Chapter 17
 Pennsylvania
 Workers
protesting 20% wage cut
 Pinkerton
strike
Steel Mill
agents hired to “break” the
 1876
formed in Texas
 Popular
in South and Great Plains
• opened regional affiliates
 Helped
etc.
with grain elevators, mortgages,
1891 Cotton Strike
Led by Ben Patterson
15 members lynched,
strike was crushed
Ended Colored
Farmers Alliance
 1890-
A meeting held in Ocala
 Delegates met to outline political and
economic issues
• Reduce tariff
• End to national banks
• Regulate railroads
• Free coinage of silver
• Income tax
• Popular election of senators
 Support
from Farmers Alliance groups
 Support of industrial workers
 Election of 1892 over a million votes
• Strong showing for a third party
Causes
 Economy had grown rapidly
 Railroads overbuilt
 Businesses borrowed to much
 Farmers to much was bought on credit
Boom and Bust economy effected everyone
 Stock
market crashed
 Traded stock for gold
 Depleted U.S. gold treasury
 People took money from banks
• 600 banks closed
 Businesses
failed
• 1/5 unemployed
• 15,000 businesses went bankrupt
 Drought
hit the West
 Led by Jacob Coxey
• 39 year old populist from Ohio
 500
men, women, and children
 wanted
more government jobs, building
projects
 Coxey
was arrested, clubbed, and spent
20 days in jail
Pullman company town
-model town
-homes, attractive and clean
-plumbing, gas, sewers,
-landscaped
-free education until 8th grade
 Had
to shop at company store
 Rent set by Pullman
 Prohibited newspapers, free speech,
assembly
 Inspectors could enter homes at any time
to examine for “cleanliness”
Height of depression
Wages cut 5 times in one year
Rent and food prices remained the same
 American
Railway Union supports
 Refuse to handle Pullman cars
 60,000 workers walk out
 27 states and territories effected
 President Cleveland orders back to work
 Halted commerce
 12,000 troops sent to put down strike
 13
strikers killed
 57 wounded
 $340,000 in property damage
 Chicago eventually annexed town
 Eugene Debs sent to jail for 6 months
• Becomes a Socialist
 United
 Old
Mine Workers
workers vs. New
 New
were often immigrants
• Immigrants often worked harder for less money
 Changed
attitudes about poor
 Economy
changing
1900 Most of world on gold standard
The Silverites
-U.S. had silver surplus
-people thought changing the standard
would stimulate the economy
REPUBLICAN
WILLIAM MCKINLEY




Gold Standard
Advertised
Well-organized campaign
Free trade
DEMOCRAT
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN




Pro-silver
Excellent speaker
Religious overtones in
speeches
Wins party nomination over
Cleveland
 Aggressively
campaigned
• 18,000 miles by rail
• 27 states
• Gave 30 speeches a day
• Spoke for rural or “small town” America
• Had limited money, but great passion
 Gold
becomes the official standard
Silver debate is over.
 Economy
begins to recover
• Factories increase production
• Farmers doing better
 Gold
• Discoveries in Alaska boosts treasury
Tariffs are raised- Dingley Tariff
-highest protective tariff in history (to that point)
 Poor
 Little
economic progress
 Strict
laws
 Less
emphasis on education
• Fewer school days
• Many southern states did not have compulsory
school attendance laws
African American students even less access to
education.
“Separate but equal”

Supreme court decision will impact
African Americans for decades.
 Legalized
segregation
• Black schools underfunded and poorly
equipped.
 Strict
segregation
 Officially
not an equal citizen
 Disenfranchisement
 Laws
passed at the state and local level
 Plessy V. Ferguson
legitimized
 Mob
violence
 Intimidation
 Fear
used to control people
Italian immigrants
lynched in Florida
 North
 Five
Carolina 1906
men lynched
1877-1890 6.3 million immigrant to U.S.
 many from rural backgrounds
 Left
old traditions and extended families
-many entered through Ellis Island
-on West Coast Angel Island
1904- price of passage was $50.00
Prior to leaving
-vaccinated
-disinfected
-physical examinations
Trip took 1-2 weeks
-upon arrival: medical exam, name
recorded, and entry tax
 Worked
in the States
and sent money
home
 Worked
to pay
passage of family
 Many
did not speak English
 “Strange customs”
 Catholic or non-Protestant
Disliked: Italians, Jews, Hungarian, Slavs,
Greeks
Irish, Chinese
 American Protective Association
 Anti-Catholic group
 Hard
working
 Congress
excluded Chinese from
citizenship
 Only
ethnic group excluded from
“American dream”
 Former
slave
 Encouraged blacks
not to fight racism
 Atlanta Compromise
 Earn economic
freedom for blacks
 Organized the
National Black
Business League
 Skilled
labor
 Wanted higher wages
 Shorter hours
 Better working conditions
 Used boycotts and strikes
• Did not oppose monopolies and trusts
• Did not allow women, blacks, or unskilled
 Alcoholism
a problem
 Anti-Saloon
movement
• Lobbied local, state, and federal government
 Eventually
successful
• 1919, Passed 18th Amendment
 Technology
 Industry
improving communication
expanding and exporting
• Business seeking to globalize
 “Wild West” no
longer “Wild”
 Positive
for business
 Religious
leaders viewed as an
opportunity
• Missionary activities gaining popularity
• White protestants needed to “civilize” the world
Protestant minister
• White man needed to
civilize “inferior”
races
 Sec. of
State
 Expansionist
 Saw
commerce as
key to American
global success
 Tried
to by numerous
islands/territories
1867 purchases
Midway Island
strategic location for trade with Asia
Alaska
“Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Ice
Cube”
-bought for $7.2 million
-many did see the natural resources
 Created
to ease tensions in the region
 Promote
regional trade
 Reduce
trade barriers
 Included all
• Columbia
• Haiti
• Venezuela
nations except:
 Strategically
placed
• For trade
• For naval base
 Missionaries
 Sugar
had been active for years
Cane
• Favorable trade with U.S.
• Lucrative trade
 Passed
pro-native
laws
 Americans
revolted
 U.S. marines
stormed
ashore
 Queen
forced to
surrender
 Senate
refuses to sign the treaty
 An
investigation reveals some problems
with invasion
 Grover
Cleveland restores the Queen
 Whites
in Hawaii revolt, establish
Republic of Hawaii
 Eventually
recognized by U.S.
Annexation happens in 1898
Controversial, but it happens
 U.S. navy
outdated
 Helped
create the military industrial
complex
• Joined business, military, and political interests
• Lobbyists formed to strengthen military
 Protect
American interests abroad
 Arms
manufacturing becomes central to U.S.
economy
1903 U.S had 3rd largest navy in the world
 Cuba
and Puerta Rico
• Spanish colonies
• sugar cane
• poor
 Jose
Marti
• 1895 returns from exile
• wants to launch an independence movement
• Cuba Libre!
 Rebels
destroyed railway lines
 Destroyed sugar mills
 Burned cane fields
 Quickly controls half the island
Spanish retaliate
 Concentration camps
 Polluted water
 Killed farm animals/destroyed crops
WILLIAM RANDOLPH
HEARST
JOSEPH PULITZER
 Pulitzer
and Hearst
specialized in this
 Helped
sway public
support of war with
Spain
 President
 Asks
McKinley negotiates with Spain
for dismissal of Weyler
Spanish military reluctant to comply
 Publication of De Lome letter
• Feb. 1898
• Indicates that Spain not going to back down
“Worst Insult To The United States In Its History”
 Explosion rips through the Maine
• Feb. 15, 1898
• 260 soldiers die
• Maine sinks to the bottom of the harbor
 March
1898 Congress approves $50 million
 McKinley
orders Spain to allow Cuba’s
independence
 April
19, Congress declares a joint
resolution and declares Cuba independent.

Prepares to send army and navy to expel
Spanish
 Teller
Amendment
• Ensured that Cuba would not be annexed by U.S.
1
million men volunteer for service
 Lasted
10 weeks
 1898
U.S. army had 28,000
 Not prepared to outfit million recruits
 Not prepared for tropical climate
 Food supplies, not refrigerated, rotted
5,462 died in this war
379 died in battle
Remainder died from accident, disease,
mismanagement
 Better
prepared
 Admiral
George
Dewey ordered to the
Philippines
 In
Cuba, U.S. navy
destroys Spanish
armada
 April
30, navy enters Manila Bay
 Destroy
Spanish naval squadron
 McKinley
then orders ground troops into
Philippines
 10,000
soldiers enlisted to fight the
Spanish
 Many
trained in the South
 Northerners
 Tensions
 Proved
upset by segregation
often erupted in violence
valuable in battle
 San
Juan and Kettle Hill
 Well
fortified
 Spanish
failed to call reserves
 Americans “take
the position”
 Teddy
Roosevelt brought his own
reporter
 Most
of the horses were left in Tampa
 76%
casualty rate
 Americans
Santiago
 Cuba
force Spanish to surrender at
granted independence from Spain
 Puerto
Rico taken without force
 Hawaii
annexed in 1898
 Philippines
not so easily dealt with
 After
Spain was defeated, Philippines
hoped for independence
 U.S. feared
 Decides
natives were “unable” to rule
to annex the island
 U.S. pays
$20 million for Philippines
 Revolutionary
leader
 Declares
himself
president in 1899
 U.S. goes
to war with
Philippines
 Guerilla
warfare
 Americans controlled cities
 Rebels controlled countryside
 U.S. sends 126,000 soldiers
 U.S. uses concentration camps to control
countryside
 1901 Aguinaldo captured and swears
oath of allegiance to U.S.
 U.S
sent 126,000 troops
 Rebels approx. 80,000 troops
 U.S. casualties
• 4,380 dead
• 3,100 wounded
 Philippine
casualties
• 16,000 soldiers dead
• 250,000-1 million civilians dead
• Famine, disease, war related
 William
H. Taft sent to help set up a
government
 Built schools
 Roads, bridges
 Sanitation
 Health care
 Foraker
Act- established civil
government in Puerto Rico
 Platt
Amendment
 Cuba could self-govern
 Could not make treaties with other
powers
 U.S. leased Guantanamo Bay
 Allow U.S. intervention when necessary
 Studied
tropical
diseases
 Identified how Yellow
Fever was transmitted
 Helped build public
health policies

Sec. of State John Hay wrote a policy urging that
China remain “open” to trade

Chinese “Boxers” wanted foreigners out

8 nations sent fighters to put down rebellion
China subdued, Europe and U.S. maintained trade
United States now an international “player”