Pathology, & Treatments
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Lymphadenitis
Lymphadenopathy
Persistent generalized
lymphadenopathy
Lymphangiogram
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Lymphangioma – benign
tumor of abnormal
lymphatic vessels.
Antiangiogenesis is a
form of treament that
will cuts off blood supply
to the tumor.
Lymphedema
◦ Primary – hereditary
◦ Secondary – caused by
identifiable factors
Splenomegaly?
Splenorrhagia?
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Allergic reactions
◦ Allergy – aka hypersensitivity, overreaction of the
body to a particular antigen
◦ Allergen is an antigen that is capable of causing an
allergic response
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Cellular response aka localized or delayed response
Systemic reaction
Antihistamine – works to block allergic reactions
Scratch test
 Diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome
allergens like tree pollen and ragweed.
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Autoimmune disorder – condition in which
the immune system misreads normal
antigens and creates antibodies and directs T
cells against the body’s own tissues. Many
appears to be genetic.
Immunodeficiency – when one or more parts
of the immune system are deficient or
missing
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Immunodeficiency
◦ Congenital
◦ HIV
 AIDS-late stage of the HIV infection
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ELISA
◦ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
◦ Blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV
antibodies
◦ May produce a false-positive result
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Western blot test
◦ Performed to confirm the diagnosis after a positive
ELISA
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Immunotherapy – treatment of disease either by
enhancing or repressing the immune response
Antibody therapy
◦ Synthetic immunoglobulins – immune serum. Used as a
post exposure preventive measure against certain
viruses including rabies and some types of hepatitis
◦ Synthetic interferon – used in the treatment of MS and
some CAs
◦ Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
 Produced in the lab. Used in research, medical tests, and the
treatment of some CAs
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Immunosuppresion
◦ Immunosuppressant
 Drug that prevents or reduces the body’s normal
reactions to invasion by disease or by foreign tissues.
Used to prevent the rejection of donor tissue or to
depress autoimmune disorders
◦ Corticosteroid
◦ Cytotoxic drug
◦ Antineoplastic
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Antibiotics- useless on viruses
◦ Bactericide – kills the bacteria,
◦ Bacteriostatic – inhibits, or slows down, the growth
of bacteria
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antivirals
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Terms related to tumors
◦ Neoplasms
◦ Angiogenesis
◦ Benign – not recurring, favorable chance of recovery
 For example – a myoma
◦ Malignant
 Carcinoma in situ (CIS) describes a malignant tumor in
its original position that has not yet disturbed or
invaded the surrounding tissues.
 Invasive malignance
 Metastasize?
 Metastasis?
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Staging – process of classifying tumors with
respect to how far the disease has
progressed, the potential for its responding
to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis
Breast cancer
◦ Several types
◦ Is possible in males
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Carcinomas – malignant tumor that occurs in
epithelial tissue
◦ Adenocarcinoma - any one of a large group of carcinomas
derived from glandular tissue
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Sarcomas – malignant tumor of connective tissues
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Lymphomas – malignancies that develop in the
lymphatic tissue
◦ Hard-tissue
◦ Soft-tissue
◦ Kaposi’s is an opportunistic infection frequently associated
with HIV.
◦ Hodgkin’s
◦ Non-Hodgkin’s
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Blastomas
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Surgery
Chemo
Radiation
◦ Brachytherapy – the use of radioactive material in
contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be
treated
◦ Teletherapy – radiation therapy administered at a
distance from the body. With three-dimensional
computer imaging, it is possible to aim doses more
precisely