Plant Growth & Development
Introduction
• There are 6 plant processes that effect growth
which are….
– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Absorption
– Transpiration
– Translocation
– Reproduction
Use the diagram below to complete the labels on the
flower structure worksheet
stigma
anther
style
stamen
filament
ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
stem
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
carpel
Plant Reproduction
Click to Enter
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Pollination
The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
What is Pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the
stigma
• This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen
travels from one flower to a different flower. This is
desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects or by
wind
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects
to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
hooking onto
insect fur
nectar and a
scent present
Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects
Sticky stigma to
collect pollen
Flower Structure
Pollination
Brightly colored
petals
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because
they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be
exposed to the wind.
Pollen grains are very
small and light. They
occur in very large
numbers
Anthers are exposed to the
wind so that pollen can easily
be blown away
Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind
Petals are small and
green as there is no
need to attract
insects
Flower Structure
No scent or nectary
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the
anther onto the stigma of the same flower
• Click to show
animation of selfpollination
• Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Click on the icon below to view the
summary video on pollination
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this
url into a new browser window and you can watch the
video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0
Insect pollination (1 minute)
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Fertilization and Fruit Development
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
ovary
Click to view the
animation
ovule
Note: Petals not shown in
order to simplify diagram
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Fertilization occurs when the male gamete fuses
with the ovule (the female gamete)
Click to view the
animation
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Watch this short introductory video to
review fertilization (1 minute)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window
and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE
Seed Dispersal
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Watch the video on seed dispersal
(lasts just under 10 minutes)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new
browser window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
After fertilization the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilized egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.
Cotyledon:
Food store
Testa:
tough seed coat
Plumule:
Embryo shoot
Micropyle:
Hole made by
pollen tube
Radicle:
Embryo root
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
Embryo
plant
Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant in
order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and
water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:
•
•
•
•
Wind
Water
Mechanical
Animals
Photosynthesis
• Process by which
green plants
manufacture food.
• The beginning of the
food chain for all living
things on earth.
Photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide and water are combined in
the presence of light to make sugar and
oxygen.
• The Formula is….
6CO2 + 6H2O + 672Kcal C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Light
Glucose Sugar
Oxygen
Respiration
• The process through which plant leaves,
stems, and roots consume oxygen and give off
carbon dioxide.
• Plants produce much more oxygen through
photosynthesis then they use through
respiration.
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Absorption
• The process by which plant roots take in
water, air, & nutrients and conduct them to
the stem.
Transpiration
• The process by which
plants roots lose
water from leaves and
stems through
evaporation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc
Translocation
• The process by which food and nutrients are
moved within a plant from one plant part to
another.
• Water and minerals move from the roots up to
the leaves and food moves from the leaves
down to the roots.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-z7hbCFI2o
Translocation
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=xGCnuXxbZGk
Classification of Plants
• Vascular plants: Have tube-like
structures that carry water, and nutrients
throughout the plant.
Classification of Plants
• Nonvascular plants: Do not have tubelike structures and use other ways to move
water and substances.
Seedless Plants
• Nonvascular plants like moss are only a few
cells thick. Each cell absorbs water directly
from it environment.
• Vascular plants distribute water and nutrients
to all plant cells.
• Question: Which type of plant can grow
larger; nonvascular and vascular?
– Vascular can grow bigger and thicker because the
vascular tissue distributes the water and
nutrients.
Seedless Plants
• Question: Name parts of a plant.
– Roots
– Stems
– Leaves
– Flowers
• Question: What do the flowers produce?
– Seeds
Seedless Plants
• Question: Do all plants reproduce
from seeds?
• Some plants reproduce by spores.
Seedless Plants
• Question: Can you name a plant that
does not have seeds and uses spores
to reproduce?
–Mosses
–Ferns
– Video:
Seedless plantg
Seedless Plants
• Ferns and Mosses:
– We now know that they do not reproduce by
seeds but use spores. Therefore they are alike in
that way.
– Question: How are they different?
• Think vascular, nonvascular
Seedless Plants
• Peat and Coal: As seedless plants died they
compacted and compressed and turned into
peat. Over time the peat turned into coal.
Seedless Plants
• Peat supplies about one third of Ireland’s
energy requirements.
•
Brain Pop: Seedless Plants
Seed Plants
• Most seed plants have leaves, stems, roots,
and vascular tissue.
• They also produce seeds.
• Question: What is inside a seed?
– Embryo and stored food. Video: Seeds 2:00
Seed Plants
• Leaves: Where the food making process
occurs.
– What is the name of that process?
• Photosynthesis
Seed Plants
• Leaf Cell Layers
Leaf Cell Layers
• Epidermis: Upper and lower surface of a
leaf.
• Waxy cuticle: coats Epidermis.
• Stomata: Opening in leaf to allow;
– What gases to enter the leaf?
• Carbon dioxide to enter
– What gas to exit the leaf?
• Oxygen to exit the leaf.
Leaf Cell Layers
• Guard Cells: Two guard cells
surround each stoma to open and
close it.
•
Video: Plant Cells 3:25, Types of plant cells 2:43
Leaf Cell Layers
• Just below the epidermis is the palisade
layer where most of the food is produced.
•
Video: Leaves 2:52
Stems
• Stems: Materials move between leaves and
roots through the vascular tissue in the stem.
• Stems support the branches, leaves, and
reproductive structures. Video: Stems 3:16
• Question: What is the largest part of
a plant?
–Roots
Roots
• Question: What is the purpose of roots?
• Transport water and other substances.
– Anchor
– Support
– Store food Video: 1:43
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms: Vascular plants that
produce seeds that are not protected by fruit.
• Question: What is an example of this type of
plant?
– Conifers: Pines, firs, spruces, redwoods.
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms: A vascular plant that flowers
and produces fruit with one or more seeds.
• Question: What is an example of an
angiosperm?
Angiosperms
• Life cycle of angiosperms.
• Question: What do you call a plant that has a
life cycle of one year?
Angiosperms
• Question: What do you call a plant that
continues to survive for many years?
– Perennial
– Brain Pop: Seed Plants
Seed Plant Class Work
• Create a list of as many products of seed
plants that you can think.
– Examples: Potato Chips, oranges.
– Video: Sci. of Plants 22