Industry and Urban
Growth
Chapter 18
A New Industrial Revolution
–
Why Industry
Boomed
•
•
As the nation
expanded, deposits
of coal, iron, lead and
copper were found.
Government gave
businesses
subsidies.
A New Industrial Revolution
•
•
•
The Bessemer process
made stronger steel at
lower cost. This
replaced Iron.
Pittsburgh became the
steel capital
In 1859, oil was found
when workers dug into
the ground and black
liquid came up. This
was eventually called
“Black Gold.”
Railroads improved by
adding sleeping and
eating cars. There was
immense competition
between companies.
A New Industrial Revolution
–
Inventors and
Inventions
•
There were many
new inventions, this
caused the need for
a patent- which is a
document giving
someone the sold
right to make and sell
an invention.
A New Industrial Revolution
•
Thomas Edison & other
scientists- produced the
light bulb, the phonograph,
the motion picture camera
and hundreds of other
devices.
–
•
Edison opened the nation’s
first electrical plant in NYC.
The Telegraph had been
used since 1844, when
Alexander Graham Bell
wanted to hear the human
voice. He invented and
patented the telephone.
A New Industrial Revolution
–
•
•
He eventually
organized over 100
local companies into
the American
Telephone and
Telegraph Company
In 1868, there was
the invention of a
type-writer, which
people could use to
type as fast at 60words per minute.
In 1888, A light
weight camera was
invented, it replaced
hundreds of pounds
of equipment
A New Industrial Revolution
–
Transportation
Revolution
•
Only about 8,000
Americans owned
automobiles in 1900.
–
Henry Ford
perfected a system
to mass produce
cars and makes
them less
expensive.
A New Industrial Revolution
–
–
•
The Assembly line
is a manufacturing
method in which a
product is put
together as it moves
along a belt.
By 1917, 4.5 million
Americans owned
cars
By 1903, Wilbur and
Orville Wright tested
a gas-powered
airplane at Kitty
Hawk, North
Carolina.
Big Business and Organized labor
–
New Ways of Doing
business
•
•
•
There were now
Entrepreneurs, which
were people who set
up new businesses to
make a profit.
Many businesses
became corporations,
which is a business
that is owned by many
investors.
Banks lent huge
amounts of money to
people. J.P. Morgan
became wealthy
Big Business and Organized labor
–
Growth of Big
Business
•
•
Monopoly is a
company that
controls most or all
business in a
particular industry
Andrew Carnegie
entered the steel
industry and
eventually owned
most of the steel in
the US.
Big Business and Organized labor
•
•
John D. Rockefeller
formed the Standard
Oil Trust. A trust is a
group of corporations
run by a single board of
directors.
Free enterprise is a
system in which
privately owned
businesses compete
freely.
Big Business and Organized labor
• Social Darwinism
– Charles DarwinSurvival of the fittest
in nature
– Businesses used this
was used to limit
competition
Big Business and Organized labor
–
Changes in the
Workplace
•
•
Women and children
worked in
sweatshops, most
children did NOT go
to school
There were
dangerous conditions
Big Business and Organized labor
–
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory
• A fire broke out in
a New York
sweatshop on
March 25, 1911
• Hundreds of
workers ran for the
exits but found
they were lockedThe owners did it
• 150 People died in
this fire
Big Business and Organized labor
–
Workers organize
•
•
Knights of Labor was
formed in 1869, used to
win support for workers
and against business
owners
American Federation of
Labor was formed by
Samuel Gompers in 1886
–
•
Women
–
•
He believed in using
collective bargaining to
win improvements
Mary Harris Jones
worked campaigning for
unions and giving support
to striking miners
Strikes
Cities Grow and Change
–
Rapid Growth of
Cities
•
•
By 1890, the cities
became Urbanized
There was public
transportation which
made people move to
the suburbs
Cities Grow and Change
•
The first skyscraper
was built in 1880 in
Chicago, it was 10
stories high
–
–
By 1897. the first
electric subway ran
under the streets of
Boston
Problems of Urban
Life
Cities Grow and Change
•
Tenement life in
downtown slums
–
–
•
Tenements were
buildings divided
into many tiny
apartments
Many people lived
in a one room
apartment and
many families
shared a bathroom
In 1889, Jane
Addams opened the
Hull House, which
was a settlement
house in the slums of
Chicago
Cities Grow and Change
–
The excitement of City
life
•
•
•
Departments Stores
contained lots of different
goods in the same store
but different sections
Leisure activities
changed with the cities,
people would now go to
museums, the orchestra,
art galleries, the theatre,
circuses, parks, the zoo,
gardens
Sports became popular,
the most popular were
Baseball, Basketball, and
Football
New Immigrants
–
A Fresh Start
•
Immigration
–
–
–
–
•
Religious freedom
Farming
Jobs
Political unrest
The new immigrants
–
Mostly Protestants
or Catholics from
Northern and
Western Europe
New Immigrants
–
Starting a New Life
•
•
Immigrants were
crammed below
decks in steerage
which were large
compartments that
usually held cattle
There were many
immigrant
neighborhoods
New Immigrants
–
Becoming American
•
Assimilation is the
process of becoming
part of another
culture
–
•
Languages and
traditions
Contributions
–
Many immigrants
opened small shops
and influenced
American life
New Immigrants
–
A new Wave of
Nativism
•
Many United States
Natives did not like
all of the immigrants;
they associated the
immigrants with
crime, violence and
anarchy.
–
Anarchist is a
person who
opposes all forms of
government
Education and Culture
–
Before 1870, less
then half of
American children
attended school.
•
Compulsory
education was
instituted fully by
1918.
–
It was not until 1950
that the majority of
Americans of high
school age were
high school
graduates
Education and Culture
–
•
•
The typical school
day lasted from 8 am
to 4 pm.
• The students
read McGuffey’s
Eclectic
Readers
• Taught poetry,
stories, moral
values and the
Christian
religion
Carnegie gave money
to towns to build
libraries.
They offered books,
magazines and
speakers
Education and Culture
–
American writers
•
•
Realism- authors
emphasized the
harsh side of life
Mark TwainHuckleberry Finn- His
real name was
Samuel Clemens–
At the time people
complained that this
book was a bad
effect on children
• It is now one of
the greatest
American
novels
Education and Culture
•
By 1900, half the
newspapers in the
world were printed in
the US
–
–
The spread of
education led to the
growth of the
newspaper
In 1883- Joseph
Pulitzer bought the
New York World
• He included color
comics such as
the Yellow kid
• Yellow
Journalism-like a
tabloid