Chapter 2- Classical Civilization: China
Introduction
Isolation caused China to attain less knowledge from other civilizations (T / F)
The two benefits however, were the limiting of foreign ______________ and the encouragement of an intense Chinese
influence.
The Chinese built on the ______________________ civilization precedents.
A heritage of believing in the harmony of nature or _________________ was a way for an individual to seek peace in
one’s self. The two forces involved in balance were _____&________.
The political habits of China were based on the _________ kingdom.
Patterns in Classical China
Of all the societies in the world today, it is China that has maintained the clearest links to
its ____________.
A family of kings, called a “_________”, would start its rule of China with
great vigor.
Three dynastic cycles cover the many centuries of classical China : the ______, the
______and the _____.
The______ dynasty lasted from _________________.
Ruling with regional princes and ___________.
What did rulers give to their family members and other supporters?
They extended the territory of _________by taking over the_________________ valley.
They discouraged some of the primitive_____________________ of the Huang He civilization.
Also promoted __________________, beginning the process by which a standard spoken language , ultimately called
______________________.
What aided in the development of a common cultural currency?
During the late ________ and early ________ centuries B.C.E, the philosopher known in the west as
_____________,wrote an elaborate statement , providing the core of China’s distinctive _______________ heritage.
What did regional rulers form?
Between ____ and ____ B.C.E , a period was known aptly enough as the Era of the ___________________.
_______________________ built the___________________, which exceeded over 3000 miles and it ______________
possible to move along at its crest.
What significant transformations have the Qin Dynasty imposed on the Chinese government regarding culture?
Certain actions that made the emperor unpopular are:
●
●
●
The Han(what,when, and how)Wu Ti (who and what did he do)
As the Han rulers enlarged the Chinese territory into Korea Indochina, and central asia it gave direct contact to the Middle
East (T / F)
What positive results occurred when the Han dynasty was present?
Wu ti urged support for_________________________ seeing it
as___________________________________________________
Reasons China was in a chaos situation:
●
●
●
Before the collapse of the Han dynasty, China established________________________________
and________________________________________ capable, as it turned
out,______________________________________________
Political Institutions
What are the differences in ruling styles of the Qin and Han dynasties?
China relied heavily on ____________________________ families.
Accomplishments of Emperor Shih Huangdi:
●
●
Wu Ti administered the first _____________ for his bureaucrats, covering Chinese literature and law.
How did people not of the upper classes become bureaucrats?
From the classical period to modern times, the Chinese were the most _________________ people in any large society in
the world.
The Chinese represented and utilized levels of what principle in Chinese politics?
Individual families also practiced the strong principle of _____________with the father in charge.
What did most Chinese believe in when it came to family and the central state?
The Chinese government did not operate military and judicial systems since their state was so unstructured. (T / F)
Military activity fluctuated, as China did not _________________________________________.
How did China being an agricultural society limit the imperial government’s authority in the empire?
Annual labor from ____________________ helped build public works such as ________, __________, and
___________.
Throughout the centuries of various declines, rebellions, and invasions, why did the system of government never change?
Religion and Culture
Describe Upper Class cultural values:
The Chinese tolerated and often combined various __________ __________, so long as they did not contradict
basic political loyalties.
What did Chinese leaders stress? How did they achieve this?
How did they commemorate ancestors?
Amid the collapse of the Zhao Dynasty many thinkers and religious prophets began to challenge Chinese
traditions that ultimately reduced intellectual conflict and established
a________________________________________________________.
Describe Confucius.
The Confucian is a __________________________________.
According to Confucius,
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
What would inevitably follow with virtuous leaders?
Confucianism is a system of ___________. What is the definition of this?
Confucian doctrine, carefully recorded in a book called the___________, was revived under the _____
emperors who saw the usefulness of Confucian learning, along with traditional literary works into the
____________of aspiring bureaucrats.
According to this movement, _________ _________ and _________ were irrelevant to a ______ ______, and
general conditions in the world were of little importance.
Daoism, which would join with a strong __________ influence from India during the chaos that followed the
collapse of the Han dynasty, guaranteed that China’s people would not be united by a single ________ or
__________ system.
Confucianism and ________ were not the only intellectual products of _________ classical period, but they
were the most important. Confucianism blended easily with the high value of __________ and _______ among
the upper class.
In Literature, a set of ________ _______, written during the early part of the ________ dynasty and then edited
during the time of Confucius, provided an important tradition.
The works provided in the Five Classics included some __________ __________, _________, and other
_________ _________, a __________ of _________ and __________.
Artistic styles often reflected the ________ and ________ qualities of the many symbols of Chinese writing.
Calligraphy itself became an important _______ form.
Chinese scientists invented __________________________________.
Chinese also developed _________________________, and studied ____________________________.
What did Daoism encourage?
What developments shaped Chinese Civilization?
Economy and Society
The difference between upper classes and farmer-peasants:
1.
2.
3.
Describe the “mean” people.
What was the only class to rise in society?
What three main social groups did China consist of?
___________________ were punished for crime more harshly than other groups and required to
____________________________________.
Did slaves exist in this culture? If so how much were there and what were their roles.
Trade became increasingly important for whom? What did they exchange with?
What was an enduring legacy in Confucian China?
____________ plows were introduced around _____ B.C.E
Which dynasty invented a collar for animals allowing them to pull wagons without choking?
Iron tools and other implements such as ____________ were widely used.
What did the invention of paper lead to?
Classical China reached far higher _____________________ than __________ or ___________ ________ in
the same period.
Farming technology itself helped ________________________________________; with better tools and
seeds,______________________________.
China’s solid ________________, backed by some trade in foodstuffs among key regions, did
______________________________________.
What kind of goods were produced by Artisans? Where?
In all major social groups, tight family organization helped solidify ________________ as well as
________________.
The structure of the Chinese family resembled that of families in other agricultural civilizations in emphasizing
__________________________________ and _____________________________.
What did Confucius say and how extreme did the Chinese stress authority in their family?
Family served a great training ground for the _______________________ and restraint that applied to the larger
______ and _________ world.
How could women gain power in society?
There was a clear ___________ order for children, with ________ superior to ________ and the
_____________ having the most enviable position of all.
Strict Primogeniture-
Conclusion
Classical Chinese technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure evolved with
________________________________________________.
Although important trade routes did lead to ___________ and the _______________, most Chinese saw the
world in terms of a large island civilization surrounded by barbarian peoples with nothing to offer
____________________________________________________________________.
When and where did the Buddhist religion spread?
What did Confucianism provide?
Confucius suggested that __________________________________________________________
__________________________________.
How did the Daoists and Confucianists feel about each other and why?
People arrested were _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________.
What did classical China embrace?
Chapter 3- Classical Civilizations: India
The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period:
India developed_____________ with China in the late classical period, which had little impact of India but
affected China More.
Name the region, empire and conqueror to influence India and what they brought to India.
The Himalayas provided important _________________ which linked India to other civilization in the Middle
East.
What is it that explains why India is diverse economically and different racially and linguistically?
Explain all the effects torrential monsoons had on India.
Provide one of the certain features of Indian civilization that may have resulted from coming to terms with the
climate.
The formative period also know and the _________ ages lasted between the ___________________ and
______________________.
Indian agriculture extended to the fertile Ganges valley from the Indus River valley by what people and using
what to accomplish it?
Most of what we know about the pre classical history of India comes from what epics? What group was
responsible for these epics and how was it passed down?
Explain the significance of the epics created in the Epic Age compared to the first epic.
As the Aryans settle down to agriculture, they encouraged _________________ that came to be the
characteristic of Indian society and politics.
What did the Village Chiefs help do in relation to village organization?
Family structure emphasized____________ controls , and _____________________________ and children
were close.
What were the 5 groups of the Indian caste system and what they did/what jobs they did?
At first _______________ class was the highest rank but later the ____________ became the highest rank,
signaling what?
The basic caste system was divided into smaller subgroups called ____. Their distinctive _________
and_________ were tied at birth.
________ attributed to the rise of the caste system to the gods.
The Aryans brought religion to India of gods and goddesses that bore resemblance to the gods and goddesses
of_______________ .
Describe how the Aryans practiced their religion .
As the religion became more elaborate, what ideas were expressed in the Upanishads that served for the basis
for later Hindu beliefs?
Toward the end of the Epic period, ____________ built on the Indian belief system to create __________
another major world religion.
Patterns in Classical India
___________________ grew in size and cities expanded.
India was dominated by which caste in 600 BCE?
How many major states were there by 600 BCE in India? Which region of India?
Alexander the Great established a small border state called _______________.
_______________ seized power in the Ganges in ____ BCE. He became the first of the _________ Dynasty.
He ruled with a highly ________ style of government.
What happened after (person mentioned in question above) had his son, Ashoka, succeed?
What two faiths did Ashoka practice?
After fierce fighting, Ashoka managed to control all of India except _________________.
Ashoka later converted to _____________ due to his belief in the _________, or the law of ___________.
The empire disintegrated after Ashoka ended, causing _______________ to return.
A new invader made its way into central India coming from the northwest. They were called the ____________.
The greatest of their kings, ___________, converted to Buddhism. Because he associated it with
_____________, he made Buddhism less popular in India.
The Kushan state fell by ______ C.E. 100 years later, a new line of kings established a large empire.
What was the name of this line of kings?
How did The Guptas expand their influence without perpetual violence?
___________ were a nomadic group of warriors that destroyed The Guptas in the year ________ C.E.
Religion and Culture:
Hinduism is unique in what way?
Literature during
_____
increased performances of people to be more tender and giving.
BrahmaDescribe the gods of the spirit of Brahma
Hindus liked to emphasize the concept of
actions.
___________ , this act will occur to the person depending on their
Route to a long life of holy men from Hinduism:
· Meditation
· Self- discipline of yoga also defined as
___
________________________________________.
, which
What did Hindus stress on for that deals with reincarnation with the gods?
How can religions keep alive all the way till now?
Tensions within Hinduism broke down and produced rebellions against the dominant religion.
Around 563 B.C.E, __________ was born and questioned the __________ of earthly life.
Gautama was also known as ____________ or __________________.
Gautama began to travel and gather disciples to spread his ideas.
_________ believed in rewards after life.
He believed the ultimate goal was for individuals to regulate their lives toward the destruction of the self and
union with the divine essence _____________, a state he called ____________.
A holy life could be achieved by _____________________________..
Buddhism was greatly spurred by the conversion of _____________.
Buddhism was not permanent in India.
Aided by the influence of the ___________ emperors Hinduism showed its ______________ by emphasizing
its _________ side.
Pockets of ____________ remained in India.
___________ along with the caste system formed the most _________ and _________ products of the classical
period of ________ history.
Books of the Panchatantra story collection are known all over the world.
Classical stories included the ________ and shared with __________ an emphasis on _________ and
_____________.
Classical India produced important work in __________ and ______________.
● One of the world’s first vast university center was supported by the ____________ and in the town of
____________.
Indian scientists made important strides in ______________ and _____________.
Indian astronomers calculated the daily __________ of Earth, predicted and explained ___________, developed
a theory now known as _____________, and identified ________ planets.
Indian surgeons made advances in bone setting and plastic surgery.
Indian mathematics produced the __________ system, the concept of ______, and developed the decimal
system.
Classical India produced lively art.
● Budhha ____________ were common.
● Indian art showed a keen appreciation of ___________.
Indians developed an interest in spontaneity and imagination, in fleshly or a ____________ union with the
divine essence.
Political Institutions
India did not __________ as much _____________ on politics as China did.
What is regionalism?
Early Mauryan rulers depended heavily on the ___________ of their large ____________, and feared
_____________ and attack.
Early Rulers in the ___________ dynasty claimed they were appointed by the _________ to rule.
Why did they favor the Hindu religion over the Buddhist religion?
What system did the Guptas create and what did they seek?
What language did the Guptas promote?
Was the political culture of India elaborate?
Who is Kautilya?
What did Kautilya write?
The five castes in the Indian Caste system divided until ultimately almost
____________________________________________
Did the Caste System allow the conquerors and the conquered to live together without perpetual conflict?
The caste system also meant that outright slavery was ______________.
Economy and Society
The caste system influences _______________ and _______________.
Two examples include
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Who had few legal rights and how were they treated?
What did family life emphasize and what did it evolve from?
The rights of woman ______________________ because of the dominance of _______________, who the
women were supposed to _______________________.
How were women’s rights affected when agriculture became better organized?
Who were arranged marriages with? Why-what were the goals?
As marriages developed ______________________ provided _____________________.
Who was often pampered? ________________
What were the three important functions of family units?
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The _________________ of India was different than _____________.
What part of Indian culture contributed to women’s status in society?
How did India’s economy compare to China’s?
What where the 7 advanced manufactured products in India?
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Who sold the goods and where?
First to produce?
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Indian _________ enjoyed a relatively high caste status and flexibility of the Hindu ethic.
What did they bring back from the Middle East and Roman empire?
The Indian economy remained firmly ___________ at its basis.
The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient Eurasian World
The period of _______ rule in India coincided with a great expansion in trade between the main centers of
civilization in Eurasia and Africa
General rule for products from far away?
Where did most merchants confine their activities?
The Indian Ocean was the most active linkage among cultures although the __________ was a close second.
Indian Influence
Classical India, from the Mauryan period onward, had a ____________________________
What were the most active linkage point among the Indian Ocean countries at this time?
India did not attempt political domination, dealing instead with_________________________
Indian merchants married into___________________
Buddhism. Where it started. Where it spread to.
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India serves as an early example of___________________________________
Indian influence has affected China through
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Classical period in India lasted longer than _____________________
Conclusion
The restraint of Chinese art and poetry contrasted with:
India ultimately settled on a _______________, though with ____________________ that embodied diverse
impulses within.
Differences of India and China:
Similarities of China and India:
What caused China and India to have specific borrowings, not wholesale imitation?