11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and
dangers of vaccination
Benefits
• Possible elimination of
the disease; smallpox
• Decrease in epidemics
and pandemics
• More cost effective
• Individual does not have
to experience the full
effects of the disease to
get the immunity
Dangers of Vaccinations
• Many vaccines prior to 1999 contained thimerosal, a mercury based
preservative.
Mercury has been shown to be a neurotoxin to young children.
• Many vaccines given at same time may cause an “overload”
on the immune system
• MMR vaccine may have a link to autism
• Cases have been reported of vaccines leading to allergic reactions
and autoimmune responses.
Lesson 11.2 Muscles and
Movement
11.2.1 State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles and tendons
and nerves in producing movement or locomotion
• Bones
- framework, levers, form blood cells,
storage of minerals, protection
.
• Ligaments
-tough band like structures that connect
bone to bone
• Tendons
- cords of dense connective tissue
connects bone to muscle
• Nerves
- carry impulse to muscles
• All of these components come together to
form a joint.
• The science of kinesiology examines the
movement of the human body.
11.2.2 Draw a diagram of the
human elbow joint.
• Identify: cartilage, synovial fluid, tendons,
ligaments, radius, ulna, bicep, tricep.
11.2.3 Outline the function of each of the
structures named in the elbow joint.
• Tendons- connect bone to
muscle.
• Ligaments- connect bone to
bone.
• Humerous-acts as lever that
allows anchorage of the
muscles of the elbow.
• Radius- acts as a lever for
the biceps muscle
• Ulna- acts as a lever for the
triceps muscle.
• Cartliage- reduces friction and absorbs
compression
• Synovial fluid- lubricates to reduce friction
and provides nutrients to the cells of the
cartliage
• Joint Capsule- surrounds joint, encloses
the synovial cavity and unites the
connecting bones
• Biceps muscles- contracts to bring
flexion(bending) of the arm
• Triceps muscles- contracts to cause the
extension( straightening) of the arm
11.2.4 Compare the movements of the hip joint
and the knee joint
• The knee joint is a hinge joint.
The joint is free moving- diarthrotic.
Motions possible are flexion
and extension.
Angular motion in one direction.
Convex surface fits into a concave surface.
• The hip joint is a ball and socket joint.
The joint is free moving- diarthrotic.
• Motions possible are flexion, extension,
abduction,abduction,cicumduction,and
rotation.
• Ball like structure fits into a cup-like
depression.
11.2.5 Describe the structure of the striated muscle fibers, including
the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasma
reticulum nuclei and the sarcolemma
• Straited muscle is also called skeletal
muscle.. It moves the skeleton.
• Muscles are made up of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers contain multiple nuclei lie
just inside the plasma membranesarcolemma
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a fluid- filled
system of membranous sacs surrounding
the muscle myofibrils
• Myofibrils are rod-shaped bodies that run
the length of the cell. There are many of
them and they run parallel to one another.
They are closely packed and numerous
mitochondria are squeezed between them.
* Myofibrils are the contractile elements of
the muscle cells and they are the reason
that striated muscle has a banded pattern
Myofibrils in Muscles
11.2.6 Draw and label a diagram to show
the structure of a sarcomere.
• Identify: sarcomere, light and dark bands, actin
(thin) filaments, myosin (thick) filaments,
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
11.2.7 Explain how skeletal muscle contracts
by the sliding of filaments.
1) Calcum ions flood sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2) Myosin binds to ATPADP +PMyosin in high
energy configuration (SET).
3) Actin/myosin cross-bridge forms.
4) Myosin releases ADP + Prelaxes to low energy
state, cross bridge moves actin filament.
5) Myosin binds to new ATP releases cross-bridge.
6) ATPADP + PMyosin back in high energy
configuration.
Muscle Contraction Cycle
11.2.8- Analyze electron micrographs to find
the state of contraction of muscle fibers