Chap. 7, Sec, 2 and 3
Regional Economics
• I. A Revolution in Transportation
• A. Roads and Turnpikes
1. Congress in early 1086 funded the first National
Road. – Was the only federally funded road for a
while – Jefferson didn’t think the Constitution
could allow it.
2. Private companies took initiative – major roads
connecting Pittsburgh to Buffalo and out west.
B. Steamboats and Canals
1. Rivers were faster for travel, however barges
couldn’t fit through small passages and could
only travel downstream..
2. The steamboat changed all that. In 1807
Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston stunned
the entire nation.
3. The Clermont chugged 150 miles UP the
Hudson River – made river travel reliable and
easier.
4. The growth of steamboats and success of the
Erie Canal increased trade and spurred more
economic growth.
• C. The “Iron Horse”
• 1. Railroads now appeared – Peter Cooper ‘s
tiny but very powerful Tom Thumb pulled the
nation’s first load of passengers. The railroad
era had dawned.
• 2. However, not everyone liked it – they were
dirty, loud and uncomfortable - shooting out
pollution all over the countryside.
• 3. The adventures of train travel appealed to
many – they could lay track almost anywhere
and helped expand the west.
• 4. Also created a national market for goods and
made transportation cheaper.
II. A New System of Production
Another revolution occurred in business and
industry. – the Industrial Revolution (which
began in Britain) consisted of several simple and
basic developments:
a. Manufacturing moved from hand tools to
machines.
b. Skilled artisans were replaced by workers.
c. Factories replaced home-based workshop.
A. Industrialization Sweeps the North
1. American system of free enterprise and letting
people make their own choices with no
government controls allowed this.
2. Free enterprise system allowed companies in
competition with each other experimented
with new technologies to make goods cheaper.
3. Many states encouraged industrialization by
passing incorporating laws – allowed
companies to become corporations by issuing
stock .
This wasn’t such a huge risk anymore for the
companies:
4.If a person bought stock and the company went
broke, was the person responsible for the
company’s debts?
5. Industrialization began in the Northeast where
many streams and rivers provided waterpower
for factories.
6. British technology was not easy – GB didn’t
want their factory secrets to be let out – but
Sam Slate smuggled plans on a water=powered
factory into the US
7. Sam Lowell took it even further who operated
mills in Massachusetts - introduced mass
production of cotton cloth in the United States.
8. His Boston manufacturing even built
residences for workers in a new town called
Lowell. Employed thousands of workers –
mostly women and children.
9. By 1840, new factories were also
manufacturing lumber, shoes, leather and
other products.
• Francis Cabot Lowell offered the women a
generally high wage, and that enticed them to
accept the yearlong contract to work for the
company. Many of the women extended their
contracts, and they worked for Lowell for an
average of four years.
• Another incentive for the women to come and
work for the mills was the fact that they were
paid in cash on a daily basis, much of which went
to brothers or husbands to further their
educations.
• Each of the Lowell Mill Girls was offered space
in one of the hundreds of boarding houses run
by the Boston Manufacturing Company. The
houses, which held up to 25 women at one
time, enforced a 10om curfew and forbade male
visitors.
• The girls were mentored by older female mill
workers, and they were advised how to dress,
how to conduct themselves in public, and how
to speak properly.
D. Technological Advances:
1. A wave of inventions also helped – New
Englander named Eli Whitney popularized
interchangeable parts – transforming gun-making
from a one by one process into a factory process
– machines now turned to large quantities of the
same pieces that workers assembled into
weapons.
2. Inventor Samuel Morse developed the telegraph 1st long distance telegraph message “What had
God wrought?” From WA to Baltimore –
Baltimore shot back “What’s the news from
Washington?”
III. Rise of Large Cities
1. Industrializations drew thousands or people
from farms and villages to the cities for higher
wages.
2. Cities gave opportunities for different
occupations – one group – printing and
publishing – helped allow 90% of the
population to read
IIII. Workers Organize
1. Relationships between managers and workers
work very bad - workers came together to
form labor unions – most were local and
focused on a specific trade – began to push
for higher pay and at least a 10 hour work day.
2. Finally in 1840, for ex. President Martin Van
Buren helped reduce the workday for federal
employees to ONLY 10 hours a day
Section 3 – The Land of Cotton
• The South, on the other hand thrived on the
production of major cash crops – Rice in GA
and SC, Tobacco in VA – no crop was more
important though than cotton.
• A. Cotton Becomes King:
1. Eli Whitney visited the south and noted that
taking seeds out of cotton was tedious, bloody
work – created the cotton gin “gin” was short
for engine – quickly took seeds out of cotton.
2. The inventing of the cotton gin happened at
the same time that textile mills were expanding
in Europe – this meant that all of Europe was
clamoring for cotton.
3. Cotton soon dominated the region – By 1860’s
they produced almost 4 million bales a year.
4. Also strengthened the institution of slaver –
spread of cotton plantations made the demand
for slave labor skyrocket.
B. Industry Lags…
1. Didn’t industrialize as quickly in the south – for
the most part – remained a region of rural
villages and plantations – 3 largest cities were
Baltimore, Charleston and New Orleans.
C. Society in the South
1. Social attitudes shaped Southern life and created
a class structure – at the top were planters – only
about 3 % of the population, although they
dominated the regions economy – ordinary
farmers were called “yeomen” – made up a huge
majority of out population.
D. Slavery
1. 2 types of systems of slavery developed – first
was the task system – workers were given
specific set of jobs to complete everyday , 2nd
was the gang system – enslaved persons
organized into work gangs and labored from
sun up to sun down.
2. Slave codes forbade enslaved men and women
from owning property or leaving the premises
– also forbade them to read and write –
regarded them as property.
• E. Free African-Americans
1. By 1850, about 225,000 free African
Americans lived in the South.
2. Most lived in cities in the upper southern
states - some even decedents from the
indentured servants from Jamestown – some
earned freedom from fighting in the
Revolutionary War.
3. Others had bought their freedom from their
slaveholders.
• 4. Free A.A’s had an ambiguous role in the
south…in some cities – they were successful
enough to be slaveholders themselves .
• 5. Example was CeCee McCarty - amassed a
fortune in New Orleans by selling dry imported
goods.
• 6. Another 196,ooo lived in the north – but
were not welcomed there much either.
V. Coping with Enslavement
A. African American Culture:
What is one way you could mentally cope with
being enslaved?
Songs!
1. Played a key role in their most important aspect
of their culture at that point – church – By the
early 1800’s large numbers of A.A.’s were
Christians – Christianity spoke to them – offered
hope or a better life in the next world.
B. Resistance and Rebellion
1. Found ways to oppose slavery – set fire to houses
and barns risked beatings or mutilations to run
away
ms
• E. Free African-Americans
• By 1850, about 225,000 free African Americans
lived in the North
• Most lived in cities in the upper southern
states
• - some even decedents from the indentured
servants from Jamestown – some earned
freedom from fighting in the Revolutionary
War.
• Others had bought their freedom from their
\slave-owners
• 4. Free A.A’s had an ambiguous role in the
south…in some cities – they were successful
enough to be slaveholders themselves .
• 5. Example was CeCee McCarty - amassed a
fortune in New Orleans by selling dry imported
goods.
• 6. Another 196,000 lived in the north – but
were not welcomed there much either.
• V. Coping with Enslavement
• African American Culture:
• What is one way you could mentally cope with
being enslaved?
• Religion Played a key role in their most
important aspect of their culture at that point –
By the early 1800’s large numbers of A.A.’s
were Christians– Christianity spoke to them –
offered hope or a better life in the next world.
Chap. 7 Sec. 4 – Growing Sectionalism
• Missouri’s territorial government wanted
admission into the Union as a slave state in 1819.
• Slavery opponents proposed a resolution that
stopped slaveholders from bringing NEW SLAVES
into Missouri – ALSO called for all enslaved
children to be FREED at age 25.
• The HOUSE accepted it while the Senate objected
it.
• Finally – solution emerged for Maine to be
admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave
state – kept the balance between the 2.
• 5. Senator Jesse Thomas of IL suggested an
Amendment that would prohibit slavery in the
Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri’s
southern border - this would allow slavery to
expand in the Arkansas territory SOUTH of
Missouri, but keep it OUT of the rest of the LA
Purchase.
• 6. Became known as the Missouri Compromise.
•
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II. The Election of 1824
Battle of Favorite Sons..
1. 4 candidates ran for President in 1824…
Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy
Adams and William Crawford (from Georgia)
who represented the South.
• 2. Now, Crawford ran on the original principles
of Jefferson's party – States Rights --and strict
interpretation of the Constitution!
• 3. Clay was a middle man - , favored the
Protective Tariff– the National Bank AND the
American System – which promoted
nationwide internal improvements to connect
the NORTH and SOUTH together.
• 4. Jackson basically campaigned on how he
kicked butt during the Battle of New Orleans.
• Jackson won the most popular votes, but no
candidate won the majority of the electoral
college – so…once again vote goes to the
House of Reps.
• he hated Jackson – describing him as an
ignorant, hypocritical, and corrupt.
• 7. Jackson referred to Clay as the “MEANEST
SCOUNDREL that ever disgraced the image of
his God”….(man..that harsh..)
• 8. In Feb – Clay threw his weight behind John
Quincy Adams – and helped him win….
• B. It was called the “Corrupt Bargain”
• The New President, John Quincy Adams named
Henry Clay his Secretary of
State…(Gee…coincidence..?)
• Accused the 2 men of striking up a Corrupt
Bargain.
• . Jackson’s supporters came together and took
the name Democratic Republicans – eventually
shortening it to the Democrats.
The Election of 1828 (ohhh Boy)
1. This election pitted JQ Adams once again
against Andy Jackson..
2. Waged a terrible, bitter campaign where they
criticized each others personalities and
morals.
3. Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of
the “common man” and attacked Adams as an
“out-of –touch” democrat.
4. Jackson supporters also called Adams a
“Gambler” because he purchased a billiard
table and chess set for the white house 
5. Jackson also brought up that “corrupt bargain”
and let everyone know how untrustworthy JQ
could be.
Results??
6. Jackson had 56% of the POPULAR Vote , and
178 of the 261 electoral votes – a CLEAR
Victory.
7. Many voters who supported him were from
the West and South - Nicknamed him “Old
Hickory” – after a tough,, hard wood found on
the frontier…
Lets Review:
Why did industry lag in the South?
What were the 2 types of slavery systems in the
south?
What were slave codes?
Missouri Compromise allowed which 2 states to
enter the Union?
4 Candidates that ran in the election of 1824?
Who won the election of 1824?
Why was it considered a “Corrupt Bargain”?
What was an important effect after the election?