American Nationalism
Focus on Economics
CHAPTER 5
Economic Nationalism
 Bell Ringer:
 How would you characterize the United States
during the Era of Good Feelings?
 How do tariffs affect the economy, people, and
workers?
Economic Nationalism
 Columbian Centinel : Boston newspaper called
the time period after the War of 1812 “The Era
of Good Feelings.”
 Described the period of James Monroe’s
presidency.
 Last 2 years they want to create a national
bank, enact a tariff protecting American
manufactures from foreign competition, and
building new canals and roads to improve
transportation.
Economic Nationalism
 War of 1812 taught Republican leaders that a
STRONGER federal government was necessary.
 James Monroe wins the 1816 presidency with 83% of
electoral votes.
 Federalist Party fades away.
Economic Nationalism: The Second Bank
 Republicans at first opposed a national bank.
 They blocked the first one in 1811
 Prices rose rapidly during the War of 1812.
 Borrowed money had high interest rates.
 These problems led many Republicans to change their
mind about a national bank.
 Rep. John C. Calhoun of SC introduced the bill for the 2nd
National Bank.
 Rep. Henry Clay of KY helped to pass the bill.
 Bank has the power to issue money that would be the
national currency and to control state banks.
Tariffs and Transportation
 Cheap British goods threaten to put American
manufacturers out of business.
 Tariff Act of 1816: was a
protective tariff, that raised
the prices of imports to
nurture growing American
manufactures.
Judicial Nationalism
 Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court under Chief
Justice John Marshall issued several rulings that helped
unify the nation after the war.
 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee:
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1816 court decides that that it had the authority to hear all appeals of
state court decisions in cases involving federal statutes and treaties.
Denny Martin, British subject, tried to sell his land in Virginia that
he had inherited from his Loyalist uncle. State law said that no
“enemy” could inherit land. The court ruled that Virginia’s law
conflicted with Jay’s Treaty, which stated land belonging to Loyalist
before the war was still theirs. This case helped to establish the
Supreme Court as the nation’s of FINAL appeal.
McCulloch v. Maryland
 1819 court case
 Maryland’s attempt to tax the Second Bank of the
United States.
 Under the “necessary and proper clause” the
Constitution allows for a national bank.
 A state can not interfere with an agency of the federal
government operating within the states borders.
Taxing the national bank was a form of interference,
making it unconstitutional.
Gibbons v. Ogden
 1824 Court Case
 Involved a company who was granted a monopoly by
New York to control all steamboat traffic on New
York waters. The company wanted to expand into
New Jersey.
 Supreme Court declared the monopoly
unconstitutional, interpreting federal controls over
interstate commerce granted by the Constitution to
include all trade along the coast and waterways
dividing the states.
Court Cases
 Strengthen the federal government at the expense of
the states.
 Helped make the “necessary and proper” clause and
“interstate commerce” clause as a way to expand the
federal government.
National Diplomacy
 Jackson Invades Florida
 Spanish held
 Anger and Frustration for Southerners
 Runaway enslaved people fled here
 America has no authority to capture them
 Many of the Creek went to Florida teaming up with other
Native Americans and adopting the name “Seminole” which
means “runaway.”
 They warned the Americans to stay out of Florida.
 We ignored the warning.
Jackson Invades Florida
 1817: John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, ordered General
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Andrew Jackson into Florida to stop the raids.
Jackson destroys villages and disobeys his orders by
seizing the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and
Pensacola.
He also will remove the Spanish governor from power.
Spain demands for Jackson to be punished.
Secretary of State: John Q. Adams defends Jackson
telling Spain they failed to keep Florida in order.
Spain gives up and gives the United States Florida in the
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. The treaty also finalized the
western boarder of the Louisiana Purchase.
The Monroe Doctrine
 1823 Britain and America will make a joint
statement supporting the independence of new Latin
American nations.
 Russia’s presence in America is growing. Russia
claimed Alaska, then claimed parts of the Oregon
Country.
 American continents were not to be considered as
subjects for future colonization by any European
powers.
 Prevent European powers from interfering in Latin
American political affairs.
Homework
 Page 144 Questions:
 2, 4, 5
A Revolution in Transportation
 1817 a canal begins across rural New York that
connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
 363 miles (Erie Canal)
 1825 complete
Roads and Turnpikes
 National Road (Maryland to Ohio)
 The state should be in charge of managing roads.
Steamboats and Canals
 Faster, cheaper, and more efficient way to move
goods.
 Barge could hold many wagon loads.
 Could usually travel only downstream.
 Steamboats made travel easier and faster.
The Iron Horse
 Railroad: developed in the early 1800’s
 1830 Tom Thumb: pulled the nations first load of
train passengers down 13 miles of track at 10mph.
 Trains helped settle the west and stimulate trade.
A New System of Production
 Industry developed quickly
 Free Enterprise system: individuals could make money
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and decide how to use it without strict government
controls and encouraged innovation.
Streams and rivers provide great places for textile mills.
Francis C. Lowell began opening a series of mills in
Northeastern Mass. in 1814.
Mass production of cotton cloth to the United States.
1840 dozen textile mills had been built in the Northeast.
Technology Advances
 Inventions and technological innovations
 Interchangeable parts: (Eli Whitney) uniform parts
that can be made in large quantities.
 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and developed
Morse code.
Rise of Large Cities
 Industrialization drew rural people to towns for jobs
with higher wages.
 Population in cities doubled and even tripled.
Workers Begin to Organize
 Factory worker 1.3 billion by 1860
 Long hours, lower pay, unsafe working conditions
 Labor Unions fought for workers.
 Unions had little success
 Union had little power or money to support strikes,
stoppage of work, or achieve goals.
 1840 President Martin Van Buren reduced the
workday for federal employees to 10 hours.
Life in the North
 Negative results: crime, overcrowding, public health
problems. Immigration
 Read article on Lowell Mill Girls
Lesson 3
Southern Economy
 Guided Question:
 How did the Southern Economy become dependent
upon cotton and slavery?
Southern Economy
 Upper southern states: Maryland, Virginia,
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Kentucky, and Tennessee grew tobacco.
South Carolina and Georgia: Rice paddies dominated
Louisiana and parts of eastern Texas: Sugar cane
Cotton is King of the South!!!
South Carolina to West Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, and into eastern Texas.
Cotton Gin: helped to increase slavery in the South.
Cotton becomes King
 Slave labor: Sky Rocketed!!
 Congress outlawed the foreign slave trade in 1808,
but a high birthrate among enslaved women—
encouraged by slaveholders eager to sell new
laborers at high prices—meant the enslaved
population kept growing.
 1820-1850: Number of people born into slavery in
the South rose from 1.5 million to nearly 4 million.
Industry Lags
 South remained a rural region. Only 3 large cities
Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans.
 South had iron, coal, salt, and copper.
 Relied heavily on imports.
Society in the South
 Rigid and clearly defined class structure.
 At the top: planter elite
 Ordinary farmers: aka Yeoman farmers: made up the
majority of the white population.
 Read excerpt on page 152 over Mark Twain
Society in the South
 Lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other
professionals also owned farms.
 At the bottom of the ladder: white rural poor: which
was made up mostly of families living on land too
barren fro successful farming.
 At the bottom of society where the African
Americans. They consisted of about 37% of the
population.
Slavery
 Enslaved people had few legal rights
 No ownership of property or are they allowed to
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leave a slaveholder’s premises without permission.
Could not sue or sign a contract
No fire arms or testify in court against a white
person.
Can NOT learn to read or write.
They are property.
Plantation Life
 Task system: used to organize enslaved labor. A
worker is given a specific set of jobs to complete in a
day. After their task is completed they can spend the
day as they please.
 Gang system: enslaved people worked in groups that
labored from sunup to sundown. A driver is the
director of the gang.
Enslaved Women and Children
 Cooks, maids, nannies
 Great responsibilities and constant demands
 Older women cared for the babies
Free African Americans
 Some earned freedom from their service in the
American Revolution.
 ½ white children of slaveholders who freed them
 Others purchased freedom for themselves and their
families.
 Some African Americans were wealthy and even had
their own slaves.
Coping with Enslavement
 Language, music, religion
 Field workers worked long hours and passed the
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time by singing songs.
Staged work slow downs
Broke tools, set fire to houses and barns
Run away
Killed their master
Plotted uprisings
Nat Turner
 Group of African Americans in Virginia carried out
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an armed uprising during the early hours of Aug. 22,
1831.
Nat Turner led the attack : an enslaved minister who
believed that God had chosen him to bring his people
out of bondage.
Killed more than 50 white men
Captured
Tried and convicted
Hanged 6 days later in public
Martyr or Terrorist?
Lesson 4
 The Missouri Compromise
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1819 Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state.
Union has 11 free states and 11 slave states
Missouri as a slave state would upset the balance in the Senate.
It would also mean expanding slavery into the northern part of the
Louisiana Purchase.
Maine wants to become a state. Maine had been part of Mass.
Maine is submitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
Balance is not up set now.
Senator Thomas of Illinois proposed an amendment that would
prohibit slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territory north of
Missouri’s southern border. Henry Clay helped to get the Missouri
Compromise passed.
Free African Americans were banned from entering the state of
Missouri.
Elections of 1824 and 1828
 4 Candidates ran for president in 1824
 All were republicans
 All were favorite sons: men who enjoyed the support
of leaders from their own state and region.
William Crawford
 From Georgia
 Ran on state rights and strict interpretation of the
constitution.
Henry Clay
 From Kentucky
 Favored the American System; national bank,
protective tariff to encourage American industry, and
nationwide internal improvements.
John Quincy Adams
 From New England
 Favored internal improvements but less interested in
tariffs.
Andrew Jackson
 From Tennessee
 Emphasized his leadership qualities and military
heroism.
Elections of 1824 and 1828
 Jackson wins the popular vote
 No candidate won a majority vote in the electoral
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college.
Election goes to the House of Representatives to pick
a president.
Clay had placed 4th so he was eliminated.
Clay supported Adams
Adams wins!!
Adam then appoints Clay Secretary of State
Election of 1824 and 1828
 Jackson supporters started a new party: National
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Republicans
4 years later Adams will be defeated in the 1828
Election
Andrew Jackson will win
Both Adams and Jackson were accused of
mudslinging: (criticizing morals and personalities)
Jackson won the popular vote and electoral vote