CAROLUS LINNAEUS Kingdoms and classification Pre-ap biology Name: ____________________________________________ Period: ______________ TEACHER: _____________________________________________________________ Student Unit Plan 8: Topic to Master: Taxonomy, Classification, Kingdoms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Vocabulary Terms: taxonomy classification kingdom phylum class order family genus species taxon phylogeny dichotomous key cladogram hierarchy binomial nomenclature heterotroph autotroph unicellular cilia multicellular sessile flagella fungi eukaryote nucleus archaebacteria eubacteria protista cellulose animalia plantae producer consumer chitin pseudopod prokaryote --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BIG IDEA: Taxonomy, Classification and Kingdoms My level of STOCK QUESTIONS understanding or 1. Can I define the term taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standard classifying system? Why is it important to classify organisms into different categories? 2. Can I identify the contributions of Linnaeus to the Science of Taxonomy (classification)? How was Linnaeus’ system useful to the world of Biology? 3. Can I identify how to correctly write an organism’s scientific name (binomial nomenclature)? Why is it important for organisms to have a scientific name? 4. Given scientific names of organisms, can I determine which are most closely related? 5. Can I identify the hierarchy (levels) of classification (K, P, C, O F, G, S)? 6. Can I correctly read and interpret a dichotomous key? 7. Can I categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups? 8. Can I identify the characteristics of the organisms that belong to the six kingdoms? 9. Can I compare and contrast the characteristics of the six kingdoms? Page 2 VOCABULARY FRAME ACTIVITY: Use the following instructions to make your vocabulary frames. I have provided an example below: Looking backward Look forward fortelling PREDICTION Dictator Napoleon looked ahead by gazing in a crystal ball. Page 3 Top Right Corner: Write the word's definition Top Left Corner: Write the word's opposite and cross it out Lower Left Corner: Write a silly sentence that uses the definition of the word Lower Right Corner: Draw a graphic to help you visualize the concept In the Center: Write the word Page 4 NOTES ABOUT THE KINGDOMS: ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA “ANCIENT BACTERIA” Cell type_____________________________ Cell type_______________________ # of cells ____________________________ # of cells _______________________ Cell structure: Cell wall _______ peptidoglycan Cell structure: Cell wall has _____ peptidoglycan Nutrition : ___________________________ Nutrition : _________________________ Movement __________________________ Movement _________________________ Reproduction: _______________________ Reproduction _______________________ Where do they live? ___________________ Found only in ___________ environments. Some are pathogens that cause disease Examples include methanogens, halophiles, and Some are beneficial thermophiles FUNGI PROTISTS Cell type_______________________ Cell type_______________________ # of cells _______________________ # of cells _______________________ Cell structure: Cell wall with __________ Cell structure: ____________________ Nutrition : _________________________________ Nutrition : ________________________ Movement ________________________ Movement :______________________ Reproduction: _____________________ Reproduction: _____________________ Role: _____________________________ Found manly in _________ environments Examples include mushrooms, molds, ringworm, Examples include amoebas, Paramecium, yeast, athlete’s foot, Penicillium Euglena, algae, and slime molds PLANTS ANIMALS Cell type_______________________ Cell type_________________________ # of cells _______________________ # of cells _________________________ Cell structure: Cell wall with _____________ Cell structure: _____________________ Nutrition : ____________________________ Nutrition : ____________________________ Movement __________________________ Movement __________________________ Reproduction: ______________________ Reproduction: _____________________ Some use male and female sex cells called Role _________________________________ _______________________________________ gametes in special organs Flowers _______________________________________ Cones Examples include mosses, ferns, flowering __ _________________ plants, trees, and cactus Page 5 Examples include mosses, CLASSIFICATION – CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SIX KINGDOMS DIRECTIONS: 1. Each text box contains a list of characteristics for organisms found within the same kingdom. 2. Read the information listed in each text box and identify the appropriate kingdom for organisms with those characteristics. 3. Additionally, explain how you selected the kingdom from the characteristics listed. (A) * Does not have a nucleus * Unicellular * Lives in harsh conditions, such as hot springs or volcanoes KINGDOM: _________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ (B) * Well-defined nucleus * Some are autotrophs, others are heterotrophs * Usually unicellular, some are multicellular or colonial * Move by means of flagella, cilia or pseudopods KINGDOM: _______________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ (C) * Eukaryotic * Cannot make their own food * Multicellular * Important decomposers KINGDOM: ___________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ (D) * Well-defined nucleus * Autotrophs * Multicellular * Cellulose in cell walls KINGDOM: _________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Page 6 (E) * Prokaryotic * Some are autotrophic, others are heterotrophic * Some beneficial, others are pathogens * Cell wall contains peptidoglycan (F) * Well-defined nucleus * Cannot make their own food * Made up of many cells with specialized tissues and organs * Mostly sexual reproduction (G) * Eukaryotic and multicellular * Make their own food * Sessile * Cells contain chloroplasts (H) * DNA not surrounded by a membrane * Some can make their own food and some cannot make their own food. * Some are nitrogen-fixing (I) * Eukaryotic and multicellular * Heterotrophic * Mobile * Vertebrates KINGDOM: _________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ KINGDOM: _______________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ KINGDOM: ___________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ KINGDOM: _________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ KINGDOM: _________________________________ Explain your reason(s) for selecting this kingdom: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Page 7 CLASSIFICATION NOTES: What is the importance of classifying things? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________ is placing things into categories based on similar characteristics _________________________ is the science of classifying organisms ________________________category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive ____________ category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive HOW WILL YOU REMEMBER THE ORDER???? Carolus Linnaeus : 1732, came up with the universal 2 word-naming system called _____________________________ based on the dead language called LATIN. Each organism has a _____________ and _____________________ name. _________________ is written first and is _________________________. Can be underlined or italicized but not both. ________________ is written second and is _______________________. Can be underlined or italicized but not both. Scientific names can tell scientists how closely related organisms are to each other. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a. Family b. Genus The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the _____________. c. Order d. Species a. Spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki b. Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax c. Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Scientific name of lion?__________________________ Of deer? ______________________________________ Of wolf?_______________________________________ Most closely related?_____________________________ What categories do they all have in common? _______________________________________________ DICHOTOMOUS KEY: ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 8 Dichotomous Key on Norns Norns belong to the genus Norno and can be divided into eight species that are generally located in specific regions of the world. Use the dichotomous key to identify the Norns below. Write their complete scientific name (genus + species) in the blank. 1. Has pointed ears .................................... go to 3 Has rounded ears ....................................go to 2 2. Has no tail ............................................. Norno kentuckyus Has tail .................................................. Norno dakotus 3. Ears point upward .................................... go to 5 Ears point downward .................................go to 4 4. Engages in waving behavior ............................. Norno dallus Has hairy tufts on ears .......................................Norno californius 5. Engages in waving behavior ............................. Norn wala-wala Does not engage in waving behavior....................go to 6 6. Has hair on head ............................................. Norno beverlus Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) .......go to 7 7. Has a tail ............................................. Norno yorkio Has no tail, aggressive ...................... Norno rajus A______________________ B_____________________ C____________________ D. ________________________ E. ______________________ F. __________________________ Page 9 Which tree produced each of the leaves shown in this diagram? Write the genus for each tree that produced the leaves shown above. I. __________________________________________ II. _________________________________________ III. ________________________________________ IV. _______________________________________ V. ________________________________________ VI. _______________________________________ VII. ______________________________________ Page 10 Cladograms Background: Cladistics is the study of evolutionary classification. Cladograms show evolutionary relationships among organisms. Comparative morphology investigates characteristics for homology and analogy to determine which organisms share a recent common ancestor. A cladogram will begin by grouping organisms based on a characteristics displayed by ALL the members of the group. Subsequently, the larger group will contain increasingly smaller groups that share the traits of the groups before them. However, they also exhibit distinct changes as the new species evolve. Further, molecular evidence from genes which rarely mutate can provide molecular clocks that tell us how long ago organisms diverged, unlocking the secrets of organisms that may have similar convergent morphology but do not share a recent common ancestor. Questions: 1. Which organisms in the cladogram in the diagram above have fur and mammary glands? 2. Which organisms in the cladogram in figure 1 have jaws? 3. Based on the cladogram in figure 1, which shared a common ancestor most recently – a mouse and a lizard or a mouse and a perch? 4. Which two organisms would you expect to have a closer matching DNA sequence for a gene that is NOT under selective pressure in nature – Hagfish and Pigeon or Hagfish and Salamander? Page 11 Page 12 Cladogram Worksheet 1. Fill in the following table. Mark an ‘X’ if an organism has each trait. 2. Add each of these organisms to the cladogram below: human, snake, monkey, mouse 3. USING COMPLETE SENTENCES, explain why you put each organism where you did on the cladogram. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. On the cladogram above, add traits that make the organisms different from each other. 5. According to your cladogram, which two species are more closely related: humans and snakes or humans and mice? __________________________________How do you know? __________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. According to your diagram, what species are humans most closely related to? ____________________ How do you know? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 13 7. Fill in the following table. Mark an ‘X’ if an organism has each trait. 8. Add each of these organisms to the cladogram below: worm, spider, ant, fly 9. USING COMPLETE SENTENCES, explain why you put each organism where you did on the cladogram. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. On the cladogram above, add traits that make the organisms different from each other. 11. According to your cladogram, which two species are more closely related: worms and spiders or worms and ants? _________________________________How do you know? ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. According to your cladogram, what species are flies most closely related to? _____________________ How do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 14 SELF-QUIZ: 1. What structure is common to all domains of living organisms? A DNA B Nucleus 2. Which of the following levels of classification is the largest, most inclusive group of organisms? A Species B Family 3. C Cell Wall D Flagella C Kingdom D Order All of the following characteristics are used to classify living organisms EXCEPT – A genetic relationships. B habitat and social interaction. C cell structure and function. D mode of reproduction. 4. A table of animal characteristics is provided below: Rodents, such as mice, have a notochord, hair, 3 inner ear bones, and produce milk. They have five toes on each foot. Rodents, therefore, are classified as – A Chordates only, not mammals or cetartiodactyls. B Chordates and cetartiodactyls, but not mammals. C Chordates and mammals, but not cetartiodactyls. D Chordates, mammals, and cetartiodactyls 5. Why is it important to have a common classification system in the worldwide scientific community? It – A allows scientists to classify organisms and assign each living thing a universally accepted name. B makes certain that all future discoveries of organisms will fit into an existing category. C prevents different countries from using their own languages for common names of organisms. D provides a way to ensure that species will no longer change over time. Page 15 6. Two organisms that are classified in the same class are more similar than two organisms that are only in the same – A species. B phylum. C order. D genus. 7. A table showing characteristics of an organism is provided. According to this information, the organism described most likely belongs to Kingdom – A Animalia B Protista C Fungi D Plantae 8. Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with – A composition of the material universe. B classification of living organisms. C function of cellular structures. D organization of all non-living things. 9. A table of information about an organism is provided. To which of the following Kingdoms does the organism most likely belong? A Plantae B Protista C Eubacteria D Archaebacteria 10. An organism has the following characteristics. Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, reproduces sexually and does not carry out photosynthesis. Which of the following classification correctly describes this organism? A Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Animalia B Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Fungi C Domain Bacteria – Kingdom Eubacteria D Domain Archaea – Kingdom Archaebacteria Page 16