Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Modified – Teddi Baker
Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Campaigning “on the Stump”
Why Increased Democratization?
3
White male suffrage increased
3
Party nominating committees.
3
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential
electors.
3
Spoils system.
3
Rise of Third Parties.
3
3
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832
election:
 Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs
(1832)  Republicans (1854)
 Democrats (1828)
Jackson’s First
Hermitage Residence
First Known Painting
of Jackson, 1815
General Jackson
During the Seminole Wars
The “Common Man’s”
Presidential Candidate
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
Results of the 1824 Election
A
“Corrupt
Bargain?”
Opposition to John Quincy Adams
3
3
Some believed he allowed too much
political control to be held by elites.
Some objected to his support of national
economic development on constitutional
grounds.
 Adams believed a strong, active central
government was necessary.
 A national university.
 An astronomical observatory.
 A naval academy.
3
Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a
might nation led by a strong president as a
threat to individual liberties.
Tariff Battles
3
3
3
Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap
textiles.
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more
expensive woolen and cotton imports.
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on
imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].
 Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes
from farmers in NY, OH, KY.
 The South alone was adamantly against it.
 As producers of the world’s cheapest
cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
 They were negatively impacted  American
textiles and iron goods [or the taxed
English goods] were more expensive!
Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”
Land & Indian Policies
3
John Quincy Adams:
 His land policies gave westerners anothr
reason to dislike him.
 He attempted to curb speculation for
public lands  his opponent accused him of
denying their individual rights and
freedoms to expand westward!
 He supported the land rights of Native
Americans against white settlers.
 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty
with a group of Creek Indians to cede
their land rights to GA.
 The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to
renounce the treaty.
 Congress sided with the governor of GA.
The 1828 Election
3
Jackson’s campaign was engineered by
Senator Martin Van Buren of NY
 He wanted to recreate the old
Jeffersonian coalition of:
 Northern farmers and artisans.
 Southern slave owners.
 Farmers with small land holdings.
 He created the Democratic Party from
the remains of Jefferson’s old party:
 Created a national committee that
oversaw local and state party units.
 Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
 A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
1828 Election Results
The Center of Population in the
Country Moves WEST
The New “Jackson Coalition”
3
The Planter Elite in the South
3
People on the Frontier
3
3
Artisans [competition from factory
labor].
State Politicians  spoils system
 To the victor belong the spoils of
the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]
3
Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of
Victory over his Supporters
Jackson’s Faith
in the “Common Man”
3
3
3
Intense distrust of Eastern
“establishment,” monopolies, &
special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the
“plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was
capable of uncommon
achievements.
The Reign of “King Mob”
Andrew Jackson as President
The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel
Webster
[MA]
Sen. Robert
Hayne
[SC]
• One of the most momentous debates in Senate history
began over a plan to curtail western land sales.
• Senators from western states viewed this proposal by a
Connecticut senator as a cynical scheme to preserve for
northeastern manufacturing interests a cheap labor
supply that might otherwise be lured away by the
beckoning opportunities of plentiful western lands.
• Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina saw in this
developing Northeast-West dispute an opportunity to
build a political alliance between the South and the West.
• Hayne shared the view of southern planters that an
agricultural system built on slavery could only survive
with an unlimited supply of cheap western lands.
• Hayne began the debate in this chamber on January 19,
1830.
• He contended that states, not the federal government,
should control their lands and that states should have the
right to set aside certain federal laws if they wished.
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's leading
orator, responded by challenging the South's apparent
willingness to subvert the Union for regional economic
gain.
• In doing so, he broadened the debate beyond land,
tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the very nature of
the federal republic.
• Maintaining that the North had always been the
West's ally, Webster successfully shifted the
debate to one of states' rights versus national
power.
• When Hayne again argued that a state had the
right to openly defy an act of Congress,
Webster returned on January 26 and 27 with
his classic "Second Reply to Hayne."
• The chamber was jammed beyond reasonable capacity
as Webster, using his organ-like voice to great effect,
– thundered that the nation was not a mere association
of sovereign states, but a "popular government,
erected by the people;
– those who administer it responsible to the people;
– and itself capable of being amended and modified, just
as the people may choose it should be."
Overnight, the Massachusetts senator became a major
national figure, respected by his many friends and
enemies alike.
The Senate shelved the land sales resolution, and
chances of an alliance between the South and West
evaporated.
1830
Webster:
Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson:
Our Federal Union—it must be
preserved.
Calhoun:
The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads
to Despotism
1832 Tariff Conflict
3
1832 --> new tariff
3
South Carolina’s reaction?
3
Jackson’s response?
3
Clay’s “Compromise”
Tariff?
Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth (1834)
Indian Removal
3
Jackson’s Goal?
3
1830  Indian Removal Act
3
3
3
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
* “domestic dependent nation”
Worcester v. GA (1832)
Jackson:
John Marshall has made his
decision, now let him enforce
it!
The Cherokee Nation After 1820
Indian Removal
The Grand National Caravan Moving West
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Jackson’s Professed “Love” for
Native Americans
Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project
in KY [state of his
political rival, Henry
Clay]
The National Bank Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
[an arrogant
aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
President
Jackson
nd
Opposition to the 2 B.U.S.
“Soft”
(paper) $
3
3
state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
“Hard”
(specie) $
3
3
3
felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
3
3
3
3
“Pet Banks”
1832  Jackson
vetoed the
extension of the 2nd National
Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went
bankrupt!
The Downfall of “Mother Bank”
The Bank & the 1832 Election
3
Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill
to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an
attempt to block his re-election!
 Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.
 Jackson refused to sign the bill to recharter.
 The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I
will destroy it!
 Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with
Martin Van Buren.
 BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs]
had contradictory positions regarding their
party principles, to many of the issues of
the day!
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”?
Positions on the Key Issues of 1832
WHIGS
• Less concerned about the
•
•
•
•
•
widening gap between rich
and poor.
Opposed “liberal capitalism”
because they believed it
would lead to economic
chaos.
Strong national govt. to
coordinate the expanding
economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank.
DEMOCRATS
• Felt the widening gap
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
between rich and poor was
alarming.
Believed that bankers,
merchants, and speculators
were “non-producers” who
used their govt. connections
to line their own pockets.
Govt. should have a handsoff approach to the economy
to allow the little guy a
chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for
internal improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
1832 Election Results
The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
The Specie Circular (1836)
3 Speculators created “wildcat
banks” that fueled the
runaway inflation.
3 So, buy future federal land
only with gold or silver.
 This move shocked the system.
3 Jackson’s goal  to curb
the land speculation.
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
Andrew Jackson in Retirement
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844
(one year before his death)
1767 - 1845