ECONOMY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS
Vera Valentinovna Ageeva
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Institute of Humanities, Social Sciences & Technologies
Department of History and Regional Studies
iforya@tpu.ru
Plan
• Northwestern and Northern economic regions
• Volga-Vyatka and Volga economic regions
• Ural and North Caucasus economic regions
Why Moscow is called the
port of five seas?
Discuss the quiz in pair and suggest your
common answer.
Integrated (Unified) Deep Water system of the
European part of Russia
• System of Russian inland waterways
linking the White Sea, the Baltic Sea,
Volga, Moscow, the Caspian Sea and
the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea.
• Guaranteed depth throughout the
Unified Deep Water system is at least
4.5 meters, which allows you to pass
through it, not only by river vessels
and river-sea class, but many seagoing vessels, warships and even
nuclear submarines (on the surface).
Integrated system of the
European part of Russia consists
of the following waterways:
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Neva River
Ladoga lake
river Svir
lake Onega
White Sea-Baltic Canal
Volga-Baltic Waterway
Moscow Canal
Volga river
Kama River
Volga-Don Canal
Don River
White River (Agidel)
What the advantages and
disadvantages of river
transport can be called for
Russia?
Determine the route:
1) From Novyj Urengoy to Salekhard
(Tyumen region)
2) From St. Petersburg to Volgograd
3) From Omsk to Kaliningada
What conclusions of Russia's railway
infrastructure can be done?
According to Russia’s highway
map try to determine the route
from St. Petersburg (СанктПетербург) to Kazan (Казань)
In the European part of the Russian
railways and major highways are
closed to Moscow. The closely
spaced regions of the north do not
have a direct connection, and
cargoes also follow through
Moscow.
The rate of natural population growth in
the Russian regions (per thousand)
population density
Reasons:
• Resource depletion - the outflow of able-bodied population
in Moscow, St. Petersburg and the oil north - an aging
population - high mortality / low fertility.
• Additional reasons: proximity to other cities of Megalopolis
and millionaires who pulled manpower.
• Demographic “holes", the last of which led to the closure of
kindergartens, schools, reduction of places in educational
institutions, job cuts in general, which also had a negative
impact on the human resources of the regions.
• In Siberia and the Far East far from the big cities, so people
do not tend to leave them, but there are using shift work,
where to work, leaving the usual permanent.
Demographic holes:
a demographic hole has already taken place in the years 1960-1975, Koga parents
become the children of World War II.
From the second demographic hole much deeper and broader, Russia coming out now
the
number of
births (in
thousands)
the number
of deaths (in
thousands)
Men
vs
Women
Map of Russian economic regions &
federal districts
Northern economic region
Socio-economic indicators
• In the partly arctic zone of Russia, monthly wages
appear much higher than the national average, but this
is offset by the likelihood of payment being much
lower. A higher proportion in the region are employed
in a state enterprise, and a lower proportion are secure
in their jobs. Unemployment is more than one fifth
higher in the region than across Russia as a whole.
• Although climatic conditions can be daunting, the life
expectancy in the Northern region is almost exactly the
national average for both men and women. Youths
ambitious for a higher education tend to leave the
region; the ratio of students to population is a fifth
lower than the national average. And, for those who
live in the region, the expectation of life improving is
lower than the national average.
Volga economic region
Composition:
• Astrakhan Oblast (part of Southern Federal
District)
• Republic of Kalmykia (part of Southern Federal
District)
• Penza Oblast (part of Volga Federal District)
• Samara Oblast (part of Volga Federal District)
• Saratov Oblast (part of Volga Federal District)
• Republic of Tatarstan (part of Volga Federal
District)
• Ulyanovsk Oblast (part of Volga Federal District)
• Volgograd Oblast (part of Southern Federal
District)
Volga economic region
Socio-economic indicators
• Popular approval of economic change is well above
average in this region, both in terms of the rating of
the national economy and the expectation of
improvements in their own lives and in the household
economy. People are also more likely than the average
to have consumer goods. Life expectancy for men and
women is also just above the national average.
• However, reported GDP per capita is below the
national average, and the regional wage levels are
one-sixth below the national average. However, the
likelihood of not being paid regularly is also below
the national average. The discrepancies between these
data and positive optimism of individuals can be
influenced by the fact that in the Volga economic
region those reporting having a second job are also
above the national average.
Volga-Vyatka economic
region
Composition:
• Chuvash Republic
• Kirov Oblast
• Mari El Republic
• Republic of Mordovia
• Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
North Caucasus economic
region
Composition:
• Republic of Adygea (part of Southern Federal District)
• Chechen Republic (part of North Caucasian Federal
District)
• Republic of Dagestan (part of North Caucasian Federal
District)
• Republic of Ingushetia (part of North Caucasian Federal
District)
• Kabardino-Balkar Republic (part of North Caucasian
Federal District)
• Karachay–Cherkess Republic (part of North Caucasian
Federal District)
• Krasnodar Krai (part of Southern Federal District)
• Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (part of North
Caucasian Federal District)
• Rostov Oblast (part of Southern Federal District)
• Stavropol Krai (part of North Caucasian Federal
District)
North Caucasus economic
region
• North Caucasus Economic Region (Russian: Се́веро-Кавка́зский
экономи́ческий райо́н; tr.: Severo-Kavkazsky ekonomichesky
rayon) is one of 12 economic regions of Russia. It comprises the
whole of the North Caucasian Federal District and the western
federal subjects of the Southern Federal District.
• In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the
Caucasus Mountains to a level plain, are found rich deposits of oil,
natural gas, and coal. The major cities are Rostov-on-Don,
Krasnodar, Grozny, Vladikavkaz, and Novorossiysk. Sochi is a
popular resort. Farm machinery, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are
the chief products. The Kuban River region, a fertile black-earth
area, is one of the chief granaries of Russia. Wheat, sugar beets,
tobacco, rice, and sunflower seeds are grown, and cattle are raised.
Other rivers include the Don, the Kuma, and the Terek, and the
Volga-Don Canal is a major transportation route
North Caucasus economic
region
Socio-economic indicators:
• This region includes the most troubled part of the Russian
Federation, the Chechen Republic, and other republics where ethnic
tensions are high. Economic capacities are far lower than the
average for the country as a whole. GDP per capita is barely half
that of the average for the Federation, and productivity and wages
are also low. Employment in agriculture is also well above the
national average.
• Life expectancy for both men and women is at the average for the
Federation as a whole. But other indicators are high are signs of
trouble, for example, the migration of the population, the readiness
of people to move to find a job elsewhere and high unemployment.
Ural economic region
• Ural Economic Region (Russian: Ура́льский
экономи́ческий райо́н; tr.: Uralsky
ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve economic
regions of Russia.
• This prominent industrial region consists of the
following subdivisions (with their administrative
centers): Bashkortostan (Ufa), Chelyabinsk
Oblast (Chelyabinsk), Kurgan Oblast (Kurgan),
Orenburg Oblast (Orenburg), Perm Krai (Perm),
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Yekaterinburg) and Udmurt
Republic (Izhevsk). It is mostly located in the
Central, and partly in the Southern and Northern
parts of the Urals, but also includes parts of the
East European and West Siberian Plains. Its
extent is different from that of the Ural Federal
District.
Ural economic region
Geography and natural resources
• Lower part of the Chusovaya River.
• The region is crossed by rivers belonging to the Volga basin (Kama, Visher,
Chusovaya and Samara), Ob basin (Tobol, Iset, Tura and Tavda) and the
Ural River basin. Their potential hydropower resources are estimated at 3.3
million kilowatts. By 2010, there are only two dams and associated
reservoirs, both on the Kama River: Botkin Reservoir and Kama Reservoir.
• The climate is temperate continental in the western and continental in the
eastern part of the region. More than 40% of the area is covered by taiga
forests having the timber reserves of 3.5 billion cubic meters. The southern
part is dominated by the steppe, which is largely cultivated.[1] The area is
exceptionally rich in various ores and minerals, such as valuable
chalcopyrite, nickel oxide, chromite, magnetite, bauxite, potassium salts,
manganese, aluminium, gold, platinum, as well as coal, oil and natural gas.
The area is famous for semi-precious stones, such as emerald, amethyst,
aquamarine, jasper, rhodonite, malachite and diamond.
Ural economic region
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Magnitogorsk
Iron and Steel
Works in the
1920s-30s.
Ural economic region has a diverse and complex
structure of machinery and metal industries.
Nationwide importance have ferrous and nonferrous
metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry,
mining of minerals and natural gas, logging and
wood processing. The Ural industry is characterized
by the high concentration of production around
certain areas, such as transport hubs, close
cooperation between different branches and
recycling of industrial waste.
The timber production is concentrated in the north
and agriculture mostly in the south. The areas of the
Central Ural regions on the both sides of the Ural
Mountains (Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk,
Magnitogorsk, Orsk) are dominated by mining and
processing of metals and suburban agriculture. The
basin of Kama River (Berezniki, Solikamsk, Perm,
Krasnokamsk, Chaikovsky) has developed
chemical, timber and wood processing industries,
machine building and some areas of agriculture
(mostly potato, vegetable and dairy products).
Ural economic region
• Metallurgical industry is one of the oldest in the region
and is based on the rich local deposits. Major
metalworking enterprises are Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel
Works, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel
Works and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant. They process
ores not only from the Urals, but also from Kazakhstan
and the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, whereas the coking
coal for their operation is brought
from Kuzbass and Karaganda coal basins. There are also
many reconstructed historical plants. More than half of
the iron ore for metallurgy comes from deposits of
Magnitogorsk, Pervouralsk, Bakalsk and Vysokogorsky
Districts. It is used not only for traditional metalworking,
but there is also a large-scale production of ferroalloys. A
major mining plant was opened near Kachkanar in 1963
to process the abundant titanomagnetite ores of the
region.
Ural economic region
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Ural economic region contains major metallurgical and chemical
enterprises of Russia, such as Uralmash, Uralkhimmash,
Uralhydromash, etc. There are also major machinery plants
producing freight wagons (Nizhny Tagil), cars and motorcycles
(Izhevsk, Ural Automotive Plant in Miass), tractors (Chelyabinsk
and Orsk), machine-tools (in Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Alapaevsk,
etc.). The chemical industry of the region is focused on the
production of basic chemicals such as potassium and magnesium
salts (Berezniki, Solikamsk), fertilizers (Berezniki,
Solikamsk, Perm, Krasnouralsk, etc.), sulfuric
acid and sulfur, chlorine and its derivatives.
Developed is also production of Coke (fuel), rubber, paint,
synthetic fibers and yarns, plastics and resins (Sverdlovsk,
Nizhny Tagil, etc.), alcohols (Orsk), as well as petrochemical
industry (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg). Ural is one of the most
important Russian mining and processing regions of talc
(Miass deposit), magnesite (Satka field) and construction
materials.
In 1975, it produced 14.6 million tonnes of cement and 6.8
million cubic meters of precast reinforced concrete structures and
components. About half of the harvested timber is processed
locally, in Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tavda, Krasnovishersk and other
cities, mostly for paper (1 million tonnes in 1973), sawn timber
and plywood (213,000 m2 in 1973). Unprocessed timber is
floated down the Kama to the Volga area.