 George
Washington (1788)
 John Adams (1796)
 Thomas Jefferson (1800)
 James Madison (1808)
 James Monroe (1816)
 So
Far………
 In
1815, republican James Monroe easily wins
the election to become the 5th president of the
United States


The Federalist party soon fades out
The U.S. enters a period of growth and prosperity
 Monroe’s
two terms as President has come to be
known as the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
 The Supreme Court, during this era, would hand
down several key decisions

Court was led by Chief Justice John Marshall
 In
1800, people would have viewed
themselves as citizens of their community or
state
 By
1820, it was becoming clear that national
citizenship was growing in importance
A
new generation of American leaders
sought to use federal government to unite
the country
 The
first Bank of the United States was
chartered in 1791
 The

First Bank of the U.S. dissolves in 1811
After financial problems occur during the war, the
Second Bank of the U.S. is chartered in 1816
 In
1816, Congress charters the Second Bank of
the United States

Strongly supported after chaos during War of 1812
 In
1819 America experiences its first depression
 Known



as the Panic of 1819
It began in London with British banks declared that
U.S. banks pay money that is owed
American banks, in turn, demand money of
Americans that they loaned out
This financially ruined many Americans who did not
have the money to pay off their loans
 In
1819, Maryland tried to kill the national bank
by imposing high taxes on it

The case made its way to the Supreme Court
 In
McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall ruled that
Congress did have the authority to charter the
bank


The powers of federal government went beyond
those stated in the Constitution
Cited Article I, section 8 necessary and proper clause

In 1819, Congress began debating admission of
Missouri into the union


The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had established
that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be a
slave state


The basic issue at stake was slavery
Missouri was not NW of the Ohio River and was not
covered
After months of debate, under the leadership of
Henry Clay, Congress agreed to the Missouri
Compromise (1820)


1) Missouri would be a slave state, Maine would be free
2) As the U.S. expanded westward, territories north of
the 36’30’ line would be closed to slavery
 Starting
with Monroe, Presidents also acted to
strengthen the nation’s foreign policy
 One
of Monroe’s main goals was to ease tensions
with Great Britain

1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement, called on both sides to
reduce warships in Great Lakes
 Monroe
was also concerned with European
countries trying colonize in the western
hemisphere
 President
Monroe firmly spelled out American
policy on this issue in a speech on December 2,
1823
 The Monroe Doctrine had four main parts:




The U.S. would not take sides in European affairs
The U.S. recognized existing colonies in the Western
Hemisphere and would not interfere with them
The U.S. would not permit any further colonization
of the Western Hemisphere
Any attempt by a European power to take control of
a nation in the western hemisphere would be viewed
as a hostile action towards the U.S.

In the election of 1824, no candidate could boast
about being a Revolutionary leader


This election also marked the end of the Era of Good
Feelings
Many issues of conflict had now spring up
Economic problems
 Spread of slavery


As Monroe’s second term came to an end,
several republicans ran for office
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts)
 Speaker of the House, Henry Clay (Kentucky)
 Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)
 General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay John Quincy Adams
[KY]
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
The Election of 1824
•Even with Jackson
winning the popular
vote, he had to win the
electoral vote as well.
•261
electoral
votes and
131 needed
to win.
•There were 261 total
electoral votes and
Jackson needed 131 to
win the electoral vote
and the election.
•Jackson did not
receive a majority of
electoral votes to win
the election.
•Sent to the House of
Representatives to
choose the president.
The
“Corrupt Bargain”
corrupt
The Corrupt Bargain
•Henry Clay gives his support to John Adams and the
House of Representatives chooses Adams as the President.
•Two weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his
Secretary of State….
•Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt
Bargain.”
•Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency
in 1828 and would smash Adams.


One of the ablest men, hardest
workers, and finest intellectuals
ever in the White House.
But he lacked the common touch
and refused to play the game of
politics.


Most found him cold and tactless.
Could not build any popular
support for his programs.

The election had united his enemies
and was creating a new party system
 Adams,
Clay, and the minority became
National-Republicans
 Jackson and the majority became the
Democratic-Republicans (later just
Democrats)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwvHtkC
usHo
 No
other candidate could match his
experience in politics and foreign affairs



Served as Secretary of State under Monroe
Played vital role in acquiring Florida
Helped devise the Monroe Doctrine
 Energetic,
entertaining politician
 Gift for Speechmaking
 He spoke to Congress supporting the American
System


Government backed economic development
Protective tariffs aimed to encourage business growth
 Clay
owned slaves but shared Jefferson’s
discomfort with slavery


Tried to bring a gradual end to slavery in Kentucky
Freed his own slaves upon his death
 Monroe’s
Secretary of War
 Headed Committees that created:




the 2nd Bank of the U.S.
A national road system
A modernized navy
Protective tariffs
 Calhoun
was a slaveholder that wanted to
defend Southern sectional interests
 He eventually withdrew from the crowded
1824 race
 Instead he ran for Vice President, where he
succeeded
 Andrew


Jackson was the 1824 wild card
He prided himself on being a government
outsider
He was nicknamed “Old Hickory” for his
toughness
 He
was a slaveholder who owned a plantation
in Tennessee
 Brilliant General who gained popularity
through victories in the War of 1812
 His opponents saw him as a poorly educated,
ill-tempered rough-neck

In the election, Jackson won the most votes in
the electoral college, but he did not win a
majority

John Quincy Adams came in second
In February 1825, in line with Constitutional law,
the House of Representatives voted on the
election
 Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the
House to swing votes to Adams for victory



Days later, Adams appoints Clay as his Secretary of
State
Jackson’s supporters claim that Clay and Adams
had made a “corrupt bargain”