Types of Personality Disorders
• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics
10 Personality Disorders
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
•
•
•
•
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7=T
13 = T
14 = T
17 = T
21 = T
38 = T
41 = T
52 = T
53 = T
Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
•
Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of frustration
•
Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to refer to those with antisocial
personality disorder
•
Have a lack of conscience, coldness and callousness
•
Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving
of being taken advantage of
•
They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than
the needs of others
•
Although they can be gracious and cheerful until they get what they want e.g.
Hannibal Lecter
•
Little anxiety
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
5=T
21 = T
26 = T
31 = T
38 = T
40 = F
57 = T
67 = T
69 = F
80 = T
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• A pattern of grandiosity, need for
admiration, and a sense of self-
importance
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Five of the following
• 1) Grandiose sense of self-importance
• 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate
attainment
• 3) Belief he or she should only associate with others
who are “special.”
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• 4) Requirement for excessive admiration.
• 5) Sense of entitlement
• 6) Exploitation of others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• 7) Lack of empathy
• 8) Enviousness
• 9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes
Disorders of thinking and lack of
contact with reality
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4=T
10 = T
27 = T
32 = F
38 = T
46 = T
48 = T
57 = F
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• A pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted
range of emotional expression
• Indifferent to relationships
• Limited social range (some are hermits)
• Aloof, detached, called loners
• No apparent need of friends, sex
• Solitary activities
Score
•
•
•
•
•
8=T
48 = T
69 = T
71 = T
76 = T
Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• A pattern of acute discomfort in close
relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions,
and eccentricities of behavior
• They generally engage in eccentric behavior and
have difficulty concentrating for long periods of
time.
• Like people with schizoid PD, those with
shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be
uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and
have a restricted range of emotions
Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• Their speech is often over elaborate and difficult
to follow i.e. tangential, vague.
• May have inappropriate emotional responses (or
none at all)
• May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost
in fantasy
• Many believe that schizotypal personality
disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but
SPDs maintain basic contact with reality
Score
•
•
•
•
•
7=T
22 = T
30 = T
41 = T
72 = T
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
• Instability
– Mood instability with bouts of severe
depression, anxiety or anger
– Unstable self concept with periods of extreme
self-doubt and others of grandiose importance
– Unstable interpersonal relationships – from
idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A tendency towards impulsive and
self-destructive behaviors, and out of
control emotions
Borderline Personality Disorder
• Five of the following:
• 1) Rapid mood shifts
• 2) Uncontrollable anger
• 3) Self-destructive acts
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 4) Self-damaging behaviors
• 5) Identity disturbance
• 6) Chronic emptiness
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 7) Unstable relationships
– View people as all good or all bad
• 8) Fear of abandonment
• 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality
How is a diagnosis made?
DSM-IV – Categorical Approach
• Based on the medical model
• Disorder is present or absent
Advantages of Categorical
System
• Ease in conceptualization and
communication
• Familiarity
• Consistency with clinical decision
making
Assumptions of the DSM
• Personality pathology is suited to be
classified into discrete types or disorders
• These disorders group themselves into
three clusters
• The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the
particular personality disorders to which
they have been assigned
Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!
Disadvantages of the Categorical
Approach
• Arbitrary cut-off points
• Loss of important information
• Will likely utilize a dimensional
approach in DSM-V
Alternative conceptualisations of
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders can also be considered
within the context of personality
• Provides a better understanding of each PD
– Five Factor Model
– Interpersonal Circumplex
Personality Disorder
N
E
Schizotypal
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Schizoid
Paranoid
High
Histrionic
High
Narcissistic
High
A
C
O
Low
High
High
Low
High
High
High
Personality Disorder
N
E
A
C
Antisocial
High
High
Low
Low
Borderline
High
Low
Low
Dependent
High
High
Avoidant
High
Obsessive-Compulsive
O
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Interpersonal Circumplex Model
•
Posits that all
personality can be
captured by two primary
dimensions:
– Nurturance versus
cold-heartedness
– Dominance versus
submission
Personality
• An individual's characteristic patterns of
thought, emotion, and behavior
First Question I asked
• What do we know when we know a
person?
How can you figure out WHO a
person is?
•
•
•
•
Ask the person (S data)
Ask others about the person (I data)
Look at the persons life (L data)
Look at what the person does (B data)
• “BLIS”
A more “structured” way to find out
“who a person is”
• Standardized Tests!
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
Basic Approaches
•
Trait Approach
•
The Single-Trait Approach
– e.g., authoritarinsim, selfmonitoring, etc.
•
The Many-Trait Approach
– e.g., CAQ
•
The Essential-Trait Approach
– e.g., The Big Five
•
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
– e.g., circumplex, sphere
Basic Approaches
• Biological / Evolutionary
Approach
• Behavior Genetics
– Twin Studies
• Evolutionary Psychology
–
–
–
–
“The blind watchmaker”
Jealousy
Attraction
Exotic becomes erotic
Basic Approaches
• Psychoanalytic Approach
• Freud
– Psychosexual development
– Parts of the mind
•
•
•
•
Defense mechanisms
Subliminal Messages
“Slips of the tongue”
Humor
Basic Approaches
•
Psychoanalytic Approach
•
Neo Freudians
•
Carl Jung
– Collective UCS, Archetypes,
Dreams
•
Alfred Adler
– Striving for superiority, Birth order
•
Karen Horney
– Basic anxiety, Coping with anxiety
(moving toward, away, against)
•
Erik Erickson
– Development across the lifespan
Basic Approaches
• Phenomenological
Approach
• Philosophical roots
– Free will, awareness,
meaning
• Carl Rogers
– Self-Actualization,
Conditions of worth
• Abraham Maslow
– Hierarcy or Needs, SelfActualization and Flow
Basic Approaches
• Behaviorism
• Philosophical roots
– Empiricism,
Associationism, Hedonism
• Habituation
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
Basic Approaches
• Social Learning Theory
• Dollard and Miller
– Habit Hierarchy, ApproachAvoidance Conflict, Defense
Mechanisms
• Rotter
– BP, Expectancy, Locus of
Control, RV
• Bandura
– Efficacy, Observational
Learning, Reciprocal
Determinism
Basic Approaches
• Cognitive Approach
• Perceptual processes
– Priming, aggression, rejection
sensitivity
• Self processes
– Self-schemas
• Strategic and motivational
processes
– Optimistic vs. pessimistic,
Nomothetic Goals, Idiographic
Goals
First Question I asked
• What do we know when we know a person?
• Each approach presents a different way to “think” about
personality.
• Each approach asks and answers different questions.
• You must decide which approach is most valid!
– This is what makes PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY fun!