Chapter 3
Nationalism and Sectionalism
1812-1855
Section 1 Vocabulary:
 Turnpike: roads for which users had to pay a toll
 National Road: extended west from Maryland to the Ohio River in 1818
 Erie Canal: ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to the
Hudson River.
 Industrial Revolution: developments in technology that transformed
manufacturing; influencing culture, social life, and politics.
 Samuel Slater: built the nations first water-powered textile mill in 1793.
 Francis Cabot Lowell: built a mill in which all operations in the manufacture of
cloth occurred.
 Lowell Girl: young, single women recruited from area farms who worked at the
Lowell mill.
 Interchangeable Parts: identical components that could be used in place of
one another; improved efficiency in manufacturers, factories, and designed
products.
 Eli Whitney: created the idea of interchangeable parts
 Samuel F.B. Morse: invented the electric telegraph
Crash Course: “Market Revolution”
 http://youtu.be/RNftCCwAol0
Prior to the Transportation
Revolution
 The original 13 states and
major cities sprang up around
waterways (harbors, lakes,
rivers etc.) because water, at
the time, proved the easiest
for transporting goods and
people.
 Land transportation consisted
of dirt roads with a horse and
buggy.
 Southern colonies heard about
the Declaration of
Independence 29 days after it
was signed.
Transportation
 Turnpikes-roads in which people had to pay a
toll- were created –early 1800s
The National Road
 The National Road, 1818: Main road, made from rock,
from Maryland to the Ohio River. Funded by the
National Government.
Robert Fulton
 Robert Fulton created the
Steamboat.

(1st one called Clermont)
which made travel easier
 Burning wood/coal, the engine
boiled the water to create
steam. The force of the steam
turned a large, rotating paddle,
pushing the boat.
 For instance, it took the boat
20 days to go from New
Orleans to Louisville as
opposed to 4 months before.
Fulton’s Clermont
Erie Canal 1825
 http://youtu.be/6_f7S4Boj
GI
 363 miles from Albany,
New York to Buffalo, New
York.
 Lowered the cost of
transporting from $100 to
$4 per ton.
 NYC population
skyrocketed!
 124,000 people in 1820 to
800,000 in 1860.
The Railroad…
 Railroads transformed the transportation industry.
 Pulled heavier loads of freight/passengers at higher
speeds.
 Cost less than canals to build.
 Unlike the canal, you could transfer goods anywhere
and not just where there was water.
The Industrial Revolution
 Began in Great Britain with the Spinning Jenny.
 Transformed culture, social life, and politics.
 The Industrial Revolution: social and economic
reorganization that took place as machines replaced
hand tools and large-scale factory production
developed.
 Mass Production: The production of goods in large
quantities.
 Impacts???? Quicker Production, cheaper, No
longer a need for skilled workers.
John Deere & the Steel Plow
(1837)
Cyrus McCormick
& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph
Through Morse Code (dots and dashes) messages could be delivered almost instantly.
By 1860 the nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph lines.
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s
Sewing Machine
Samuel Slater
(“Father of the Factory System”)
The Lowell Mills
 Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick
Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
 The town became known as Lowell, became a
booming, manufacturing center.
 Incorporated all stages of cloth manufacturing.
 Thousands of workers, mostly young women, came to
Lowell because their families’ farms were in decline.
Lowell in 1850
Lowell Mill Girls
Lowell Mill
Early Textile Mill Loom Floor
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fear
From breathing in the poison air
Wishing for windows!
I'm a factory girl
Tired from the 13 hours of work each day
And we have such low pay
Wishing for shorten work times!
I'm a factory girl
Never having enough time to eat
Nor to rest my feet
Wishing for more free time!
I'm a factory girl
Sick of all this harsh conditions
Making me want to sign the petition!
So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl
And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
•Interchangeable Parts
much more efficient!
•Reinvigorated a Declining
Slavery by quickly
separating the seeds from
the cotton.
•EFFICICENCY!!!
Section 2 Vocabulary
 Tariff of 1816: a tariff on imports designed to protect
American industry.
 Capital: money needed to build factories or other
productive assests.
 Labor Union: groups of workers who unite to seek
better pay and conditions.
 Nativists: campaigned for laws to discourage
immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers.
 Cotton Gin: this machine reduced the amount of time
and the cost of separating the cotton seeds from the
valuable white fiber.
Why Industrialization Spread…
 The embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to
British manufactured goods.
 Thus, America began to build its own factories.
 The Tariff of 1816: A tariff on imports designed to protect
American industry. Increased the price of manufactured
goods by an average of 20-25%.
 This encouraged Americans to buy products made in the
United States.
 The tariff helped industry, but hurt farmers, who had to pay
higher prices for consumer gods.
Why the North???
1. Greater access to capital, or money
needed to build factories.
2. Numerous rivers to provide power for the
new factories.
3. More cheap labor to work in the
factories.
Workers Organize…
 Due to working conditions and low wages, workers
organized labor unions such as the Workingmen’s
Party.
 Labor Unions: groups of workers who unite to see
better pay and conditions.
 For example, the Lowell Mill girls went on strike and
failed to achieve their goals.
A Middle Class Emerges…
 A Middle class emerges. (bankers, lawyers,
accountants, clerks, auctioneers, brokers, and retailers)
 Families moved to the suburbs to get away from the
hustle and bustle of the factory cities.
 Cult of Domesticity: Emphasized new ideas of
femininity, the woman's role within the home and the
dynamics of work and family. "True women" were
supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity,
domesticity, and submissiveness.
National Origin of Immigrants:
1820 - 1860
Why now?
Emigration from Ireland and
Germany
 Immigrants (Irish and German Catholic) flood into the
U.S.
 Primarily in response to the Irish Potato Famine in
Europe.
 2.8 million in the 1850s – they fill factory jobs and work
for almost nothing.
 Nativists emerge who are against immigration...from
the Whig party.
American View of the Irish Immigrant
Regional Specialization
Distinct Economies
NORTH EAST  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
-Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin.
-Cotton was in great demand in GB and the North
http://youtu.be/6eT4bNxkv-c
WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
American Population Centers in
1820
American Population Centers in
1860
Southern Agriculture
“King Cotton”
 3 developments boosted
cotton production:
 1-TheCotton Gin –
invented by Eli Whitney it
separated the cotton
seeds.
 2- Western expansion to
find more land to grow
cotton.
 3 – Industrialization.
The Expansion of Slavery
 The cotton boom spread slavery, even though
overseas slave trade was abolished in 1808, from
1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1860.
Economic Consequences of
Slavery…
 Because the South specialized in one crop, if there was
a bad year, some farmers went bankrupt.
 Plantation dispersed the population.
 Not much urban growth compared to the North.
 Smaller population size. The South did not attract
immigrants.
Cultural Consequences of
Slavery…
 Slaveholders were a minority.
 No more than ¼ Southerners had slaves in 1860.
 ¾ of slave owners had less than 10 slaves.
 Only about 3,000 Southerners owned 100 or more.
 Typical slaveholder owned only four our five slaves.
 Why then Defend Slavery?
1.
Whites felt a sense of racial superiority along all class lines.
2. Fear of slave revenge.
3. Prospect of future wealth.
Section 3 Vocabulary:
 Nationalism:
 Henry Clay:
 American System:
 John Quincy Adams:
 First Seminole War:
 Adams-Onis Treaty:
 Monroe Doctrine:
 Missouri Compromise:
“Era of Good Feelings”
 In 1817 a paper in Boston described politics as
entering an “Era of Good Feelings.” The DemocraticRepublican party operated without opposition due to
the “death” of the Federalist party after the War of
1812.
 James Monroe almost unanimously won reelection –
Nationalism swept the country and now the (DR)
wanted to use Federal power to help industry instead of
favoring trade without tariffs
 http://youtu.be/beN4qE-e5O8
Henry Clay’s American
System:
 As the North and South developed different economies,
the creation of a plan to unify the nation became
increasingly important.
 Henry Clay’s American System: Would unite the
nation’s economic interests:
1. Develop a transportation system and other internal
improvements.
2. Establish a protective tariff
3. Resurrect the national bank (reduced in Jefferson’s
presidency).
Giving the Federal Government more power
through the Courts
 Dartmouth v Woodward –
limited a state’s power to
interfere in business
contracts
 McCulloch v. MD
 Gibbons v Ogden
 These cases allowed the
U.S. to have business
united
Panic of 1819
 As transportation grew, things were more connected
and their were “boom and bust cycles”
 In 1819 thousands lost their jobs. Their farms were
in trouble as well.
 Caused people to doubt capitalism and blame the
banks.
Influence on Art and Lit
 Artists and Authors drew and wrote like the US was
a source of unique inspiration
 Reflected the spirit of nationalism.
 Hudson River School – A group of painters that
showed the beauty of America.
 James Fenimore Cooper – Wrote frontier
adventures. The Last of the Mohicans.
 Washington Irving – Wrote Rip Van Winkle and
Sleepy Hollow and was part of the school called
the Knickerbocker School/New Nationalists.
Adams Onis Treaty
 Spain sold Florida to the United States.
 Ended Spanish claims in the Oregon Territory.
 The U.S. and Great Britain agreed to share the Oregon
territory.
Monroe Doctrine 1823
 Several European
countries wanted South
America.
 GB said to US, you want
to team up to stop them
 US said no and said we’ll
stay our of your business
if you stay our of
American Republics.
 Not too big a threat now
b/c US didn’t have much
military power
 Foreign policy doctrine set
forth by President Monroe
in 1823 that discouraged
European intervention in
the Western Hemisphere.
Missouri Compromise 1820
36° 30’ N
 Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state but there was already
11 slave and 11 free states.
 A NY congressman said that they could ban slavery in Missouri in order
for the state to join the Union, but the South did not like that that.
 Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser): Came up with the compromise
which said that Missouri would come in as a slave state and Maine would
come in as a free state.
 The compromise also drew a line across the continent from the
southwestern corner of Missouri to the nation’s western boundary.
 Territories south of that line would enter as slave states. Those north of
the line would become free states.
Jackson’s Opponents in
1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
Controversy: Andrew Jackson won the popular vote,
but neither Adams nor Jackson won a majority in the
Electoral College. Therefore, the decision was sent to
the House of Representatives.
Election of 1824
V
S
John Quincy
Adams
Andrew Jackson
Top two go to House for run-off
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
Popular Vote
Electoral
Vote
Andrew Jackson
43%
99
J.Q. Adams
31%
32
William Crawford
13%
41
Henry Clay
13%
37
Candidate
“The Corrupt Bargain”
Speaker of the House
Henry Clay
_____________
used his
power to get _John
Quincy Adams elected.
Adams won. He then
made Henry Clay
Secretary of State.
Jackson’s loss resulted in a minority
Presidency for Adams and the birth of the
Democratic Party.
Jackson is often
referred to as the
father of the
Democratic Party
1828 Election
Results
The Spoils System
Spoils System: Appointed
friends and loyal
supporters to government
jobs
And Rotation in Office:
(max 4 year terms)
Replacing those in
government jobs
frequently so that many
can have experience and
no one accumulates too
much power
Jackson’s Use of Federal
Power:
VETO
12 times
More that all his predecessors
combined
And refusal to enforce
Supreme Court Decision
Jackson’s Professed
“Love” for
Native Americans
Indian Removal
3
1830  Indian Removal Act forced
the 5 ‘civilized tribes’ to move to
Oklahoma. Cherokee resist
3
Worcester v. GA (1832)
“domestic dependent nation” can’t
be regulated by Georgia
3
Jackson refused to enforce the
decision:
John Marshall has made his
decision, now let him enforce
it!
The Cherokee Nation
After 1820
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (18381839)
The Trail of Tears
 Beginning in October and November of 1838, the
Cherokee were sent off in groups of about 1,000 each on
the long journey.
 The 800 mile trip was made mostly by foot.
 Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina,
called the 1828 tariff a Tariff of Abominations.
 Tariff of Abominations he said was a “disgusting and
loathsome” tariff.
 As an agricultural region dependent on cotton, the South had
to compete in the world market. The high tariff on
manufactured goods reduced British exports to the U.S. and
forced the South to buy more expensive Northern
manufactured goods.
 From the South’s point of view, the North was getting rich at
the expense of the South.
 “See the flourishing villages of New England they cry, We pay
for all of this.”
Nullification Theory
 Although an original supporter of the 1816 Tariff,
Calhoun changed his mind after seeing the pressure
such tariffs placed on South Carolina, his home town.
 He devised a Nullification Theory.
 He reasoned that each state had the right to nullify or
reject a federal law that is considered unconstitutional.
South Carolina’s
reaction?

Calhoun: States can NULLIFY
South Carolina threatens
to SECEDE
 South Carolina threatens to secede from the union
if forced to pay the taxes.
 Jackson Threatens Force!!! Says he will hang
Calhoun.
 Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) pushes
through a tariff bill that will lower duties over a 10
year period. Crisis avoided!
 States rights vs. federal authority will continue to arise
throughout history.
1830
Webster:
Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson:
Our Federal Union—it must be
preserved.
Calhoun:
The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
Bank of the United States
 Jackson waged a war with the Bank of the United States
 In 1832 he vetoed the bill to re-charter the bank.
 Only stockholders, not the average American taxpayers,
were earning interest from deposits.
 The Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, often extended
loans to congressmen at much lower rates of interest
than the bank gave to the average citizen.
 Remember Jackson spoke for the “Common Man.”
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
President
Jackson
 In 1832 Jackson told his running mate, Martin Van Buren,
that the Bank of the U.S. was a “monster” that corrupted
“our statesmen” and wanted to “destroy our republican
institution.”
 After Jackson’s reelection in 1832, he tried to kill the bank
before its charter ran out in 1836.
 He appointed a secretary of treasury who was willing to
place all government funds in certain state banks, called
Pet Banks.
The “Monster” Is
Destroyed!
1832  Jackson vetoed the
extension of the 2nd
National Bank of the
United States.
1836  the charter expired.
The Downfall of “Mother
Bank”
Rise of the Whig Party
Rise of the Whig Party
 Upset over Jackson’s policies, Henry Clay, John Quincy
Adams, and Daniel Webster formed the Whig Party.
 The Whigs backed the ideals of the American System, as
promoted by Clay.
 Nationalists
 Favored a strong federal government.
 When Jackson announced that he would not run for a third
term the Democrats chose Vice-President Martin Van
Buren as their candidate.
Panic of 1837
 Many of Jackson’s pet banks were wildcat banks.
 These banks printed bank notes wildly in excess of the
gold and silver they had on deposit, and were doomed to
fail when many people attempted to redeem their currency
for gold or silver.
 Jackson caused the treasury department to only accept
gold and silver for public land payments.
 People rushed to the banks to trade paper currency for
gold and silver.
 In turn, The panic of 1837 erupted, causing bank closings,
and the collapse of the credit system. Put more than a
third of the population out of work.
The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
Harrison and Tyler
 Van Buren ran for his second term, losing to Whig Party
candidate William Henry Harrison.
 Just a month after his inauguration Harrison died of
pneumonia.
 John Tyler, vice president and successor opposed many
parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.