Building Blocks
of
Organic Compounds
Madison Southern High School
Biology
Unit - Biochemistry
What is an organic
compound?
Biochemistry
What are living things made of?
– C, H, N, O, P, S
98% of living
matter
– Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn
electron carriers
– Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca
only as ions
– trace elements
Why These 16?
– Unique chemical properties
• C, N, O: form multiple strong bonds
• P: part of ATP/DNA; bonds store energy
What is a polymer?
• Most macromolecules are polymers
– monomer
– polymer
– macromolecule
4 types of organic compounds
Essential for all living things
1)
2)
3)
4)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides
Draw the structures of the three
Monosaccharides.
The three structures are isomers.
What does that mean?
Bonds – Black
Carbon – Red
Hydrogen – Blue
Oxygen – Green
Monosaccharides
GLUCOSE
GALACTOSE
Bonds – Black
Carbon – Red
Hydrogen – Blue
Oxygen – Green
Carbohydrates
• contain C, H, O
• Important because they contain a
great deal of energy which is stored
in the bonds
• called sugar
or saccharide
With energy from
light, plants can
build sugars from
carbon dioxide and
water.
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharide
2) Disaccharide
3) Polysaccharide
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharide – monomer
- Single sugar made of 5 or 6 carbon
atoms
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
- main source of energy for
plants and animals
- metabolized during cellular
respiration
- plants make it during
photosynthesis
2 More Monosaccharide's
Fructose
Galactose
- Fruit sugar
- milk sugar
- Sweetest sugar
2. Disaccharides
Two sugar molecule
Examples of Disaccharides
Sucrose
-common table sugar
-this sugar is
transported throughout
the plant
- formed when glucose
& fructose react
…MORE Examples of Disaccharides
Lactose
- main sugar in milk
- formed when
glucose & galactose
react
Maltose
- used to make beer
- formed when two
glucose react
How to make a Disaccharide
Condensation or Dehydration
synthesis reactions
Condensation or Dehydration
Synthesis
of a Disaccharide
Formation of Disaccharides
How to digest or break down a
disaccharide?
• Hydrolysis Reaction
– Must use or split a water molecule
Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharides
3) Polysaccharide – Polymer
- Made by condensation reactions- Bonding
Many simple sugar molecules together to
form the macromolecules
- Can be made of 1000s of monosaccharides
Examples of Polysaccharides
Humans cannot digest these
polysaccharides
Structural
Polymers
Cellulose
Chitin
-made of long chains
of glucose
- major building blocks
of plants
-Gives strength and
rigidity to plant cells
-made of long chains
of glucose
- Composes
exoskeletons of insects
-Similar to cellulose.
3 Types of Carbohydrates
…MORE Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Animals can digest
- made of long chains
of glucose
- plants store extra
glucose sugar as
starch in roots and
stems
Glycogen
Animals can digest
-Animals store excess
glucose (sugar) in the
liver as glycogen
-Made of long chains
of glucose molecules
-Glycogen is broken
down to release
glucose (quick energy)
Storage
Polymers
How do digest or break down
Polysaccharides?
By Hydrolysis Reactions
• Polysaccharides are digested by
hydrolysis reactions just like
disaccharides.
• Must use a water molecule for each
bond broken between simple sugar
molecules.
Examples of Carbohydrates
The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.
Lipids-Fats, Oils,SterolsLOOK
in
Monomers of Lipids
your
Glycerol – C3H5(OH)3
book
on
Saturated Fatty Acid – C5H11COOH
page
Unsaturated Fatty Acid – C5H9COOH
58
Bonds – Black
Carbon – Red
Hydrogen – Blue
Oxygen – Green
Lipids
-Fatty Acid – monomer
- COOH carboxyl group at
one end (polar)
- Attracted to water
(hydrophilic)
- Hydrocarbon end
(nonpolar)
- tends not to
interact with water
(hydrophobic)
Lipids
What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fats?
Solid at
room
temperature animal fats
(bacon, lard,
butter)
Liquids at
room
temperature
- olive oil,
corn oil.
Saturated Fats
• At room temperature, saturated fats are
usually solid.
• Source: primarily in animal products including
beef, lamb, pork and chicken, egg yolk, dairy
fats of cream, milk, cheese, butter; coconut and
palm oil; non-dairy creams because they contain
coconut oil
• Consumption of saturated fats has been
linked with risk of coronary heart disease:
– sources of saturated fat are full of cholesterol
(except coconut and palm oil)
– diet high in saturated fat facilitates cholesterol
synthesis by the liver (including coconut and palm
oil)
Unsaturated Fats
•At room temperature, unsaturated fats are
usually liquid.
•Monounsaturated
•Sources: olive, peanut, canola, rape oil,
almonds, avocado
•Polyunsaturated
•Sources: sunflower, soybean, corn, and
safflower oil, fish oil, walnuts, sesame seeds,
pumpkin seeds, tofu, lard
Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TFA)
• TFA are product of hydrogenation which increases the
saturation of fatty acids within oils and converts
natural cis to trans configuration
• Hydrogenation= industrial process that chemically
transforms a low melting point oil into a solid fat with a
higher melting point to enhance product taste, stability
and shelf life.
• Found in commercially fried foods (French fries,
popcorn), commercial baked goods and snacks (cakes,
cookies, biscuits), margarine, and cheap vegetable
shortenings (not in e.g. Flora, Rama).
• Trans-fatty acids have many adverse metabolic effects
including elevation of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides,
reduction in HDL cholesterol, and adverse effects on
endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and probably
insulin resistance.
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids
• Lipids that are found in a membrane
or barrier of a cell or cell structures
- Used mainly
for structure
Lipids
Types of Lipids
Triglycerides
- Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice
the energy found in glucose)
- Found in cells – cushions and insulates body
and nerves
Made from 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails = triglyceride
Types of Lipids
Waxes
- Forms a barrier for protection
Waxy leaves
Ear wax
Types of Lipids
Steroids
- Ring structures (no fatty acids)
- Animal hormones – testosterone,
estrogen, progesterone
Proteins
• Polymers (polypeptides) are formed from 20
different monomers (amino acids)
• Structure of an amino acid
Amino
Acids
R groups
(shaded white)
determine the
chemical
properties of an
amino acid
Making a polypeptide chain
•peptide bonds form between COOH and NH2
Proteins
Amino acids build two types of proteins
1) Structural: This type is used in
building structures in an organism
2) Chemical: This type gets involved in
chemical reactions. Antibodies and
enzymes perform chemical chores.
Nucleic Acids
- Store important information in the cell
- Consist of nucleotides (monomer)
Nucleotide
-5 carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogen base
-Adenine
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Guanine
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA are
polymers,
composed of
thousands of
monomers
(nucleotides)
Nucleic Acids
DNA contains
information essential for
cell activities.
Nucleic Acids
RNA stores
and transfers
information
necessary for
making
proteins.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
- Primary energy source
for the cell
- Key to ATP’s usefulness
3 phosphate groups
Let’s Read ATP, Your Rechargeable Battery
Review
Carbohydrates
What is the polymer?
Polysaccharide
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
What is the monomer?
Monosaccharide
Review
Lipids
What is the polymer?
Lipids
What is the monomer?
Fatty Acids
Review
Nucleic Acids
What is the polymer?
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
What is the monomer?
Nucleotide
What are the parts of a
nucleotide?
P
BASE
SUGAR
Review
Proteins
What is the polymer?
Polypeptides
What is the monomer?
Amino Acids