Group IA
Occurence/
Metallurgy
Li
Na
Reactions
Occurs as LiAl(SiO3)2 2 Li + 2 H2O
(spudomene)
Pure metal obtained by 4 Li + O2
the electrolysis of LiCl
Compounds/Uses
2LiOH + H2
2 Li2O
Occurs as NaCl. Pure 2 Na + 2 H2O
2 NaOH + H2
metal obtained by the
electrolysis of molten 2 Na + O2
Na2O2
NaCl. Sixth most
(sodium peroxide)
abundant element in
the earth's crust (2.8%)
Li2CO3
Preparation of porcelain, special glasses. Preparation of
LiOH. Treatment of manic depressive disorders.
LiOH
Manufacture of lithium soaps for lubricating greases.
Used in air regeneration systems
LiH
Reducing agent in organic synthesis
LiNH2
Preparation of antihistamines and other pharmeceuticals
NaCl Source of sodium and sodium compounds. Condiment and
food preservative. Soap manufacture (precipitates soap
from the reaction mixture.
NaOH Pulp and paper industry. Extraction of aluminum oxide
from ore. Manufacture of Rayon. Petroleum refining.
Manufacture of soap.
Na2CO3 Manufacture of glass. Used in detergents and water
softeners.
Na2O2
Textile bleach
NaNH2 Preparation if indigo dye for denim.
K
Occurs as KCl. Pure
2 K + 2 H2O
2 KOH + H2
metal obtained by
reduction from a more K + O2
KO2
active metal (usually
(potassium superoxide)
sodium) Seventh most
abundant element in
the earth's crust (2.6%)
KCl
KOH
Fertilizer. Source of other potassium compounds.
Manufacture of soft soap. Manufacture of other
potassium compounds.
K2CO3 Manufacture of glass
KNO3
Fertilizers. Explosives and fireworks.
Group IIA
Occurence/
Metallurgy
Mg
Ca
Reactions
2 Mg + O2
Found as CaCO3.MgCO3
(dolomite) or MgCO3
(magnesite). Eighth most
2 Mg + CO2
abunsand element in Earth's
crust (2.1%) Third most
Mg + H2O(g)
abundant ion in sea water.
Pure metal obtained by
electrolysis of molten MgCl2
(Dow Process).
Occurs as the free ion in sea
water. Also as limestone
(CaCO3) and Gypsum,
CaSO4.2H2O. The fifth most
abundant element in the
earth's crust 3.6%) Pure
metal obtained by the
reduction of CaO with
aluminum.
Compounds/Uses
2 MgO
2 MgO + C(s)
MgO + H2
MgO
Refractory bricks (for furnaces)
Animal feeds
Mg(OH)2 Source of magnesium for the metal and other
magnesium compounds. Milk of Magnesia (antacid
and laxative)
MgSO4.7H2O
Fertilizer. Medicinal uses (laxative and analgesic)
Mordant (used in dyeing fabrics)
Ca + 2 H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2 CaO and Ca(OH)2 Manufacture of steel. Neutralizer for chemical
processing. Water treatment (for softening).
Ca + H2
CaH2
Mortar.
Smoke stack gas scrubber (removes H2S
(calcium hydride is a convenient and SO2)
source of H2 since it reacts so
easily with water..below)
CaCO3 Paper coating and filler. Antacids
CaH2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + 2 H2 CaSO4 Plaster, wallboard. Portland cement.
(the reaction of calcium hydride
with water)
Ca(H2PO4)2 soluble phosphate fertilizer.
Group IIIA and IVA
Al
Sn
Occurence/
Metallurgy
Reactions
Occurs as Al(SiO3)3 or
Al2O3 (corundum). The
main ore is Bauxite,
Al(OH)3.AlO(OH).
It is the third most
abundant element in the
earth's crust (8.1%) and
the most abundant
metal.
The pure metal is
obtained by the
electrolysis of molten
Al2O3 (alumina)
dissolved in fused
cryolite, Na3AlF6
2 Al + 6 HCl
2 AlCl3 + 3 H2 Al2O3 Source of aluminum snd its compounds. Used as
(reacts with HCl)
an abrasive. Refractory bricks and furnace
linings. Synthetic saphires and rubies.
Aluminum is used as reducing
agent to obtain other
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O Used in paper production. Used in
water purification (alum).
metals..Goldschmidt Process)
Occurs as cassiterite,
SnO2. The pure metal is
obtained by reducing
Sn+4 using carbon.
Sn + 2 HCl
Cr2O3 + Al(s)
Compounds/Uses
Al2O3 + Cr(s) AlCl3 Used in the preparation of aluminum metal.
Catalyst in organic reactions.
AlCl3.6H2O Used in antipersperants.
SnCl2 + H2
Sn
Used to make tin plated steel (for "tin" cans)
SnO2 Used to manufacture other tin compounds. Used
in glazes and enamels.
Sn + H2SO4
SnSO4 + H2
SnCl2 Used as a reducing agent in the preparation of
organic compounds.
Pb
Occurs as Galena, PbS. Pb + 2 HCl
The pure metal is
obtained by the reduction
of PbO with CO(g) to Pb(l) Pb + H2SO4
and CO2(g)
PbCl2 + H2
PbO Used in lead storage batteries. Lead glass. Used to
produce the pure metal.
PbSO4 + H2
PbO2 Used as a cathode in lead storage batteries
Pb3O4 Pigment for painting structural steel.
Group IVA
Occurence
Reactions
C All organic compounds contain
carbon. Exists as three
"allotropes"; gaphite, diamond
and fullerenes. Pure element
obtained by heating petroleum
hydrocarbons in a limited supply
of air.
2 C(s) + O2
2 CO(g)
C(s) + O2
CO2 Refrigerant. Carbonation of
beverages.
CO2(g)
CO
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CO + 2 H2
Si Occurs as "silica", SiO2 or
silicates, SiO3-2 in minerals.
Makes up 95% of the earth's
crust. Pure element obtained by
reducing quartz sand, SiO2 with
coke (C).
Compounds/Uses
Fuel. Reducing agent.
Synthesis of methanol
CaCO3 + H2O
CH3OH
SiO2(l) + 2 C(s)
Si(l) + 2 CO(g) SiO2 Source of silicon and its
compounds. Abrasives. Glass
SiCl4
(CH3)2SiCl2 Manufacture of
Si(s) + 4 HCl
silicones (used in lubricants,
hydraulic fluids, caulking
compounds, and medical implants.
Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g)
SiCl4(g) + 2 H2(g)
Group VA
Occurence
N 78.1% of the atmosphere as
N2. Component of all
proteins. Since all nitrates
are water soluble, most
surface and griund water
contains NO3-1.
Reactions
3 Mg + N2
Mg3N2
N-3 + 3 H2O
NH3 + 3 OH-1
NH4Cl + NaOH
N2 + 3 H2
Mg + H2O(g)
P
NH3 + H2O + NaCl
NH3
(Haber Process)
MgO + H2
The most abundant of the P4 + 5 O2
P4O10
group V elements. Occurs
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4
in phosphate minerals.
Important element in living
organisms as in DNA, ATP
and ADP. Pure elemnt
exists as two allotropes;
white phosphorus and red
phosphorus (both P4).
White phosphorus is air
sensitive, prepared by
heating phosphate rock with
coke and SiO2. Used to
manufacture phosphoric
acid, H3PO4.
Compounds/Uses
NH3 Nitrogen fertilizer
Manufacture of nitrogen
compounds
N2H4 (hydrazine) Blowing agent for
foamed plastics
HNO3 Explosives. Polyurethane
plastics
Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O Phosphate
fertilizer. Baking powder.
3 CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4
CaHPO4.2H2O Animal feed
additive. Toothpowder.
H3PO4 Manufacture of phosphate
fertilizers. Soft drinks.
PCl3 Manufacture of POCl3.
Manufacture of pesticides.
POCl3 Manufacture of plasticizers
(to keep plastics pliable).
Manufacture of flame
retardants.
Na5P3O10 Detergent additive.
Group VIA
Occurence
O
S
Reactions
Compounds/Uses
As O2, makes up 20.9% of the
atmosphere. Oxygen is the most
abundant element on the earth
making up 48% by mass of the
earth's crust. Most is present as
oxide or oxoanions. Will combine
with both metals and nonmetals.
Pure O2 obtained by the fractional
distillation of liquid air.
forms oxides with metals
2 Mg + O2
2 MgO
Sulfur occurs in sulfate, sulfide, and
disulfide minerals. Commercial
deposits of elemental sulfur also
occur in the rock at the top of salt
domes. Also occurs in a number of
amino acids which form proteins.
Exists in its elemental state as
several allotropes, the most common
being rhombic sulfur, S8.
SO2 + H2O
H2SO3
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
Too many to choose from
forms oxides with nonmetals
S8 + 8 O2
8 SO2
Na2CO3 + SO2
SO2 + CaO
Can also exist as a peroxide, with
a -1 oxidation state or
superoxides with an oxidation
state of -1/2.
CS2 Manufacture of rayon and
cellophane. Manufacture of
CCl4
Na2SO3 + CO2 SO2 Manufacture of H2SO4.
Food preservative. Textile
bleach.
CaSO
3
H2SO4 Manufacture of phoshate
fertilizers. Petroleum
refining.
Na2S2O3 Photographic fixer.
Group VIIA
Occurence
Cl
Very reactive oxidizing
agent. Pure gas is
yellow-green in color. All
the halogens are strong
oxidizing agents, but
power decreases as you
go down the column.
Pure Cl2 produced by the
electrolysis of aqueous
NaCl. Principle use is the
manufacture of chloinated
hydrocarbons for plastics
and insecticides. Used
also as a disinfectant and
bleaching agent.
Reactions
HCl as an acid
HCl + H2O
Compounds/Uses
AgBr, AgI Photographic film
H3O+ + Cl-1
production of
chlorinated hydrocarbons
CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + HCl
CCl4 Manufacture of fluorocarbons.
CH3Br Pesticide
C2H4Cl2 Manufacture of vinyl chloride
(plastics}
production of HCl
HCl Metal treaating. Food processing.
NaCl + H2SO4
NaHSO4 + HCl
NaClO Household bleach. Manufacture of
hydrazine for rocket fuel.
NaClO3 Paper pulp bleaching (with ClO2)
KI Human nutritional and animal feed
supplement