America Comes of Age
1823-1900
Warning to Europe:
1. The Americas are “closed to future colonization by any
European powers.”
2. Do not impose your systems of government in the Western
Hemisphere.
3. Do not interfere in Latin America “for
the purpose of oppressing them, or
controlling in any other manner their
destiny.”
Our Pledge:
We will stay out of European affairs.
Roots of Expansionism
National greatness required competition with Europe
Manifest Destiny and war with Mexico
Industrial market demand
Military development
White Man’s Burden
We do not want to fight, But by jingo, if we do,
We’ll scoop in all the fishing grounds And the whole dominion too!
2,500 mi from CA
~
1790s: trading post
~
1820s: Yankee Missionaries
~
1800s: US-owned sugar plantations
~
1887: American naval base
~
1891: Queen Lil took throne
~
1890: McKinley Tariff
~
1893: coup deposed Lil
Sanford B. Dole
“The
Hawaiian
pear is now
fully ripe,
and this is
the golden
hour for the
United
States to
pluck it.”
Cleveland wavered
on annexation
1898 Congress
proclaimed Hawaii
an American
territory
1959 Hawaii
became the 50th
state
Puck magazine published this cartoon
depicting Cuba's difficult situation in the 1890s.
Joseph
Pulitzer’s
World
William
Randolph
Hearst’s
Journal
Crisis over Cuba
1895: Anti-Spanish Revolt
Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler
US: $50 million invested; $100 million imports
Spanish Commander Weyler’s “reconcentration” policy; 200,000 Cubans died
McKinley: “bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
A Spanish
underwater
Mine?
On-board
ammunitions?
US War with Spain
Spanish make Concessions
McKinley sends war message to
Congress
Joint Congressional Legislation:
recognized Cuban independence;
authorized U.S. force to expel
Spanish from Cuba
Teller Amendment: no US “sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” in Cuba
(implication: US will leave once Cuban independence is established)
Platt Amendment (to 1901 army appropriations bill):
U.S. withdrawal only after Cuba agreed not to make treaties with foreign powers
that would limit Cuban independence and not to become indebted to foreign
countries; in effect until 1934.
Reoccupied 1906-1909; again 1912; established naval base at Guantanamo Bay
By 1920, US investments reached $500 million
War in the Philippines
1898 Admiral Dewey steams
US fleet into Manila Bay
destroying or capturing all 10
Spanish ships
Philippine Islands stepping
stone to Chinese markets
US Mission: “to educate the
Filipinos, and to uplift and
civilize and Christianize
them, and by God’s grace do
the very best we could by
them.”
In 1899, 125,000 American troops arrived to
put down independence rebellion by
“our little brown brothers.”
Philippines:
7,000 islands, 400 inhabited
1898: population 5 million
The Unruly Philippines
27-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo
Organized independence movement to oust Spain
Declared Filipino independence and wrote
democratic constitution
Ordered attack on U.S. base at Manila when U.S.
refused to withdraw from Philippines
Captured by U.S. forces in 1901
20,000 Filipinos die fighting for independence;
4,000 Americans died (10X more than SpanishAmerican War)
US implements reconcentration policy
1902 Philippine Government Act promises eventual
self-government
Independence granted in 1946
Secretary of State John Hay
China forced to self-divide into
spheres of foreign influence
Russia built Manchurian RR
Germany exacted 99-year lease on port of
Chaozhou and mining and RR rights in
Shandong province
Secretary of State John Hay notes
to Europe
Do not interfere with American trading rights
in China
Do not grant privileges to traders from own
countries
OPEN DOOR TO CHINA
Anti-Foreign Sentiment
Boxer Rebellion
Secret Society of the Harmonious Righteous Fists
Killed foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity
1900: Occupied Beijing; fought off by international army
Hay issued second notes reaffirming open trade in China
Panama Canal
1879
• French begin building
• Corruption, mismanagement, yellow fever resulted in $400
million loss in 10 years
• Offered rights from Colombia to US for $109 million;
lowered to $40 million
Hay-Herran Agreement
Granted US 99-year lease on property; $10 million, $250,000/year
Rejected by Colombia, wanted to renegotiate with US
Roosevelt and Philippe Bunau-Varilla (Fr. Co. Official) orchestrated
revolution on isthmus of Panama (11/3/03) with US naval ship
offshore
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
undertook vigorous drainage
project to remove yellow fever
mosquito
August 1914: 1st ship traveled
through
THE
ROOSEVELT
COROLLARY
to the
Monroe Doctrine
Asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America
Speak softly
and carry a...
Threatening military force to influence politics in other countries