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Life in Ancient Egypt
As Egyptian civilization grew more complex, people took on jobs other than that of farmer or scribe or
people who specialize in writing or record keeping.
Most of the workers in the fertile Nile Valley were farm laborers. Great
harvests year after year helped make Egypt rich. Many other people made their living
in manufacturing, mining, transportation, or trade.
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The Egyptians did not have a money system. Instead, they traded goods or
services directly for other goods or services. Under this barter system, workers were
often paid in wheat and barley. They used any extra quantities they got to trade for
needed goods.
2
Most farm laborers worked on the large estates of the royal family, the
temples, or other wealthy landowners. They received small amounts of crops as pay,
partly because landowners had to turn over a large percentage of all farm production
in taxes. Some farmers were able to rent fields from rich landowners.
3
Ancient Egypt was a hot country in which almost no rain fell. But farmers grew
crops most of the year by irrigating their land. They built canals that carried water
from the Nile to their fields. Farmers used wooden plows pulled by oxen to prepare
the fields for planting.
4
Wheat and barley were the main crops of ancient Egypt. Other crops included
lettuce, beans, onions, figs, dates, grapes, melons, and cucumbers. Parts of the date
and grape crops were crushed to make wine. Many farmers grew flax, which was used
to make linen. The Egyptians raised dairy and beef cattle, goats, ducks, geese, and
donkeys. Some people kept bees for honey.
5
Craftsmen who operated small shops made most of the manufactured goods in
ancient Egypt. The production of linen clothing and linen textiles ranked among the
chief industries. Other important products included pottery, bricks, tools, glass,
weapons, furniture, jewelry, and perfume. The Egyptians also made many products
from plants, including rope, baskets, mats, and sheets of writing material.
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Ancient Egypt had rich supplies of minerals. Miners produced large quantities
of limestone, sandstone, and granite for the construction of pyramids and
monuments. They also mined copper, gold, and tin and such gems as turquoises and
amethysts. Much of Egypt's gold came from the hills east of the Nile.
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Ancient Egyptian traders sailed to lands bordering the Aegean, Mediterranean,
and Red seas. They acquired silver, iron, horses, and cedar logs from Syria, Lebanon,
and other areas of southwestern Asia. They got ivory, leopard skins, copper, cattle,
and spices from Nubia, a country south of Egypt. For these goods, the Egyptians
bartered gold, other minerals, wheat, barley, and papyrus sheets.
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Transportation within ancient Egypt was chiefly by boats and barges on the
Nile River. The earliest Egyptian boats were made of papyrus reeds. Moved by poles at
first, they later were powered by rowers with oars. By about 3200 B.C., the Egyptians
had invented sails and begun to rely on the wind for power. About 3000 B.C., they
started to use wooden planks to build ships.
9
During ancient Egypt's early history, most people walked when they traveled by
land. Wealthy Egyptians were carried on special chairs. During the 1600's B.C., the
Egyptians began to ride in horse-drawn chariots.
10
The royal family and the temples of ancient Egypt employed many skilled
architects, engineers, carpenters, artists, and sculptors. They also hired bakers,
butchers, teachers, scribes, accountants, musicians, butlers, and shoemakers. The
Egyptians' belief that their bodies had to be preserved for the afterlife made
embalming a highly skilled profession. Many Egyptians served in the army and navy.
Others worked on cargo ships or fishing boats.
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