Collab
Final Exam Review Powerpoint
Please use these with the idea that they are student generated and
may be missing some information. Use they and ask yourself the
following question, “Is all the information that I need here and
correct?”
1) Leader of Young Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini was the leader.
• Was a speaker for the movement for Italian unity (Risorgimento)
• In 1831 he founded a secret society called Young Italy. It was going
to transform Italy into an independent nation.
• He felt that a nation-state was very important.
2) Reasons for end of Bismarck’s
reign in Prussia
• He had strict rule that prevented the development of a
parliamentary democracy.
• Tried to destroy the socialist party but it was too popular.
3) Definitions of Nationalism
• Pride in ones own nation, a desire for independence.
• A more aggressive form of nationalism was when
countries wanted to expand and used force because
they thought there country was superior.
4) Garibaldi
•
•
•
•
Giuseppe Garibaldi was the leader of the Italian nationalists that were
preparing for revolution in southern Italy.
Was an expert in Guerilla warfare and he took part in Mazzini’s Roman
Republic. When it fell in 1849 he fled to the united states.
When the people of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies were ready to revolt he
returned to Italy.
In a few weeks he gained control of the island. he was later defeated on the
mainland and surrendered everything to Victor Emanuel the II
16. Treaty of Versailles
participants
The countries that participated in the
Treaty of Versailles included:
•The United States
•Great Britain
•France
Allied
Powers
•Italy
Who were deciding what to do with:
•Germany
•Austria-Hungary
•Bulgaria
•Ottoman Empire
Central
Powers
17. Provisions of the Treaty of
Versailles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Military reduced German
army and banned
conscription and
manufacturing of war
weapons
Reduced Germany in size
Forced Germany to return
Alsace-Loraine to France
Allied forces would occupy
the Rhineland together
Germany had to renounce
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Reestablished independent
Poland
Took Germany’s overseas
colonies
18. Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand
was the archduke
of Austria, and
was assassinated
on the way to a
speech.
19.) WWI Timeline of events
20.) Characteristics of the Western
Front
21.) Kellogg-Briand Pact
Between the US and France in 1928 to denounce
war as a means of settling disputes. It was
eventually signed by all nations of the world;
however, it was poorly enforced.
22.Militarism
the belief or desire of a government or people
that a country should maintain a strong
military capability and be prepared to use it
aggressively to defend or promote national
interests.
23.Goal of Serbian Nationalists
• Establish a greater Serbia.
24.Reason of Russia Entering WWI
• Russia became involved in WWI because
Serbia, and ally of Russia, was attacked
and accused of assassination by AustriaHungary.
Reasons for Italy’s Neutrality 25
• Germany invaded Belguim and Italy was
scared
Purpose for WW1 propaganda26
• To make it look like being in the was
honorable so more people would join the
war
No mans land 27
• The land between the opposing west
trenches, France and Germany
Sinking of the Lusitania-31
• The Germans sink
the Lusitania in
1915
Zimmerman Note-32
• From Germany to
Mexico saying if
they join the war
they will return the
land they lost
(Texas, Arizona
etc)
Difference between Marxism and
Russian Communism-33
• Russian
Communism
never got to
Marxism, Soviet
government ran
government and
Marxism was
run by the
people
Wilson’s 14 Points
#34
Wilson’s 14 points was a Peace plan
made by Wilson which guided the
making of the Treaty of Versailles.
G.B and France’s goals for
Germany post WW1 #35
• France and Great Britain wanted
reparations from Germany after WW1 to
help pay for their damages of he war.
Declaration of War that began
WW1 #36
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by
a Serbian nationalist. Serbia would not allow
Austria-Hungary to investigate. Then AustriaHungry delivered an ultimatum which Serbia did
not meet.
#37: Reason Why Britain
Entered WWI
Germany invaded Belgium
#38: Causes of WWI
Militarism and Nationalism
#39: Powder Keg Of Europe
The nationalistic feelings of the people in the Balkan region
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Serbia, Bosnia, etc.)
gave the region the nickname of the "Powder Keg of
Europe."
40
Technological Advances
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poison Gas
Railways
Tanks
Submarines
Small Arms
Flamethrowers
Characteristics of the Eastern Front
The length of the front in the east was much
longer than in the west. While World War I
on the Western Front developed into
trench warfare, the battle lines on the
Eastern Front were much more fluid and
trenches never truly developed.
42
Battles of Verdun and Somme
The Battle of Verdun was one of the critical
battles during World War 1 on the Western
Front. The Battle of the Somme, also
known as the Somme Offensive, fought
from 1 July to 18 November 1916, was
among the largest battles of the World War
1.
43. Reasons for totalitarian rulers
after WW1
• Totalitarianism is a government that has
complete control over every aspect of life.
• This type of government emerged
because of the poor state of the
economies and countries after the WW1.
Italy and Germany are examples of these
countries.
44. Total War
• Total war is all citizens and soldiers
participate in battle. Not necessarily
violence, citizens could participate in a
non-violent way.
• Picture is isn’t from WW1 but is an
example of non violent propaganda used
in total war.
45. Isolationism
• The foreign policy of a country to isolate
itself from other countries.
• A country that practices isolationism
doesn’t have alliances, and has trade
barriers from other countries.
• China practiced isolationism
46. Causes of WWII
Fascism- Aggressive nationalism
Treaty of Versailles- Japan was mad because they weren’t
treated like equals, and Germany was completely screwed
because she lost all her colonies and had to pay reparations.
Appeasement- They gave Hitler a little bit of land to make
him happy and avoid war, however Hitler is a greedy bastard
and wanted more land so he took more, by force.
47. Characteristics of Fascism
• State over citizen
• A form of aggressive nationalism
48. Militarism in Japan
• The military controlled the government of
Japan.
52. Types of Governments in
1920s in Germany, Italy, Japan,
USSR.
Germany = Totalitarian
Italy = Totalitarian
Japan = Military
Russia = Communist
53. Beginning of Great Depression
• When there were no jobs and everyone
was broke.
54. Soviet Communism under
Lenin
• When Lenin took control of Russia and
turned it into communist and renamed
Russia to USSR.
#55. Communist leaders
Communism- a socioeconomic structure and
political ideology that promotes the establishment
of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based
on common ownership and control of the means of
production and property in general is a
socioeconomic structure and political ideology
that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian,
classless, stateless society based on common
ownership and control of the means of production
and property in general
#56. Hitler's early life
• rose to power in Germany during the 1920s and early 1930s at a
time of social, political, and economic upheaval. Failing to take
power by force in 1923, he eventually won power by democratic
means. Once in power, he eliminated all opposition and
launched an ambitious program of world domination and
elimination of the Jews, paralleling ideas he advanced in his
book, Mein Kamp. His "1,000 Year Reich" barely lasted 12 years
and he died a broken and defeated man.
#57. global depression
• The global economic situation looks increasingly bad as we
face a certain global depression primarily due to the insane
monetary policies of the central bankers. The Federal Reserve
is now attempting to bail out failing financial institutions by
creating more money out of thin air. Some of the big banks are
reporting losses greater than the assets they have on the
books.
58) Reason Stalin gained
control of Russia
After Lenin s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin quickly gained control of
the Communist party and the oppressive reforms started by Lenin
were continued and at length became completely totalitarian. Stalin
was able to attain control as a result of a multitude of reasons. He
was not, however, Lenin s choice for a successor. Lenin believed
that Trotsky was the best suitable to take the Communist party to the
next level. Trotsky was not all that popular among party members
though and Stalin was in a position as Gen Sek, or General
Secretary, to place his people in powerful positions throughout the
party. Also, Stalin worked extremely hard at achieving power
whereas Trotsky was rather lazy. Because of these reasons along
with Stalin s zero tolerance attitude towards everyone, he was able
to seize control.
59) Stalin's Reforms
•
Stalin put into effect two self proclaimed "five-year plans" over the course of his rule.
Both were very similar in that they were intended to improve production in the nation.
The first of these plans began collectivization, in which harvests and industrial
products were seized by the government and distributed as needed. The government
eliminated most private businesses and the state became the leader in commerce.
Stalin also initiated a process called "Russification". Through this program, he ruled
the minority nations of the USSR such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan more strictly.
This policy of expansion also helped Stalin seize a large portion of Poland, and it was
done under the guise that it was to "enrich the nation." Stalin established a secret
police force which was unyielding and went about it's business with an iron fist,
bringing down dissenters, revolutionaries, and those that cheated in collectivization.
Much of Stalin's effectiveness can probably be contributed to this police force;
because of their keenness in apprehending "criminals," Stalin went generally
unopposed and he could carry out his policies which no one liked, but everyone
endured. Anti-Semitism was abundant and encouraged at this time. Stalin's entrance
into WWII left the Soviet Union, although victorious, in shambles. These factors all led
to Stalin becoming an unpopular leader over his powerless people.
60) Weimar Republic
•
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary
republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of
government, named after Weimar, the place where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was still Deutsches Reich (German Empire),
however. Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German
Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in the
city of Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, to
be adopted on 11 August. The attempt to establish a liberal democracy in
Germany eventually failed 14 years later with the ascent of Adolf Hitler and the
Nazi Party in 1933. Although the 1919 Weimar constitution was never officially
repealed, the legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and
March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("forcible coordination")
destroyed the mechanisms of democracy. Therefore, 1933 is usually seen as
the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's "Third Reich".
#61 League of Nations
• The League of Nations is a organizations
founded as a result of the Treaty Of
Versailles.
1919-1920
#62 Sudetenland
• The Sudetenland encompasses an area of 27,000 sq. kilometers
(10,400 sq. miles) in Bohemia, Moravia and Sudeten Silesia (the
latter, being part of Silesia which in 1763, after the Seven Years War
between Maria Theresia of Austria and Frederick the Great of
Prussia, had remained part of Austria.)
#63 Rhineland
• The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the
land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. After
the collapse of the French Empire in the early 19th century, the
German-speaking regions at the middle and lower course of the
Rhine were annexed to the kingdom of Prussia.
70. Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Roosevelt provided Lend-Lease aid to Winston Churchill
and the British war effort before the United States' entry
into World War II in December 1941. Franklin Delano
Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often
referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of
the United States.
71. Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30
November 1874 - January 1965) was a British politician
known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom
during World War II.
72. Stalin
•
Josef Stalin (born – 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the General
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee
from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in
1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin launched a
command economy,replacing the New Economic Policy of the 1920s with
Five-Year Plans and launching a period of rapid industrialization and
economic collectivization.
73.Truman
As President, Truman made some of the most
crucial decisions in history. Soon after V-E Day,
the war against Japan had reached its final
stage. An urgent plea to Japan to surrender was
rejected. Truman, after consultations with his
advisers, ordered atomic bombs dropped on
cities devoted to war work. Two were Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. Japanese surrender quickly
followed.
1945-1953
74.Mussolini
• an Italian politician who led the
National Fascist Party and is credited
with being one of the key figures in the
creation of Fascism.
75.Auschwitz
• Auschwitz-Birkenau became the killing centre where the
largest numbers of European Jews were killed during the
Holocaust. After an experimental gassing there in
September 1941 of 850 malnourished and ill prisoners,
mass murder became a daily routine. By mid 1942, mass
gassing of Jews using Zyklon-B began at Auschwitz,
where extermination was conducted on an industrial
scale with some estimates running as high as three
million persons eventually killed through gassing,
starvation, disease, shooting, and burning ...
Eisenhower
• #76
• Began as an allied
commander.
• Started Vietnam War
• 34th President
Hiroshima
• #77
• It is known throughout
the world as the first
city in history
subjected to nuclear
warfare when it was
bombed by the United
States of America on
August 6, 1945 during
World War II.
Advantages of Blitzkrieg
• #78
• force concentrating
on its attack on a
small section of the
enemy front then,
once the latter is
pierced, proceeding
without regard to its
flank.
• Lightning War
Event that started World War Two
• #79
• Treaty of Versailles,
bad for Germany.
Island Hopping
• #80
• This strategy was
possible in part because
the Allies used submarine
and air attacks to
blockade and isolate
Japanese bases,
weakening their garrisons
and reducing the
Japanese ability to
resupply and reinforce.
Scorched-earth policy
• #81
• A scorched earth policy
is a military strategy or
operational method which
involves destroying
anything that might be
useful to the enemy while
advancing through or
withdrawing from an area.
Manhattan Project
#82
The Manhattan
Project was the
codename for a
project conducted
during World War II,
primarily by the
United States, to
develop the first
atomic bomb.
Hitler’s plans for the Jews
#83
Hitler’s plan was
to exterminate
as many Jews,
if not all,
possible. He
thought they
were not
German and
just a waste of
food.
Reasons for Hitler’s decision to
invade the USSR
#84
Hitler wanted to get
the wheat and
fuel from the
area near the
border of Poland
and Russia.
Russia was also
a threat to
Germany.
#85 Weakness of the League of
Nations
• The League of Nations wasn’t stopping
other countries from invading other ones
(ex. Germany)
• They weren’t able to enforce their policies
#86 Reason for US Entering WWII
• Japan bombed the US fleet at Pearl
Harbor
#87 Last German Offensive
• Battle of the Bulge
• The Allies went from England to France
and then from there they attacked
Germany from behind while the Germans
were fighting the Soviets
D-Day
• #88
• Attack on June 6, on Northern France
“Final solution”
• #89
• Nazi code word for destruction of all Jews
Major challenge of Post WWII
• #90
• Pissed off Stalin
• Both had nuclear
capabilities
Major Challenge of Post WWII
• #90
• To rebuild
countries and
their economies
Reasons for Cold War
• #91
• Two super
powers building
up on weapons
because they are
afraid one will
attack.
Reasons for “Cold War” vs “Hot War”
• #92
• Since nuclear
weapons were
involved they
knew if one side
attcked the result
would be total
war
Differences in Cold War ideologies
and economics
• #93
• America believes
in going into debt
while soviet
believes they can
just spend until
they out-spend
America
Reason for UN security councils
reference as a “debating society”
• #97
•
The United Nations Security
Council (UNSC) is one of the
principal organs of the United
Nations and is charged with the
maintenance of international
peace and security. Its powers,
outlined in the United Nations
Charter, include the establishment
of peacekeeping operations, the
establishment of international
sanctions, and the authorization of
military action. Its powers are
exercised through United Nations
Security Council Resolutions.
USSR influence on eastern Europe
• #98
• Because of the
spread of communism
• Some countries were
satellites such as
Poland
Marshall Plan
• #99
• The Marshall Plan (from
its enactment, officially
the European Recovery
Program, ERP) was the
primary plan of the United
States for rebuilding and
creating a stronger
foundation for the
countries of Western
Europe, and repelling
communism after World
War II
105. Containment
• Containment
was the policy
of keeping
communism in
one spot.
106.) Truman Doctrine
Allowed the US to international responsibilities as
the leader the Western world. Because of this,
Greece was able to win against communist
forces and block it from the eastern
Mediterranean
107.Purpose of “de-Stalinization”
by Khrushchev
• De-Stalinization spelled an end to the role
of large-scale forced labor in the economy.
•
Events that increased tension
between USSR and US during the
cold war 108
• US making the atom bomb, USSR making
the atom bomb
• US and USSR making h-bomb
• Berlin Blockade
Purpose of SALT treaties-110
• United States and
the Soviet Union
negotiated the first
agreements to
place limits and
restraints on some
of their central and
most important
armaments.
Reason Cuba was a focal point in
the cold war. #111
• Because Russia put missiles in Cuba
because it is close to America so it could
hit any major U.S city it wants.
#112: Resolution To The Missile
Crisis
United States said they would take their missiles out of
Turkey if Soviets said they would take theirs out of Cuba.
Josip Tito
113
He was Secretary-General (later President)
of the Communist Party (League of
Communists) of Yugoslavia (1939–80),
and went on to lead the WWII Yugoslav
resistance movement, the Yugoslav
Partisans (1941–45).
114. Red Guard and Little Red
Book
• Red Guard is a group of civilians, and
teachers in China that were mobilized by
Mao to support his views.
• They carried the Little Red Book which is a
compilation of Mao’s past speeches and
beliefes.
115. Reasons for Tiananmen
Square Massacre
• There was a protest in Tiananmen Square
so the government, not allowing the right
of protest or of free speech because they
were commies, massacred them.
117. History of Korean Peninsula
• Divided into 38th parallel. North was
communist and south was capitalism.
#118. division of Korea
• The 38th parallel was first suggested as a dividing line for
Korea in 1902[citation needed]. Russia was attempting to pull
Korea under its control, while Japan had just secured
recognition of its rights in Korea from the British. In an attempt
to prevent any conflict, Japan proposed to Russia that the two
sides split Korea into separate spheres of influence along the
38th parallel. However, no formal agreement was ever reached,
and Japan later took full control of Korea.
119) Domino Theory
•
The domino theory was a foreign policy theory during the 1950s to 1980s,
promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated
that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then
the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.
#120 The purpose of Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
• The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
(officially, the Southeast Asia
Resolution, Public Law 88-408)
was a joint resolution of the
United States Congress passed
on August 7, 1964 in response
to two alleged minor naval
skirmishes off the coast of
North Vietnam between U.S.
destroyers and Vietnamese
torpedo ships from the North
123. US decision to end Cuban
Missile Crisis
•
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States,
the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. In
Russia, it is termed the "Caribbean Crisis" while in Cuba it is called the
"October Crisis." The Cuban and Soviet governments decided in
September 1962 to place nuclear missiles on Cuba in order to protect it
from United States harassment. When United States intelligence discovered
the weapons its government decided to do all they could to ensure the
removal of them. The United States also considered covert action again and
had inserted CIA paramilitary officers from their Special Activities Division.
Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented to Kennedy a pre-invasion
bombing plan in September, while spy flights and minor military harassment
from the United States Guantanamo Naval Base were the subject of
continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the U.S. government.
124.Reason for division of
Germany after WW2
• As a consequence of Germany's defeat in
World War II and the onset of the Cold
War, the country was split between the two
global blocs in the East and West.
Germany would not be reunited until 1990
Reason for US participation in
Vietnam and Korean Wars
• #125
• To prevent
communism from
spreading
• Domino effect
Characteristics of Japan after
World War Two
• #126
• Had only a defense
military and the US
was taking over
• Made electronics
Leader of communist China until
1976
#127
The leader of China in
this time period was
Mao Zedong. He
created multiple
economic plans to
help China like the
First Five Year Plan,
The Great Leap
Forward, and The
Cultural Revolution.
#128 Great Leap Forward
• A Chinese ambitious economic plan
• Cooperatives merged into larger
government-controlled communes
• Citizens had to work ranging from farming
to iron making
Deng Xiaping’s changes in
China
#129
4 modernizations: allows some
capitalism, changed agriculture,
industrial, scientific, and defense.
History of Vietnam
• In 1954 they were
a colony of france
but then became
independent
• #130
Event that started Korean War
• #132
• The period immediately
before the war was
marked by escalating
border conflicts at the
38th Parallel and
attempts to negotiate
elections for the entirety
of Korea
• North Korea invading
South Korea
Perestroika
• #133
• the political and economic
reforms introduced in
June 1987[1] by the
Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev. Its literal
meaning is
"restructuring", referring
to the restructuring of the
Soviet economy.