• People need to analyze large amounts of information
• People must make decisions quickly
• People must apply sophisticated analysis techniques, such as modeling and forecasting, to make good decisions
• People must protect the corporate asset of organizational information

• Capture data regarding business transactions/activities.
– That data is stored in a database and then mined/analyzed using one or more decision making techniques
• Transactional Data being captured
– Debits and credits
– Inventory going into and out of the system
– Items being bought and sold.
– Payments being made and received
• Uses source data automation: captures data at the point of origin

The Organizational Pyramid and
Information Needs
• As you move from lower to upper levels in an organization, information needs move from transactional in nature to analytical. Analytical information supports strategic decision making. Info also becomes less detailed and more concise.

•
Programmed Decisions (structured decision)
– Structured situations with well defined relationships
– Quantifiable. There is an understood and accepted method for making the decision.
– Very easy to automate (program) these types of decisions.
•
Nonprogrammed Decisions (nonstructured decision)
– Ill-structured situations with vague or changing relationships between variables
– Not easily quantifiable in advance. No agreed-on decision making method.
– There may be several “right” answers
(although some answers could be better than other answers).

Structured decisions
• Routine and repetitive problems with standard procedures and solutions
Unstructured decisions
• Fuzzy, complex problems with no cutand-dried procedures and solutions

• Most decisions that you make fall somewhere in between structured and nonstructured (containing elements of both).
• Various forms of decision support tend to be used when dealing with nonstructured aspects of a decision. (DSS helps you analyze information)
• With artificial intelligence, the decision making expertise is built into the system so that the AI system makes the decision for you

• Optimization : find the very best solution given the constraints provided
(aka the optimal answer)
• Satisficing
: find a good solution, one that satisfies all of your decision criteria, without necessarily being the best solution.

Highly flexible and interactive IT system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured ( i.e. Nonprogrammed decision).
Spreadsheets are a common form of decision support system (DSS)

• Decision support systems help you analyze, but you must know how to solve the problem, and how to use the results of the analysis
– A DSS assists you in making a decision, as opposed to making the decision for you.
– Power of a
DSS is its ability to analyze information and its ease of use.

QUANTITATIVE MODELS
OFTEN USED BY A DSS
• Three quantitative (mathematical) models often used by
DSSs include:
1.
Sensitivity analysis – the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of the model have on other parts of the model
2.
What-if analysis – checks the impact of a change in an assumption on the proposed solution
3.
Goal-seeking analysis – finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output

DSS Quantitative Model: What-if analysis: change one assumption and see what impact it has on the model

DSSQuantitative Model:Goal-seeking analysis what inputs must occur in order to achieve the desired result?

• Deciding where to spend advertising dollars
• Analyzing sales trend information
• Analyzing drug interactions
• Developing airline schedules
• Pricing products
• Allocating limited investment dollars among several potential projects.
• Budget setting.
Inventory control.
• Cash flow forecasting.
Processing rules are imprecise. Human judgment required.

YIELD MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS are a form of DSS used by airlines to alter the price of seats on available flights on a minute by minute basis, comparing the number of seats sold to an estimate of what was expected. If fewer seats have sold, more low-cost seats are made available. If more seats have sold, less low-cost seats are made available.
Objective: have the plane take off full at the highest possible average cost per seat

• Airlines are using optimization software to save money on the costs associated with each flight by reducing the number of miles traveled, fuel used and/or overflight fees paid, with the system also taking weather and wind speed & direction into account.

Geographic Information Systems
• A
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a specialized decision support system designed specifically to analyze spatial information.
– Spatial information is any information that can be shown in map form, such as roads, population distribution characteristics, sewer systems and other utilities, income levels, health conditions, areas of high or low crime, etc.
– The strength of a GIS is the ability to layer information with a mouse click.

• ArcExplorer 2: showing features in
San Diego (can find out more info about an attraction by placing your mouse over it)
• Haag text examples
– GIS used in the space shuttle Challenger investigation
– GIS used in tree maintenance in
Chattanooga
– GIS used in the 2001
Virginia highway sniper investigation.
– Analyzing hurricane destruction in Florida.

• Businesses use GIS software to analyze information, generate business intelligence, and make decisions.
• Can layer in info with a mouse click
• Marketing applications

•
Westar Outage
Map
•
Airline Flights
•
US Army
Command Post of the Future
(CPOF)