Chapter 17 Pennsylvania Workers protesting 20% wage cut Pinkerton strike Steel Mill agents hired to “break” the 1876 formed in Texas Popular in South and Great Plains • opened regional affiliates Helped etc. with grain elevators, mortgages, 1891 Cotton Strike Led by Ben Patterson 15 members lynched, strike was crushed Ended Colored Farmers Alliance 1890- A meeting held in Ocala Delegates met to outline political and economic issues • Reduce tariff • End to national banks • Regulate railroads • Free coinage of silver • Income tax • Popular election of senators Support from Farmers Alliance groups Support of industrial workers Election of 1892 over a million votes • Strong showing for a third party Causes Economy had grown rapidly Railroads overbuilt Businesses borrowed to much Farmers to much was bought on credit Boom and Bust economy effected everyone Stock market crashed Traded stock for gold Depleted U.S. gold treasury People took money from banks • 600 banks closed Businesses failed • 1/5 unemployed • 15,000 businesses went bankrupt Drought hit the West Led by Jacob Coxey • 39 year old populist from Ohio 500 men, women, and children wanted more government jobs, building projects Coxey was arrested, clubbed, and spent 20 days in jail Pullman company town -model town -homes, attractive and clean -plumbing, gas, sewers, -landscaped -free education until 8th grade Had to shop at company store Rent set by Pullman Prohibited newspapers, free speech, assembly Inspectors could enter homes at any time to examine for “cleanliness” Height of depression Wages cut 5 times in one year Rent and food prices remained the same American Railway Union supports Refuse to handle Pullman cars 60,000 workers walk out 27 states and territories effected President Cleveland orders back to work Halted commerce 12,000 troops sent to put down strike 13 strikers killed 57 wounded $340,000 in property damage Chicago eventually annexed town Eugene Debs sent to jail for 6 months • Becomes a Socialist United Old Mine Workers workers vs. New New were often immigrants • Immigrants often worked harder for less money Changed attitudes about poor Economy changing 1900 Most of world on gold standard The Silverites -U.S. had silver surplus -people thought changing the standard would stimulate the economy REPUBLICAN WILLIAM MCKINLEY Gold Standard Advertised Well-organized campaign Free trade DEMOCRAT WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN Pro-silver Excellent speaker Religious overtones in speeches Wins party nomination over Cleveland Aggressively campaigned • 18,000 miles by rail • 27 states • Gave 30 speeches a day • Spoke for rural or “small town” America • Had limited money, but great passion Gold becomes the official standard Silver debate is over. Economy begins to recover • Factories increase production • Farmers doing better Gold • Discoveries in Alaska boosts treasury Tariffs are raised- Dingley Tariff -highest protective tariff in history (to that point) Poor Little economic progress Strict laws Less emphasis on education • Fewer school days • Many southern states did not have compulsory school attendance laws African American students even less access to education. “Separate but equal” Supreme court decision will impact African Americans for decades. Legalized segregation • Black schools underfunded and poorly equipped. Strict segregation Officially not an equal citizen Disenfranchisement Laws passed at the state and local level Plessy V. Ferguson legitimized Mob violence Intimidation Fear used to control people Italian immigrants lynched in Florida North Five Carolina 1906 men lynched 1877-1890 6.3 million immigrant to U.S. many from rural backgrounds Left old traditions and extended families -many entered through Ellis Island -on West Coast Angel Island 1904- price of passage was $50.00 Prior to leaving -vaccinated -disinfected -physical examinations Trip took 1-2 weeks -upon arrival: medical exam, name recorded, and entry tax Worked in the States and sent money home Worked to pay passage of family Many did not speak English “Strange customs” Catholic or non-Protestant Disliked: Italians, Jews, Hungarian, Slavs, Greeks Irish, Chinese American Protective Association Anti-Catholic group Hard working Congress excluded Chinese from citizenship Only ethnic group excluded from “American dream” Former slave Encouraged blacks not to fight racism Atlanta Compromise Earn economic freedom for blacks Organized the National Black Business League Skilled labor Wanted higher wages Shorter hours Better working conditions Used boycotts and strikes • Did not oppose monopolies and trusts • Did not allow women, blacks, or unskilled Alcoholism a problem Anti-Saloon movement • Lobbied local, state, and federal government Eventually successful • 1919, Passed 18th Amendment Technology Industry improving communication expanding and exporting • Business seeking to globalize “Wild West” no longer “Wild” Positive for business Religious leaders viewed as an opportunity • Missionary activities gaining popularity • White protestants needed to “civilize” the world Protestant minister • White man needed to civilize “inferior” races Sec. of State Expansionist Saw commerce as key to American global success Tried to by numerous islands/territories 1867 purchases Midway Island strategic location for trade with Asia Alaska “Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Ice Cube” -bought for $7.2 million -many did see the natural resources Created to ease tensions in the region Promote regional trade Reduce trade barriers Included all • Columbia • Haiti • Venezuela nations except: Strategically placed • For trade • For naval base Missionaries Sugar had been active for years Cane • Favorable trade with U.S. • Lucrative trade Passed pro-native laws Americans revolted U.S. marines stormed ashore Queen forced to surrender Senate refuses to sign the treaty An investigation reveals some problems with invasion Grover Cleveland restores the Queen Whites in Hawaii revolt, establish Republic of Hawaii Eventually recognized by U.S. Annexation happens in 1898 Controversial, but it happens U.S. navy outdated Helped create the military industrial complex • Joined business, military, and political interests • Lobbyists formed to strengthen military Protect American interests abroad Arms manufacturing becomes central to U.S. economy 1903 U.S had 3rd largest navy in the world Cuba and Puerta Rico • Spanish colonies • sugar cane • poor Jose Marti • 1895 returns from exile • wants to launch an independence movement • Cuba Libre! Rebels destroyed railway lines Destroyed sugar mills Burned cane fields Quickly controls half the island Spanish retaliate Concentration camps Polluted water Killed farm animals/destroyed crops WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER Pulitzer and Hearst specialized in this Helped sway public support of war with Spain President Asks McKinley negotiates with Spain for dismissal of Weyler Spanish military reluctant to comply Publication of De Lome letter • Feb. 1898 • Indicates that Spain not going to back down “Worst Insult To The United States In Its History” Explosion rips through the Maine • Feb. 15, 1898 • 260 soldiers die • Maine sinks to the bottom of the harbor March 1898 Congress approves $50 million McKinley orders Spain to allow Cuba’s independence April 19, Congress declares a joint resolution and declares Cuba independent. Prepares to send army and navy to expel Spanish Teller Amendment • Ensured that Cuba would not be annexed by U.S. 1 million men volunteer for service Lasted 10 weeks 1898 U.S. army had 28,000 Not prepared to outfit million recruits Not prepared for tropical climate Food supplies, not refrigerated, rotted 5,462 died in this war 379 died in battle Remainder died from accident, disease, mismanagement Better prepared Admiral George Dewey ordered to the Philippines In Cuba, U.S. navy destroys Spanish armada April 30, navy enters Manila Bay Destroy Spanish naval squadron McKinley then orders ground troops into Philippines 10,000 soldiers enlisted to fight the Spanish Many trained in the South Northerners Tensions Proved upset by segregation often erupted in violence valuable in battle San Juan and Kettle Hill Well fortified Spanish failed to call reserves Americans “take the position” Teddy Roosevelt brought his own reporter Most of the horses were left in Tampa 76% casualty rate Americans Santiago Cuba force Spanish to surrender at granted independence from Spain Puerto Rico taken without force Hawaii annexed in 1898 Philippines not so easily dealt with After Spain was defeated, Philippines hoped for independence U.S. feared Decides natives were “unable” to rule to annex the island U.S. pays $20 million for Philippines Revolutionary leader Declares himself president in 1899 U.S. goes to war with Philippines Guerilla warfare Americans controlled cities Rebels controlled countryside U.S. sends 126,000 soldiers U.S. uses concentration camps to control countryside 1901 Aguinaldo captured and swears oath of allegiance to U.S. U.S sent 126,000 troops Rebels approx. 80,000 troops U.S. casualties • 4,380 dead • 3,100 wounded Philippine casualties • 16,000 soldiers dead • 250,000-1 million civilians dead • Famine, disease, war related William H. Taft sent to help set up a government Built schools Roads, bridges Sanitation Health care Foraker Act- established civil government in Puerto Rico Platt Amendment Cuba could self-govern Could not make treaties with other powers U.S. leased Guantanamo Bay Allow U.S. intervention when necessary Studied tropical diseases Identified how Yellow Fever was transmitted Helped build public health policies Sec. of State John Hay wrote a policy urging that China remain “open” to trade Chinese “Boxers” wanted foreigners out 8 nations sent fighters to put down rebellion China subdued, Europe and U.S. maintained trade United States now an international “player”