CH1 Chemistry revision fact sheet
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

A………………….. are the building blocks from which everything is made

Atoms have a small n…………………………. which contains p……………………… and n…………………………..

E………………………………… surround the nucleus in shells

Protons have a p…………………………… charge

Electrons have a n…………………………………… charge

Neutrons have no c………………………… and are n…………………………………..

The number of p………………………………. in an atom is e…………………. to the number of electrons

Elements consist of one type of a………………...

Atoms are represented by s………………………….. Carbon has the symbol …….., magnesium has the symbol
……………, s………………………. has the symbol Na.

When writing symbols the first letter is a c……………………….., the second letter l………………… case

The m……………………… number of an element is written above the symbol

The mass number = p…………………………. + neutrons

The a……………………. number of an element is written below the symbol

The atomic number is the number of p…………………………… or electrons

Number of neutrons = m………………….. number - atomic number

Elements are arranged in the p……………………………….. table

The transition metals are found between groups t………….. and t……………………..

R……………………………… metals are in groups 1 & 2

Metals are found on the l…………………… hand side of the periodic table

Non-metals are found on the r…………………………… hand side of the periodic table

Group 0/8 contains the n……………………………. gases. All of these elements are u………………………………

Vertical columns are called g…………………………….

Elements with similar p…………………………………. are in the same group
ELECTRON SHELLS

Electrons are arranged in s…………………………..

The first shell has to be filled first

The first shell can hold up to t…………….. electrons

The second shell can hold up to e…………………….. electrons

The t……………………….. shell can hold up to eight electrons

Elements in group 8 have a full o…………………….. shell. This makes them s…………………………. which means
they don’t react

The electron c………………………………………………… is a set of number telling you how many electrons are in
each shell

Oxygen has an atomic number of …………….

It has ……………… electrons in the first shell

It has ………………… electrons in the second shell

It has an electron configuration of ………………….

It is found in group ………………. because it has 6 electrons in the o………………………..shell

The number of electrons in the outer shell tells you which g………………………….. the element is in
COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Two or more elements chemically joined together are called a c………………………….

Atoms r……………………. to form full outer shells and become stable

There are two types of b………………………………….

Covalent bonding occurs between 2 n…………………………………..

The electrons are s…………………………………

An example of a covalent compound is hydrogen chloride

Ionic bonding occurs between a m………………………… and a n……………………………..

The metal l…………………………….. electrons and becomes a p…………………………………..

The non-metal g………………………………. electrons and becomes a n……………………………… ion

An example of ionic bonding is sodium chloride

The positive and negative ions a………………………………….. each other and stick together

Chemical equations show r……………………………………  p………………………………….

The number of atoms at the s………………………… of a reaction = the number of atoms at the e…………… of a
reaction

magnesium +
oxygen  magnesium oxide
2Mg
+
O2

2MgO
LIMESTONE

The formula of limestone is CaCO3 and the chemical name is calcium c…………………………………….

Limestone undergoes t…………………………….. d……………………………………………… when heated

The products are calcium o…………………………………. and carbon d…………………………………

Calcium oxide is also known as q…………………………………….. and the chemical formula is C……………..

Carbon dioxide is tested for using l………………………………. which goes c………………………..

Calcium oxide reacts with w……………………………… to make calcium hydroxide

This is also known as s………………………….. lime and has the chemical formula Ca(OH)2

Slaked lime is an a…………………………………..i and is used to neutralise acidic soil

Limestone is heated with c……………………… to make cement

Cement is mixed with s………………. and water to make m……………………………….. This is used for sticking
bricks together

C…………………………….. is made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate together

Gravel and water are together known as a……………………………………

Limestone is obtained by q…………………………………….

Advantages of quarrying
 Supplies materials
 Products for b……………………………………… and r…………………………
 Products for n…………………………………………….. – of acidic lakes and soil
 Provides j………………………..

Disadvantages of quarrying
 Ugly
 N…………………………
 Produces d………………………….
 Waste
 Destroys h………………………………………
 Pollution
METALS

O………………………………. are rocks that contain metals that can be extracted

Method of extraction depends on place in the r……………………………………….. series
Potassium
S………………………………….
Calcium
Magnesium
A………………………………….
Carbon
Zinc
I…………………………
Tin
Copper

Those metals above carbon are extracted by e………………………………………………

Those metals below carbon are extracted by r……………………………………………

Three native metals are s…………………., gold and p…………………………………. This means they are found
naturally

Reduction is the removal of o…………………………..

The ore is reacted with c……………………………. to produce carbon dioxide

Iron oxide + c……………………………..  iron + carbon d……………………………………..

Electrolysis means splitting by e……………………………………

You need a l………………………………… to conduct electricity

But this means high t………………………………………………. and lots of electricity is needed which makes the
process e………………………………………

C…………………………….. can be purified by electrolysis

It needs to purified for use in electrical w…………………………………..

The negative electrode is made of p……………………. copper

The p……………………………………………. electrode is made of impure copper

The liquid used is copper s………………………………………… solution

Positive copper ions are attracted to the negative electrode, which gets bigger
IMPACTS OF EXTRACTING METALS

Metals can be extracted by d………………………………………………..

This means a more reactive metal will remove a less reactive metal from a compound

Copper sulphate + iron  iron sulphate + copper

There are two new extraction methods for copper

B……………………………………….. - bacteria separate copper from copper sulphide

A leachate is produced which can be f…………………………………………………. to extract copper

Phytomining – plants are grown in soil containing c…………………………………….

The copper is absorbed and stored in the l………………………………………

The leaves are then burnt and copper is collected from the ash

Extracting metals is bad for the environment

It creates
 Noise
 D………………………
 Damages l……………………………………………… and habitats
 Dangerous when mines are abandoned

Reasons for recycling
 Mining is e………………………………….. and needs a lot of energy from fossil fuels
 Fossil fuels have to be burnt – which causes p…………………………………… so this reduces
 Fossil fuels are running out
 Recycling uses less e……………………………….
 Recycling cuts down on landfill sites
PROPERTIES OF METALS

Metals are s…………………………………… and b…………………………………

Also good conductors of h………………………… and e………………………………………….

Found on left hand side of periodic table and in the central block (t…………………………………… metals)

Copper has properties that make it useful for wiring and p…………………………………………..
 Good conductor of heat and electricity
 Can be b…………………….. but is still h……………………..
 Doesn’t react with water

Aluminium is low d…………………………………… (light) and resistant to corrosion (doesn’t break down)
making it good to use to make a……………………………………………

Titanium is low density and c………………………………………… resistant making it good to use for hip
replacements
ALLOYS

An alloy is a m………………………………….. of metals

Alloys are h…………………………………… than pure metals

Iron from the blast furnace contains 96% iron and it is very b………………………………….. - useless

Most iron is c…………………………………. into steel by mixing with carbon

Low carbon steels are easily s…………………………………. – useful for car bodies

High carbon steels are hard – useful for b………………………………..

S……………………………………………… steels are resistant to corrosion – useful for cutlery

Most everyday metals are alloys

Pure g………………….., c…………………………………. and a…………………………………………….. are too soft and mixed
with small amounts of similar metals to make them harder.
CRUDE OIL

C……………………….. oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, which only contain h……………………………… and
c……………………..

Crude oil can be split into separate groups of hydrocarbons by f………………………………………………..
distillation. Different hydrocarbons separate at different t……………………………………………….. and are
collected as they condense.

Crude oil is made up of hydrocarbons called a…………………………………..

Alkanes are made up of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen.

Each carbon atoms has …………………. other atoms bonded to it.

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. This means that there are t………………………….. as many
hydrogen atoms plus two extra compared to carbons.

The first three alkanes are m………………………….. (CH4), e……………………………. (C2H6) and propane (C3H8)

The shorter the hydrocarbon chain
 the less v…………………………… (gloopy) the alkane
 the l……………………………. the boiling point
 the more f………………………………………………

Crude oil is an important fuel, but it will eventually run out as it is non-renewable.

Burning crude oil releases
 Carbon d…………………………………………….
 Water
 Carbon m…………………………………………..
 Sulphur d……………………………………
 Nitrogen oxide

The burning of fuels releases energy

The carbon and hydrogen atoms are oxidised (oxygen is added)

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide cause a……………………………………. rain which causes lakes to become
acidic and damages building

Carbon dioxide causes global w………………………………………..

Solid particles cause g………………………….. dimming

S………………………………………… can be removed from the fuels before they are burned

Sulphur dioxide can be removed from waste gases after combustion in p…………………………….. stations

Alternative fuels are being developed such as e…………………………….., hydrogen gas and
b………………………………. from plant material

These reduce the amount of pollution produced

Long chain hydrocarbons can be c…………………………………… (split up) into more useful products

Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction – molecules are broken down by h…………………………………
them

The chain is heated to v……………………………………………… it, then the vapour is passed over a catalyst. The
long chain is split apart.

Most of the products of cracking are alkanes and a…………………………………….

Alkenes have a carbon – carbon d……………………………….. bond. They are u……………………………………..

The general formula is CnH2n. There are twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms

The first 2 alkenes are e…………………………………….. (C2H4) and p………………………………………… (C3H6)

Alkenes contain a double C=C bond – they are unsaturated

Unsaturated alkenes react with orange b……………………………………………… water and turn it colourless
POLYMERS

Alkenes can be used to make p………………………………………

Polymerisation is the process by which lots of small alkenes (m……………………………………….) are joined
together to make large long chain molecules called p………………………………………………

Lots of ethene molecules can be joined together to make poly(ethene)

Different polymers have different physical properties that are affected by temperature and pressure

Polythene is used to make plastic bags

Polymers are cheap but don’t b……………………………………………. It is difficult to get rid of them

Plastic bags are being made from polymers and cornstarch so they break down more easily

E………………………………. can be reacted with steam to produce ethanol.

A catalyst is used to speed up the reaction

Ethanol can also be produced by f………………………………………………………………… with yeast.
Sugar  carbon dioxide and ethanol
PLANT OILS

We can extract o……………………… from plants. These oils can be used for food or fuel

The plant material is c…………………………………….. and pressed to remove the oil. Distillation refines the oil
and removes w……………………………, solvents and i…………………………………………

Vegetable oils are used in food and provide a lot of e……………………………..

Vegetable oils have higher boiling points than water so can be used to cook at higher temperatures

This produces quicker cooking and different flavours, but increases the energy released when eaten

Emulsions can be made from o………………. and w………………………….

Emulsions are made from lots of droplets of one liquid s……………………………………………. in another liquid

The more oil you have the t………………………………………….. the emulsion

Emulsions provide better texture, coating ability and appearance

Salad dressing, i……………. cream, cosmetics and p…………………… are examples of emulsions

Emulsifiers have hydrophilic (water seeking) and hydrophobic (water avoiding)properties.

Vegetable oils that are u………………………………………. contain double carbon= carbon bonds

These are detected by bromine w……………………………

Unsaturated oils can be hydrogenated – hardened by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of
a nickel catalyst at about 60oC.

Hydrogenated oils have a higher melting point so they are more solid at room temperature, which
makes them more useful as spreads and for cake baking
THE EARTH

The Earth consists of a crust, m………………………, outer and inner c……………………………

The c………………………. is the very thin outer layer.

The mantle has all the properties of a s………………………….. but it can flow. Within the mantle radioactive
decay takes place producing a lot of h……………………, which causes the mantle to flow in
c………………………………………… currents.

The core of the Earth is made of n………………………… and i………………………...

The Earth’s surface is made up of t………………………………………… plates, which drift because of convection
currents in the mantle.

The movement of the plates can be sudden and disastrous

E……………………………………………. are caused by the plates moving very quickly

V………………………………………… form at the boundaries between 2 tectonic plates

W…………………………………….. proposed a theory of continental drift to explain how the plates moved

Originally the land was joined in a big mass called Pangaea

The convection currents formed in the mantle caused the plates to slowly move a…………………….

Initially people didn’t believe his theory and thought mountains were formed from the shrinking of the
Earth as it cooled

Wegener proved his theory by
 Matching shape of continents – South America and A……………………..
 Matching r…………………….. samples – found on different continents
 Similar f……………………….. found on different continents
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere has evolved and changed over time

Currently the atmosphere is roughly 78% n…………………………………….., 21% o………………………. and 1%
other gases

During the first billion years on Earth there was intense v………………………………….. activity

This released gases that formed the early atmosphere and water vapour

The water vapour cooled and c……………………………………………. to form the o…………………………………..

There are several theories as to how the atmosphere was formed.

One suggests that the atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and little oxygen. There would have been a
little water vapour and some methane and ammonia

The green plants evolved and began to produce o…………………………………. by photosynthesis

This was the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the air became locked up in s…………………………………………….. rocks and fossil
fuels

The oceans also absorb c………………………………………. dioxide, but increased amounts of carbon dioxide
impact on marine life.

Carbon dioxide is now released by the b…………………………………. of fossil fuels.

It is a g………………………………………………………… gas and contributes to climate change.