• What similarities can you note in these 4
mammalian appendages?
• What differences can you note in these 4
mammalian appendages?
EVOLUTION VOCABULARY
Gradualism
Gradualism
•Changes in species occurring
slowly and incrementally.
Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium
Punctuated Equilibrium
•Long periods of little or no
change interrupted by rapid
and dramatic changes.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures
•Structures of different
species that are similar in
arrangement and organization
but not necessarily function,
implying common ancestry.
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures
•Structures of different
species that are similar in
function but not composition
and do not imply common
ancestry.
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Organs
Vestigial Organs
•An organ or structure that no
longer serves a purpose and
consequently is often
diminished in size.
Vestigial Organs
1.__________________
•Long periods of little or no
change interrupted by rapid
and dramatic changes.
2.___________________
•An organ or structure that no
longer serves a purpose and
consequently is often
diminished in size.
•(Ex. Wisdom Teeth)
3. ___________________
4. __________________
•Structures of different
species that are similar in
function but not composition
and do not imply common
ancestry. (example- bird wing
and moth wing)
5. _________________
•Changes in species occurring
slowly and incrementally.
Evidence for Evolution
• Fossil Record
• DNA
• Embryology
– Anantomical structures such as homologous
structures.
• Biogeography
• mutations
Biogeography/Zoogeographic Region
Phylogenetic tree
Evolutionary tree
Cladogram
Pretty much the same thing…
• Show us how species are related to each
other.
• The point where they divide is where their
common ancestor species is thought to be
(called a taxonomic unit).
• Lengths of branches may all be the same or
• Vary in length depending on the # of
Characteristics or DNA sequences that are
similar.
Black Bear
Polar Bear
COMMON ANCESTOR OF THE BEARS
Brown Bear
• Write a hypothesis for whether or not the
gorilla, chimpanzee and the human are related
underneath your predicted phylogentic tree.
• Start on the Procedure
– Synthesize the DNA strands by placing the
toothpicks side by side in the proper sequence
according to the chart on your paper. GROUP
MEMBERS 1-3 ONLY…
• Are they closely related? (Does it support your
hypothesis?)
• Write a second hypothesis under your first
one predicting whether the human, the gorilla
or the chimpanzee is more closely related to
the common ancestor.
• Answer the questions under EVALUATE.