Phylum
Antherocerophyta:
the
“hornworts”
Bryophytes
in
which
the
gametophytes
are
always
small
and
thallose
and
the
sporophyte
is
large
and
persists
as
long
as
conditions
are
favorable.
Look
at
some
examples,
and
be
able
to
place
them
in
the
correct
phylum
by
looking
at
major
distinguishing
characteristics
2.
Seedless
Vascular
plants:
these
include
the
Phylum
Lycophyta
(club
mosses,
spike
mosses,
and
quillworts)
and
the
phylum
pterophyta
(also
called
pteridophytes
–
the
horsetails,
whisk
ferns
and
ferns)
•
What
are
(ID)
Microphylls?
Megaphylls?
Sporophylls?
Rhizome?,
strobilus?
Sporocyte?
Sporophyte?
Gametophyte?
•
What
does
Homosporous
mean?
Heterosporous?
Be
able
to
apply
these
terms
to
the
life
cycles
we
are
looking
at.
•
Do
some
of
these
undergo
asexual
reproduction?
How?
•
Know
the
common
ones
put
out
and
how
to
ID
them
(eg.
What
is
their
name
(such
as
Selaginella)
and
what
phylum
are
they
in)
•
I.D
Major
phyla
and
characteristics
o
Lycophyta
o
Pterophyta
(also
called
Pteridophyta)
•
Know
the
life
cycles
and
the
major
stages
(see
terms
above)
A.
Observations
on
Lycopodium,
a
Lycophyte.
Homosporous
1.
Examine
a
sporophyte
of
a
living
or
preserved
specimen
of
Lycopodium.
Note
the
horizontal
underground
stem
or
rhizome,
bearing
the
true
roots,
the
true
aerial
(in
the
air)
stem
and
the
true
leaves
or
microphylls.
Note
that
some
leaves
have
small
yellow
sacs
or
sporangia
in
the
axiles
(between
the
upper
surface
of
the
leaf
and
the
stem).
Leaves
bearing
sporangia
are
called
sporophylls.
In
most
species
of
Club
Mosses
the
sporophylls
are
grouped
together
at
the
tips
of
the
stems
to
form
strobili
(or
"clubs",
or
"cones").
2.
Study
a
slide
showing
a
longitudinal
section
through
a
strobilus
and
note
the
sporophylls
each
bearing
a
sporangium
containing
spores.
3.
Look
at
the
slide
of
Lycopodium
gametophyte
and
try
and
locate
antheridia
and
archegonia
4.
Review
the
life
cycle
of
Lycopodium.
B.
Observations
on
Selaginella,
a
lycophyte
Selaginella
differs
from
Lycopodium
in
that
it
is
heterosporous.
It
has
two
kinds
of
spores:
a
few
large
megaspores
on
megasporophylls
and
many
small
microspores
on
microsporophylls.
A
group
of
megasporophylls
is
a
megastrobilus
or
a
megasporangiate
cone.
A
group
of
microsporophylls
forms
a
microstrobilus
or
a
microsporangiate
cone.
Each
megaspore
gives
rise
to
a
female
gametophyte
or
megagametophyte
which
is
always
retained
in
the
megaspore
wall.
The
microspores
give
rise
to
a
tiny
male
gametophyte
or
microgametophyte
within
the
microspore
wall.
The
female
gametophyte
gives
rise
to
archegonia
each
containing
an
egg
(all
within
the
megaspore
wall
which
cracks
open
before
fertilization).
The
male
gametophyte
is
made
up
almost
entirely
of
antheridial
tissue
containing
motile
sperm
which
are
released
from
the
microspore
wall
and
male
gametophyte
tissue
and
swim
to
the
egg
in
the
female
gametophyte
in
the
megaspore.
1.
Examine
a
specimen
of
selaginella.
Note
the
rhizophores
(aerial
roots
arising
from
the
stem,
roots,
stem,
leaves
(microphylls)
and
strobili.
2.
Study
a
slide
of
a
longitudinal
section
through
the
strobilis
of
Selaginella.
Find
the
two
kinds
of
sporangia:
megasporangia
with
megaspores
(on
megasporophylls)
and
microsporangia
with
microspores
(on
microsporophylls).
3.
Review
the
life
cycle
of
Selaginella.
C.
Observations
on
Equisetum
–
horsetails.
Homosporous
with
a
separate
gametophyte
1.
Examine
a
specimen
of
Equisetum.
Note
the
underground
stem
or
rhizome,
the
roots
and
stem,
and
the
tiny
scale-like
microphylls
arranged
in
whorls
at
the
nodes
(where
the
leaves-microphylls-are
attached
to
the
stem).
Note
the
lateral
branches
which
grow
out
from
the
nodes
(in
some
species).
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