TISSUES, GLANDS, AND
MEMBRANES
CHAPTER 4 CONTENT
“IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES
OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN
TISSUE CLASSIFICATION
 EPITHELEAL
 CONNECTIVE
 MUSCLE
 NERVE
 MUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED IN
LATER CHAPTERS.
EPITHELEAL TISSUES
 SQUAMOUS
 CUBOIDAL
 COLUMNAR
 CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT MANNERS
 SIMPLE
 STRATIFIED
 PSEUDO-STRATIFIED
 TRANSITIONAL
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 SIMPLE – ONE LAYER THICK; FOUND IN AREAS
ALLOWING EXCHANGE TO OCCUR.
 STRATIFIED – FOUND WHERE WEAR AND TEAR
OCCURS ON CELLS.
 PSEUDO-STRATIFIED- APPEAR LAYERED BUT
ARE NOT
 TRANSITIONAL – ABLE TO EXPAND AREA BUT
NOT BASIC CELL SHAPED
SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM
 GOBLET CELLS – PRODUCE MUCUS
 CILIA – HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS INVOLVED
WITH MOVEMENT ON EDGE OF STRUCTURE
 QUICKLY REPAIR SELF; ADAPT TO WEAR AND
TEAR (IE CALLUSES ON HANDS)
GLANDS
 PRODUCES A SUBSTANCE SENT TO OTHER
PARTS OF THE BODY TO FUNCTION
 EXOCRINE – THE SUBSTANCE EXITS THE
GLAND THROUGH A DUCT
 ENDOCRINE – THE BLOOD VESSELS PICK UP
THE SUBSTANCE WITHIN THE GLAND TO
DISTRIBUTE TO THE BODY
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 PROVIDES SUPPORT
 MATRIX – NONLIVING MATERIAL BETWEEN
TISSUES MADE OF WATER, FIBER, AND HARD
MINERALS
3 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 CIRCULATING – LYMPH, BLOOD
 GENERALIZED – FIBROBLASTS- TENDON,
LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULES
 STRUCTURAL – ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SKELETON- CARTILAGE, BONE
GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 LOOSE
 AREOLAR – AROUND VESSELS/ ORGANS, IN MEMBRANES,
BETWEEN MUSCLES, UNDER THE SKIN
 ADIPOSE – FAT TISSUE
 DENSE
 IRREGULAR – FIBROUS MEMBRANES TO COVER ORGANS
 REGULAR – TENDONS (MUSCLE TO BONE) AND
LIGAMENTS (BONE TO BONE)
CARTILAGE
 STRONGER THAN OTHER TISSUES EXCEPT




BONE
MADE OF CHONDROCYTES
HYALINE – TRANSLUCENT “GRISTLE”, COVERS
LONG BONES, BETWEEN RIBS/ STERNUM, NOSE
FIBROCARTILAGE – PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, SPINAL
DISC, AROUND KNEE JOINT
ELASTIC - OUTER EAR, LARYNX
BONE
 OSSEOUS TISSUE
 CARTILAGE AS A FETUS, OSSEFIES NEAR BIRTH
AND CONTINUES TO DEPOSIT MINERALS
 OSTEOBLASTS – CELLS THAT WILL BECOME
OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS), BUILD BONE
 OSTECLASTS – BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE FOR
RESORPTION BY THE BODY, ‘CRUNCH’ BONE
 MORE IN CHAPTER 7
MUSCLE TISSUE
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
 VOLUNTARY, STRIATED, MULTINUCLEATED
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED, INTERCALATED DISCS,
MULTINUCLEATE
 SMOOTH MUSCLE
 INVOLUNTARY, SMOOTH, UNINUCLEATE
 MORE IN CHAPTER 8
NERVE TISSUE
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

ALL NERVES OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
 NERVE CELL – NEURON; IMPULSE TRAVELS FROM
DENDRITES TO THE CELL BODY, THEN DOWN THE
AXON TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED TO
STIMULATE THE NEXT DENDRITES OR ORGANS
 NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT CELLS FOR THE BRAIN
 MORE INCHAPTER 9 AND 10
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
 SEROUS – LINE THE CLOSED VENTRAL BODY
CAVITIES; HAS PARIETAL AND VISCERAL
LAYERS



PLEURA
PERICARDIUM
PERITONEUM
 MUCUS – LINE BODY WHERE IT IS EXPOSED TO
OUTSIDE THE BODY
 CUTANEOUS – SKIN (CHAPTER 6)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
 SYNOVIAL – BETWEEN JOINTS; SECRETE LUBRICANT;
ALSO LINE THE BURSAE
 MENINGES – COVERING OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
 FASCIA – FIBROUS BANDS/ SHEETS TO HOLD ORGANS
IN PLACE


SUPERFICIAL – LIES UNDER THE SKIN, HOLDS FAT
DEEP – COVERS, PROTECTS SKELETAL MUSCLES
 FIBROUS PERICARDIUM – CAVITY WHERE HEART SITS
 PERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS COVERING OF BONE
 PERICHONDRIUM – COVERING AROUND CARTILAGE
MEMBRANE AND DISEASE
 MEMBRANES TEND TO SEPARATE CAVITIES SO
THEY SLOW THE SPREAD OF INFECTION.
 OTHER TIMES THE MEMBRANES THEMSELVES
ARE INFLAMED.
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES


SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
TUMORS (– OMAS)
 BENIGN – DOES NOT








SPREAD
PAPILLOMA
ADENOMA
LIPOMA
MYOMA
ANGIOMA
NEVUS
CHONDROMA
OSTEOMA
 MALIGNANT – SPREADS
 CARCINOMA ( FROM
EPITHELIUM)
 SARCOMA –
(CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
 NEUROMA – NERVE
TISSUE

GLIOMA
 LYMPH TISSUE


LEUKEMIA
LYMPHOMA
DIAGNOSING CANCER
 ‘CAUTION’ – MONITOR THE SYMPTOMS
 MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SAMPLE FROM BODY
 BIOPSY – NEEDLE, PUNCH, ENDOSCOPIC, SURGICAL
 RADIOGRAPHY – X RAYS, DENSE TISSUE
 ULTRASOUND – SOUND WAVES, SOFT TISSUE
 COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY – CROSS -SECTIONAL
XRAYS; USED WITH BRAIN
 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING – MAGNETS AND
RADIO WAVES FOR SOFT TISSUE
 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – RADIOACTIVE
SUBSTANCE GIVEN WHICH CONCENTRATES IN ACTIVE
CELLS = ‘HOT SPOT” – NOTES CANCER ACTIVITY
 SERUM TESTING – CA 125, GENES
TREATMENT OF CANCER
 STAGING – T, N, M
 SURGERY
 RADIATION
 CHEMOTHERAPY
 TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY
TISSUES AND AGING
 TISSUE LOSES ELASTICITY
 COLLAGEN LESS FLEXIBLE
 BLOOD VESSELS LESS FLEXIBLE = HTN
 LESS BLOOD FLOW TO LOWER = HARD TO HEAL
 TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS STRETCH
 STOOPED POSTURE
 JOINT INSTABILITY
 BONES LOSE CALCIUM
 PRONE TO FRACTURE; OSTEOPOROSIS
 MUSCLES ATROPHY
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
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HIST/OEPIPSEUD/O-BLAST
CHONDR/OOSS, OSSE/O –
OST/EMY/OCARDI/OLEUK/O
GRAPH/O
ULTRAANT/I-

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NEUR/OPLEUR/OPERI-ITIS
ARTHR/ONEOMAL-OMA
ONC/OPAPILL/OADEN/OANGI/O-