The second invasion
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1st Puritans arrived in 1628
1630s new settlement led by John Winthrop b.1588 to
wealthy East Anglian family
700 non-separating Congregationalists.
Most migrants from East Anglia
Beginning of Great Migration era
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Like pilgrims,
puritans disliked
lingering Catholic
practices in
Anglicanism
separation of
church and state
necessary
 ‘only
the Godly
should rule the
Godly’
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Unlike pilgrims
committed to
ideals of the
Church of England
Try to set
example of
behaviour
for others to
follow
 Image =
staid,
boring, no
fun
 really just
trying not to
be sinful.
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 Each
congregation
independent
 Refuse to accept authority of
bishops
or
any civil power over religion
 Tolerated,
rather than accepted
Until appointment
of William Laud as
Arch Bishop of
Canterbury (1620)
 increased
investigation and
persecution of
dissenters
 One motivation for
flight
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1620s-30s social and economic
situation worsened
 Part of from a manor-based to a
market-oriented economy
 Created 2 factors which affect
Puritan motivations
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1) Decline in cloth trade
 During early 17thC the went into
decline, hit the farmers of east
Anglia hard
2) enclosure
Part of new agricultural push open
lands enclosed
 displacement
laborers
of farm families and
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led to an increase in
 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Begging
1628 1st of three years of crop
failure
Sense that British society full of
people that had lost control of
their lives
Not simple drudgery to sustain
life
 A vocation
 calling through which one
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improved
the world
glorified God
followed life’s pilgrimage towards
salvation
As pious, literate, and
enterprising middle men and
women
 Puritan beliefs delivered control
 all around they saw chaos
 Proving they were chosen to lead
the country out of it problems
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‘City on a hill’
Aim in leaving
create “Merry
old England”
anew in
America
Then return to
England to lead
the country to a
new future
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Many migrants continued to own
land in England
Great Migration
1630 -40
21,000
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people
From end of the Great Migration
to the end of the 17th c more
people left New England than
settled in it
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Virginia Company dead by 1624,
new charter needed.
Puritan merchants get charter of
Massachusetts Bay Company
from King 1629
Only migrants allowed to be
shareholders, so charter taken to
America – prevents alteration, by
British Government, at later date.
4 ships set out for America in
1630, the Arbella, the Talbot, the
Ambrose and the Jewel.
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70% in family groups
30% single males
 usually
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attached to families as servants.
Adults in 30s or 40s
 brought
children with them
 had more after arrival.
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Life exp very good
 70s
when only 50s in England
 few problems with disease, no major Indian
problem (smallpox epidemic)
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Between 1620 – 1642 21,000 travel to
New England
Majority from 1629 forwards
Approximately 5% of white migrants
to America at the time
By 1700, despite returnees, New
England counts for 40% of white
population
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At least 60% of
males could
read and write
Religion based
on the book
Literacy and
numeracy also
aided economic
activity
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First print shops in America
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Cambridge (1640) Boston (1675)
Harvard (1636) linked to
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
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90 New Eng. Ministers trained there
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Very different to the south
Chesapeake rich landowners with
large tracts of land and many
landless servants and later slaves
New England town-centered farm
based landscape
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Jerusalem
salem
Initial Puritan
settlement was in
1629 at
When Winthrop turned took his group
further south to Boston
Towns quickly sprouted
1640 twenty towns
1660 seventy towns
Many towns have British names
New England was a “transplanted English
vine”
 Puritan
New England was
not built by Puritans alone
 “Strangers” were needed to
ensure the regions success
 Approx 17% of the Great
Migration was un-free labor
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Most servants were tied to an individual
family
Not as part of a work gang as in Virginia
Debt peonage also existed – particularly in
fishing industry
Slavery, although not as large as in the
south, also existed in New England
After 1650 non English war captives,
mainly Scottish and Irish, were shipped as
bound labor
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Ideologically New England was built
on faith
built on the backs of not only servants
but also paid specialized labor
Carpenters built their houses
Millwrights, Tanners, and Iron
workers all contributed to the
economic success of Puritan New
England
Puritan religious ideal pushed
them to commercial success and a
desire to subdue the land
 But the “strangers” they brought
to help
 Had their own ideology
 Often made them both indifferent
and hostile to Puritan ideals
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Strangers appeared in
court far more frequently
than Puritans
Charged with offenses like
Drunkenness
Assault
Lewdness
Larceny
Blasphemy
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1625, 50 year old Morton invested in
Mount Wollaston, a commercial
settlement in New England
Placated workers with strong drink
Danced around Maypole often with
Native American Women
Region became known as
Merrymount
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1628 Miles Standish
marched on
Merrymount
Arrested Morton for
selling arms to Native
Americans
Shipped back to
England
returned one year
later
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1630 returned to Merrymount
Massachusetts arrested Morton again
Burned his house
Sent him back to England…again
 1643
he returned … again
 First to Rhode Island and
Maine
 Before heading back to
Massachusetts
 Arrested again and spent one
year in jail
 Ended his life in Maine
 But
Puritans were also
pragmatic with the strangers
 Iron workers in Lynn,
Massachusetts
 Exempted from attending
church on Sunday
 And from securing a Minister
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There were (and are) a lot of alehouses
and taverns in England
One Puritan in 1635 described England
as overrun with
“many beastly, barbarous, belching
drunkards”
In New England they regulated rather
than prohibited alcohol
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A moderate amount for health was
OK but to much caused problems
Most New England towns possessed
a tavern (In James town there was 1
Tavern per ten people)
Tavern was primarily for travelers to
rest and find refreshment
Locals were limited to a half-hour in a
tavern
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Servants, and skilled workers alike sort out
Taverns for longer periods
They also operated, and frequented,
unlicensed bars
In New Hampshire and Maine major fishing
regions there were
“ walking taverns” booze boats that followed
the fleets
Port cities became the focus for the bar scene
By mid-century there were more bars than
churches in Boston
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The sea brought wealth to the
puritans it also threatened danger
The world was a “sea of sin”
Sin threatened puritans like “violent
winds”
That threatened to expose New
England as a “weak and ill
compacted vessel”