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Kalahari Desert
San People
Apartheid
Nelson Mandela
F.W. deKlerk
Desmond Tutu
Thabo Mbeki
Graphic Organizer
South
Africa
South Africa Timeline
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1400s:Zulu and Xhosa tribes establish large kingdoms in the South Africa region.
1652: The Dutch establish the port of Cape Town. The are the first Europeans to settle in South
Africa.
1852: The British take control of Cape Town.
1886: Gold is discovered in Johannesburg, making the city rich.
1899-1902:Dutch settlers fight the British in the Boer War. Britain eventually gains control of
South Africa.
1910: South Africa becomes an independent nation.
1918: Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela is born on July 18 in a small village in South Africa. A
teacher later gives him the English name Nelson.
1948: Apartheid is introduced. Laws legally and physically separate different racial groups.
1952: The African National Congress, a black civil rights group, begins a Campaign for Defiance
of Unjust Laws as a protest against apartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of its leaders.
1960: In the town of Sharpeville, 67 Africans are killed while protesting Apartheid.
1962: Mandela is arrested for plotting against the government. Though he stays active politically,
he will spend 27 years in prison.
1976: Hundreds of black protesters are killed in an uprising in Soweto.
1990: President F.W. de Klerk announces the end of apartheid. Mandela is freed from prison
after serving 27 years.
1993: De Klerk and Mandela are jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1994: South Africa holds its first elections in which all races can vote. Nelson Mandela is elected
President.
Geography
• South Africa is one of the most geographically
varied countries of the African continent.
• rolling, fertile plains
• wide open savanna of the Eastern Transvaal
• Kalahari desert
• Drakensberg Mountains.
• The Kalahari Desert supports includes
animals and plants because most of it is not
a true desert.
• small amounts of rainfall
• summer temperature is very high
• The San people or Bushmen have lived in the Kalahari
for 20,000 years as hunter-gatherers. (NOMADS)
• Bushmen rarely drink water
• They get most of water requirements from plant roots and
desert melons found on or under desert floor: they often
store water in the blown-out shells of ostrich eggs.
• The San have their own characteristic language that
includes clicking sounds.
• Bushmen live in huts built from local materials (branches,
grasses, etc.)
Graphic Organizer
San People
Kalahari Desert
South
Africa
"…They resemble us, but in appearance are
the color of pumpkin-porridge…
They are rude of manners and without any
graces or refinement.
They carry a long stick of fire.
With this they kill and loot from many
nations."
Zulu impression of first white men, taken from Zulu epic poem,
Emperor Shaka the Great, translated by Mazisi Kunene, drawing on
the memories of a number of Zulu oral historians.
• The San people were the first settlers
• The Dutch East India Company landed
the first European settlers on the Cape
of Good Hope in 1652 and colonized
• These Dutch settlers became known
as Boers or Afrikaners, and speaking a
Dutch dialect known as Afrikaans
• Unfortunately, they pursued a policy of
racial segregation, based on a belief in
the racial superiority of Europeans in all
of the areas they settled.
Great Britain
• Britain took permanent possession in
1815 bringing in 5,000 additional settlers.
• Diamonds were discovered in South Africa
bringing even more settlers(
• South Africa exports more gold and
diamonds than any other African nation
per year.
• In 1910, South Africa became an
independent nation of Great Britain.
South African Conflict
• Much of the conflict during
colonization was between the British
and the original settlers of Dutch,
Germany, and French.
Interactive Notebook Question
• What resource was discovered in South
Africa that brought even more settlers
to the area?
• Apartheid— government sponsored
racial separation
• South Africa declared itself a
republic in 1961 and cut all ties
with the United Kingdom,
which strongly objected to the
country's racist policies.
• For the next three decades, a
white supremacist group would
rule over the majority of black
South Africans.
• In 1960, 70 black protesters were killed during a peaceful
demonstration
• The African National Congress (ANC)-major antiapartheid was
banned that year, and in 1964…
• The ANC leader Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years.
F.W. de Klerk
• F. W. de Klerk (president
of South Africa) removed
the ban on the ANC and
released its leader, Nelson
Mandela, after 27 years of
imprisonment.
• Mandela and de Klerk
were jointly awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1993.
• The 1994 election, the
country's first
multiracial one,
resulted in a massive
victory for Mandela
and his ANC and the
end of Apartheid.
Think, Pair, Discuss
• What role did Nelson Mandela and
F.W. De Klerk play in ending the
Apartheid laws in South Africa?
• Another key player in the anti-apartheid movement
• Bishop Desmond Tutu (catholic).
• He worked with foreign governments to bring pressure
against the government of South Africa to bring an end
to the racial segregation.
• He as later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
• In 1999, Thabo Mbeki was elected president.
• . South Africa, the country with the highest number of HIVpositive people in the world (6.5 million in 2005), has been
hampered in fighting the epidemic by its president's highly
controversial views.
• Mbeki has denied the link between HIV and AIDS and
claimed that the West has blown up the epidemic to boost
drug profits.
• Many have condemned Mbeki's stance.
• In 2006, 60 international scientists called the government's
policies “disastrous and pseudo-scientific.”
Graphic Organizer
San People
Kalahari
Desert
Apartheid
South
Africa
Nelson
Mandela
F.W.
deKlerk
Desmond
Tutu
Interactive Notebook
Questions
(Left hand side, pick one)
• What was Apartheid?
• Can black South African’s vote now?
• Can black South African’s run for political office now?
Johannesburg
• The largest and most
populous city in South Africa
is Johannesburg. (NOT THE
CAPITAL)
• Johannesburg is the source of
gold and diamond trade,
Government
• South Africa is the only country in the world
with three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of
the three, is the legislative capital; Pretoria is the
administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the judicial
capital. South Africa has a bicameral parliament.
• Unitary Republic, Parliamentary Democracy.
S.A. Economy
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South Africa is a middle-income country
abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and
transport sectors, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major
urban centers.
South Africa is ranked 20th in the world in terms of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as of 2007.
• the vast majority of South Africans are poor.
• Other problems are crime, corruption, and
HIV/AIDS.
Graphic Organizer
San People
Kalahari
Desert
Apartheid
South
Africa
HIV/AIDS
F.W.
deKlerk
Desmond
Tutu
Poverty
Current
Issues
Nelson
Mandela
Thabo
Mbeki
South African Economy
• The economy is mixed with some businesses state-owned
while others are controlled by private individuals.
Moving closer to the market side of the
continuum.
Economy
• What to produce?
– Private sector-mining, agriculture, services, and manufacturing
– Government Sector-Due to the inequities of apartheid, the
government still provides many people with housing, business
development, education, and healthcare.
Famous
South Africans
Charlize and Nelson Mandela
Dave Matthews
Band
Trade Barriers (Review)
• A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy
or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take
many forms, including:
• Quotas
• Tariffs
• Embargo
• Economists agree that trade barriers are detrimental
• decreases overall economic effectiveness
On the Left Side of your notebook, match
the Trade Barrier with the following:
A.
B.
C.
A tax on goods when they cross a national border.
A type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that
can be imported into a country in a given period of time.
The prohibition of trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its
government into a difficult internal situation.
Embargo
Tariff
Quota
Describe the ways governments distribute
power
• Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by one central authority.
• Confederation-voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some
common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and
establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation.
• Federal-a form of government in which power is divided between one central and
several regional authorities.
•Which one is South Africa
today???? Write your answer in your Notes (Left
Side).
Citizen participation in government (Left Side)
• Autocratic-government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the
citizen has little if any role in the government.
• Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small
group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has
very limited role.
• Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised by them directly or indirectly.
• Which one is South Africa today????
• Write your answer in your Notes (Left Side).
Describe the two predominant forms of democratic
governments (Left Side)
• Parliamentary-system of government having the real executive power vested
in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually
and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister
elected by the legislature.
• Presidential-a system of government in which the president is constitutionally
independent of the legislature.
• Which one does South Africa have
today????
• Write your answer in your Notes (Left Side).
Learning Log-South Africa
(Nelson Mandela)
Write a summary explaining who Nelson Mandela
was, why he was important to the end of Apartheid,
and how is efforts have changed the life of Black
South Africans.
Bibliography
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History of South Africa, BBC News.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section12.shtml. November
23, 2007
South Africa. Fact Monster. http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107983.html. November 23,
2007
Geography of South Africa. http://www.geographia.com/south-africa/
Naidoo, B. Journey to Jo’burg.
http://teachers.eusd.k12.ca.us/jleff/LitUnits/Journey%20to%20Jo'Burg.htm November 23, 2007