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Творческая работа на английском языке
«М.В. Ломоносов – учёный, поэт, гражданин»
Выполнил:
студентка группы ПС-1-13
Троян Надежда
Проверил:
Преподаватель английского языка
2014 г.
Mikhail
Vasilyevich
Lomonosov
(19
november
1711 – 15 april 1765) was a
Russian polymath, scientist
and
writer,
who
made
important contributions to
literature,
education,
and
science. Among his discoveries
was the atmosphere of Venus.
His spheres of science were
natural science, chemistry,
physics, mineralogy, history,
art, philology, optical devices
and others. Lomonosov was
also a poet, who created the
basis of the modern Russian
literary language.

Mikhail Lomonosov
Early life and family
Lomonosov was born in the
village of Denisovka (later
renamed Lomonosovo in his
honor) in the Arkhangelsk
Governorate, on an island not
far from Kholmogory, in the
Far North of Russia.[1] His
father, Vasily Dorofeyevich
Lomonosov, was a prosperous
peasant fisherman turned
ship owner, who amassed a
small fortune transporting
goods from Arkhangelsk to
Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola,
and Lapland.[1] Lomonosov’s
mother was Vasily’s first
wife, a deacon’s daughter,
Elena Ivanovna Sivkova

He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that
he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov
began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.
Learning was young Lomonosov's
passion, however, not business. The
boy's thirst for knowledge was
unbounded. Lomonosov had been taught
to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan
Shubny, and he spent every spare
moment with his books. He continued
his studies with the village deacon,
S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years
the only books he had access to were
religious texts. When he was fourteen,
Lomonosov was given copies of
Meletius Smotrytsky's Modern Church
Slavonic (a grammar book) and Leonty
Magnitsky's
Arithmetic.
In 1724, his father married for the
third and final
time. Lomonosov and
his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home
and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not
receive in Denisovka, he was determined to leave the village.

Educationin Moscow
In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov joined a
caravan traveling to Moscow. Not long after
arriving, Lomonosov obtained admission into
the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely
claiming to be a priest’s son. That initial
falsehood would nearly get him expelled from
the academy a few years later when
discovered.
Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, living
off only black bread and kvas, but he made
rapid progress scholastically.[7] After three
years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study
for one year at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He
quickly became dissatisfied with the
education he was receiving there, and
returned to Moscow several months ahead of
schedule, resuming his studies there. He
completed a twelve-year study course in only
five years, graduating at the top of his class.
In 1736, Lomonosov was awarded a
scholarship to Saint Petersburg State
University. He plunged into his studies and
was rewarded with a two-year grant to study
abroad at the University of Marburg, in
Germany.
Education abroad
The University of Marburg was among Europe's
most important universities in the mid-18th
century due to the presence of the philosopher
Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the
German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one
of Wolff’s personal students while at Marburg.
Both philosophically and as a science
administrator, this connection would be the
most influential of Lomonosov’s life.
Lomonosov quickly mastered the German
language, and in addition to philosophy,
seriously studied chemistry, discovered the
works of 17th century English theologian and
natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even
began writing poetry. He also developed an
interest in German literature. He is said to
have especially admired Günther. His Ode on
the Taking of Khotin from the Turks, composed
in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in
Saint Petersburg.
During his residence in Germany, Lomonosov
boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer’s
widow. He fell in love with Catharina’s daughter
Elisabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in
June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely
difficult to maintain his growing family on the
scanty and irregular allowance granted him by
the Russian Academy of Science. As his
circumstances became desperate, he resolved
to return to Saint Petersburg.

Return to Russia
Lomonosov returned to Russia in
1741. A year later he was named
adjutant to the Russian Academy of
Science in the physics department.
In May 1743, Lomonosov was
accused, arrested, and held under
house arrest for eight months, after
he supposedly insulted various
people associated with the Academy.
He was released and pardoned in
January 1744 after apologising to all
involved.
Lomonosov was made a full member
of the Academy, and named
professor of chemistry, in 1745. He
established the Academy's first
chemistry laboratory. Eager to
improve Russia’s educational system,
in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron
Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding the
Moscow State University.

Physicist
In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's
experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted
phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of
Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an
experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine
whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure
heat. The experiments– of which I append the record in 13
pages– demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was
deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the
burnt metal remains the same".
He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave
theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic
theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter
in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that
inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to
another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it
increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws
of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force
in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first
articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748,
rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion
on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).

Astronomer
In 1762, Lomonosov presented an
improved design of a reflecting
telescope to the Russian Academy of
Sciences forum. His telescope had its
primary mirror adjusted at four
degrees to telescope's axis. This
made the image focus at the side of
the telescope tube. There the
observer could view the image with an
eyepiece without blocking the image.
However, this invention was not
published until 1827, so this type of
telescope has become associated with
a similar design by William Herschel,
the Herschelian telescope. Lomonosov
was the first person to hypothesize
the existence of an atmosphere on
Venus based on his observation of the
transit of Venus of 1761 in a small
observatory near his house in
Petersburg.

Chemist
Lomonosov was the first person to record the
freezing of mercury. Believing that nature is
subject to regular and continuous evolution, he
demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal,
petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a
catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he
explained the formation of icebergs.

Mosaicist
Lomonosov
was
proud
to
restore the ancient art of
mosaics. In 1754, in his letter
to Leonard Euler, he wrote that
his three years of experiments
on the effects of chemistry of
minerals on their colour led to
him became very involved into
the mosaics art. In 1763, he
set up a glass factory that
produced the first stained
glass mosaics outside of Italy.
There were forty mosaics
attributed to Lomonosov, with
only twenty-four surviving to
the present day. Among the
best is the portrait of Peter
the Great and the Battle of
Poltava, measuring 4.8 × 6.4

Poet
In 1755, he wrote a grammar that reformed
the Russian literary language by combining
Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular
tongue. To further his literary theories, he
wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes,
notably the Evening Meditation on the God's
Grandeur. He applied an idiosyncratic theory
to his later poems– tender subjects needed
words containing the front vowel sounds E,
I, YU, whereas things that may cause fear
(like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow")
needed words with back vowel sounds O, U,
Y. That was a version of what is now called
sound symbolism. Lomonosov published a
history of Russia in 1760. In addition, he
unsuccessfully attempted to write an epic
about Peter the Great, to be based on the
Aeneid by Vergil. In 1761, he was elected a
foreign member of the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences. In 1764, Lomonosov
was appointed to the position of secretary
of state. He died one year later in Saint
Petersburg. Most of his accomplishments
were unknown outside Russia until long after
his death.
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Legacy
A lunar crater bears his name, as does a crater on Mars. In 1948, the
underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.
Moscow State University was renamed ‘’M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State
University’’ in his honor in 1940.
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