Sections 1-3
Historian: study
& write about
the past
Archaeologist:
look for
physical
evidence in
artifacts and
fossils.



Anthropologist:
study how
people interact
What do the
three areas
have in
common?
How are they
different?
Historians
Archeologists
anthropologist
s
Which
one is the archeologist
and which one is the
historian? How do you know?
Artifacts: weapons,
tools &
other things made by humans
Fossils: traces
of plants or
animals that have been
preserved in rock
 B.C. –
Before Christ
 A.D. – Anno Domini (in the year of
the/ our Lord)
 Our calendar comes from the
Catholic Church. Other cultures are
on different years than we are, as we
discussed earlier.
 Jewish
calendar – 5771
 Muslim calendar – 1389
 You will also see, BCE, which
means, Before Common Era. CE,
means, Common Era, both
replace B.C. & A.D.
 Paleolithic-2.5
million years to 8000
B.C. –Old Stone Age
 Paleolithic people were nomadic
hunters & gatherers. Their diet
consisted of nuts, berries and grains.
 Occasionally, men would go on animal
hunts for meat, hides and bones. What
do you think the hides and bones were
used for?
 The
Ice Ages lasted from about
100,000 B.C. to 8, 000 B.C. were a time
of extreme cold as thick ice sheets
covered many parts of the earth.
 Neolithic
-8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C. - New
Stone Age
 People began to domesticate, or tame
animals and plants for human use.
 Farming Revolution occurs – no longer
have to hunt and gather in small
groups
 More food = more population
 Specialization develops
 Neolithics used copper to make tools
& weapons. Later combined copper &
tin to make bronze, a stronger metal.
Neolithic
community
Catal Huyuk
ruins
 Think
about what is going to be
different now that people are living in
large communities.
 What types of changes will need to be
made as a result of a larger population
that was not needed before? Turn and
talk to a neighbor about your
prediction.
 Two
of the earliest known
communities to be discovered are in
the Middle East.
 Jericho, between current day Israel
and Jordan and Catal Huyuk, in
present day Turkey. Between 6700-5700
BC, it was home to about 6,000 people.
What does that tell us about life in
Catal Huyuk if only 6,000 people lived
there over one thousand years?
 What
is the
difference
between a
farming village
& a civilization?
 Why do you
think
civilizations
grew up around
rivers?
 Control
of the water supply, and better
farming techniques led to more food
being grown. More food means a
larger population can be supported.
 Farming villages develop into
civilizations that form a government,
a military, a social class system,
religious beliefs and art.
Sumer: city-state
that formed
around 3000 B. C.
Sumerians were the 1st to build
ziggurats, or large temples, with
shrines at the top, shaped like a
square, tiered, wedding cake.
Practiced polytheism.
What the heck is polytheism?
poly
theos
many
gods
Sumerians were the first to:
 develop
a writing
systemcuneiform.
 develop written
literature- Epic of
Gilgamesh.
 Invented the
wheel, plow and
sailboat.
 Number
system
based on 60, 60
seconds in 1 minute
and 60 minutes in 1
hour and 360
degrees in a circle.
 12 month calendar
year based on moon
phases.
 Sumerians
also
formed 3 social
classes, can
you name
them?
Hint, hint, need
to know this for
your test
Priests,
kings
Craftsmen,
merchants, farmers,
fishermen
Enslaved people
 Scribes,
or
record keepers
came from
wealthy
families who
later became
government
officials.
 In
ancient days, people who were
educated earned more income. Today,
do people who have a higher education
earn more money than people who don’t?
Why?

Feb 13 2010
 How
much is higher education worth in cold
hard money? A college master's degree is
worth $1.3 million more in lifetime earnings
than a high school diploma, according to a
recent report from the U.S. Census Bureau.
2340 B.C. Sargon, king of the
Akkadians conquers all of
Mesopotamia & established the
first known empire.

By 1800’s B.C. Babylonian king,
Hammurabi wrote a law code in an
effort to make the law fair for
everyone.
 900
B.C. the Assyrians take control of
Mesopotamia with their well
organized & well equipped army to
protect their lands. They were the first
to use iron weapons.
 Capital city was Nineveh, where have
you heard of Nineveh?
 The
Assyrians lived much like the
other Mesopotamians. Writings were
Babylonian, the were polytheists, and
also punished people harshly for
breaking the law.
 Assyrians had the first known library
with a collection of 25,000 clay tablets
of stories and songs.
Descendents
of the Babylonians,
the Chaldeans rebel after 300
years of cruel treatment
King Nebuchadnezzar moves the
capital city to Babylon which
quickly becomes the largest &
most wealthy city.
Hanging Gardens: myth or real?
 Skilled
workers who made pottery,
cloth, and metal products, or artisans,
traded with caravans, or passing
merchants at the crossroads of the
Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea.
 Babylon
became a center for science
as well. They believed changes in the
sky revealed plans of the gods.
Astronomers, people who study the
heavens, mapped the stars, planets,
and phases of the moon.
 http://natgeotv.com/ca/known-
universe/videos/ancient-astronomy
Did you
get all
that?