Material Science
Quiz Review
Vocabulary
• Alloy: Substance that has metalllic properties and
is made from two or more metal components
• Aluminum: Lighweight, strong element that
replaced fabric and wood in airplanes
• Annealing: Process of heating and slowly cooling
to increase ductility
• Ceramic: Good thermal insulator, poor electrical
conductor, formed by heat to cause vitrification
• Cold Working:Strengthening a metal by plastic
deformation at a temperature too low for
atoms to rearrange, creating dislocations
• Component: An element or alloy with the
same chemical and physical characteristics
• Composite: Material composed of two or
more distinct materials
• Dislocation: Defect in a crystal where the
lattice is distorted (atoms misaligned)
• Elastic Deformation: Stretching or
compression of a material where the material
returns to its original shape after removal of
load
• Eutectic: Alloy composition with the lowest
melting point
• Grog & Grogette: First material scientists
• Liquidus Line: The liquid phase is located at
temperatures above this line
• Material Science: The study of stuff
• Melting Point: The temperature at which an
element transitions from solid to liquid phase
• Metal: Opaque, lustrous, dense, malleable,
good conductors of heat and electricity
• Nitinol: Memory shape alloy used in stents
• Phase: A volume of material where the
properties are uniform
• Phase Diagram: Diagram that shows phases of an
alloy
• Plastic Deformation: Stretching or compression
of a material where the material will not return
to its original shape after removal of load
• Polymer: Organic compounds composed of
monomers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Quenching: Rapid cooling of a heated material
by emersion in a liquid/salt, strengthening the
material
• Slush Zone: A loose term that identifies a
phase composed of both liquid and solid
• Solder: Tin and lead alloy
• Solidus Line: The solid phase is located at
temperatures below this line
• Solubility Limit: Maximum percentage of
solute that will dissolve completely into a
solvent.
• Vacancy:A missing atom in a crystal lattice
Metals History
• First Era: Using things as found or with slight
adaptation. Gold, silver copper. Hammered to
shape. Jewelery
• Second Era: Changing things with heat or
chemicals. Bronze, iron. Plows, swords.
• Third Era: Understanding, making new
materials. Alchemists’ effort to convert base
metals to gold leads to an understanding of
metallurgy.
% Composition Calculations
• 60-40 lead-tin means 60% lead and 40% tin by
weight.
• 2 kg of lead makes 2 kg/.60, or 3.3 kg of leadtin alloy
• 440 g of alloy contains 440 g x .40, or 176 g of
tin
Draw and label a phase diagram below
from the following descriptions
•
•
•
•
•
a) The α element is copper
b) The α element melting point is 1085°C
c) The β element is nickel
d) The β element melting point is 1455°C
e) Label the solidus line running linearly (straight
line) between the two melting points
• f) Label the liquidus line running through the
following points:
(25% Ni, 1225°C),
(50% Ni, 1300°C), (75% Ni, 1375°C)
• g) Label the phases of solid, slush, and liquid
1500°C
1400°C
T
e
m
1300°C
p
e (°C)
r
a
t
1200°C
u
r
e
1100°C
1000°C
0
10
20
30
50
40
% Weight
60
70
80
90
100