Organic Compounds
Organic molecules are a class of
molecules which contain CARBON.
Organic molecules are composed of C,
H, O, N, P, and S. They are large
molecules known as
MACROMOLECULES. The
macromolecules are composed of
submits called MONOMERS.
A POLYMER is composed of many
monomers.
Each macromolecule has a carbon skeleton .
This hydrocarbon chain may be :
1. Straight chain
2. Branched
3. Ringed
The carbon skeleton has functional groups in
the structure. These are clusters of atoms that
behave in a particular manner regardless of
how the rest of the molecule looks.
Examples:
COOH is a carboxyl
PO4 a phosphate
OH is an alcohol
NH2 is an amino
C=O is a sugar
4 CLASSES OF IMPORTANT
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
• CARBOHYDRATE
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
• Monomer is monosaccharide
• Function is for energy storage or
structural
• Monosaccharides are the simplest
sugars
• They contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
and may be represented by the general
formula CH2O
• They usually have 5 or 6 carbons
Monomer is monosaccharide Monomer
is monosaccharide
Formation of complex
CARBOHYDRATES
• POLYSACCHARIDES form by
condensation reaction
• GLYCOGEN(animals) and
STARCH(plants) are energy
storing
• Cellulose is in plant cells
• Chitin is the major component in
the exoskeleton of arthropods
LIPIDS
• Monomer is the fatty acid
• Class includes fats, oils, and
waxes
• DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
• Composed of a glycerol and 3
fatty acids
• Energy storing molecule (9
calories/gram)
Types of fats
• Saturated fats have only
carbon-carbon
single bonds with
the maximum
number of
hydrogen atoms
• Unsaturated fats have at least one
carbon-carbon
double bond and
do not have the
maximum number
of hydrogen
atoms.
4 TYPES OF LIPIDS
• FATTY ACID - Long hydrocarbon
chain with a carboxyl group on
the end
• FATS AND OILS - lipids used to
store energy ( Formed from the
combining of 3 fatty acids + a
glycerol)
• Phospholipids- composes the cell
membrane
differ from other lipids in
structure but are classified as a lipid
because they are insoluble in water
• Steroids-
– examples : cholesterol
progesterone
PROTEINS
• Important structural functions
• Proteins compose hair, muscles,
nails,etc.
• Collagen is the most abundant
protein in your body
• ENZYMES are special proteins
which assist in chemical
reactions
COMPOSITION OF A
PROTEIN
•
•
•
•
Monomer is amino acid
Each has an amino group (NH2)
20 different amino acids
A polypeptide is a long chain of
amino acids ( usually 100 - 300)
• A protein is composed of one or
more polypeptides
• Insulin is the smallest protein (51)
STRUCTURES OF
PROTEIN
1 . Primary - amino acid sequence
2 . Secondary- alpha or beta
3 . Tertiary-three dimensional
shape
4 . Quaternary- arrangement of the
polypeptides chains
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Monomer is Nucleotide
– which is composed of a ribose sugar, a base and
a phosphate group
Adenine
guanine
cytosine
PO4
thymine
• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– Carries the genetic code
• RNA - Ribonucleic Acid