MEMORY
&
COGNITION
Let’s See What
You Can
REMEMBER…
All
mental activities
involved in thinking,
remembering, knowing,
and communicating is
called…
COGNITION
A mental grouping of
similar objects, people, etc
concepts

Your
mental image or best
example of something that
represents all of the features
that we associate in that
category is known as a…
prototype
If
you are able to produce
novel & valuable ideas then
people would say you
possess what skill?
Creativity
You
are searching for oatmeal
in trader joe’s so you go up
and down every single aisle, a
procedure that guarantees
you will find it. What did you
employ?
Algorithm
If
you used a short cut (like
looked in the breakfast
aisle) to help you solve this
problem, you used what
thinking strategy?
Heuristic
You
see images of terrorism
often in the media and think
acts of terrorism are on the rise
(even though they are
actually on the decline). What
thinking strategy?
Availability Heuristic (we pay
attention to all the drama
available)
You
enter the AP exam having
not studied because you think
you know EVERYTHING
already. What has influenced
your decision?
Overconfidence
You
cling to the idea that
Obama was born in Kenya
even though there is plenty
of evidence that proves
you wrong. What
phenomenon?
Belief perseverance
You
are more likely to think
the man on the left is a
college professor over the
man on the right. Why?
Representativeness heuristic
(related to prototypes)
You
feel very strongly about
gun rights but only search for
information that supports your
argument and ignore any
information that contradicts it.
What phenomenon are you
experiencing?
Confirmation bias
The
way that you pose an issue
can greatly affect decisions &
judgments. If you have this skill,
you are likely to be able to get
lots of people to do what you
want. (Politicians are brilliant at
doing this and those who don’t
use their brains are vulnerable)
Framing
You
are stranded in the desert
b/c your car broke down. You
are SO thirsty, have bottles of
IBC root beer in your car but no
bottle opener. You don’t think to
use your car keys to open the
bottles. You are suffering from…
Functional Fixedness (think
MacGuyver)
We
usually want to use one
way to solve a problem
because it has been
successful in the past. For
example, when I went to
England, I always pulled doors
instead of pushing.
Mental Set
Solving
a problem where there is
one right answer is called
thinking
When there are several right
answers it is called
thinking
Convergent
Divergent
List
the 3 steps of memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
You
remember your first kiss
because it was emotionally
significant. What type of
memory is that?
Flashbulb Memory
You
repeat the first 10
presidents over and over
and over. What memory
strategy?
Rehearsal
You
should space your
studying over time and
never cram. What strategy?
Spacing Effect
Whose
research on memory
found that spacing out
learning and rehearsal helped
in retaining new information
and also is associated with the
forgetting curve?
Herman Ebbinghaus
When
trying to remember a list
of items, what are you most
likely to remember?
First (primacy) & last (recency)
This is associated with what
larger idea?
Serial Position Effect
You
are much more likely to
remember something if you
make it meaningful to you.
What is this called?
Semantic encoding
When
you organize
information into
manageable units, it is
called… (think phone #s)
Chunking
Memory
aids such as ROY
G BIV are called…
Mnemonic devices
You
need to remember a
grocery list but forgot your
phone. You take your items
and in your mind place them
around your house. What
memory technique?
Method of Loci
All
knowledge &
experiences (explicit
memory) are processed in
what part of your brain?
Hippocampus
Implicit
memories (you
walk, ride a bike, playing an
instrument) is processed in
what part of your brain?
Cerebellum
When
we play the bell
game, you must retrieve
information from your
memory. This is called…
Recall
The FRQ
The
multiple choice part of
your AP exam is asking you
to distinguish the correct
answer among 4 others,
called…
Recognition
When
you're upset about
something and start crying, you
think about a bunch of other
events that have made you sad
and you cry more.
When you have a great evening
with your boyfriend/girlfriend, you
remember all of the great
memories you have had with that
person, and ignore the bad
memories
Mood-congruent
Whose
research on
eyewitness testimony has
shown us that it is extremely
unreliable.
Elizabeth Loftus
 After
witnessing a car crash on the
freeway, Sam tells friends many details
about what she saw. But it turns out that
there is no way she could have actually
seen some of the details he described
and that she is just reporting details he
heard on TV about the accident. She
isn’t deliberately lying. She just may not
be able to remember where all the
different pieces of information came
from. What is this called?
 Source Amnesia
 We
watched Brain Games and
most people on the jury swore the
woman involved in the robbery
wore a red coat because one
person mentioned it. They
incorporated this incorrect piece of
info into their memory. What is this
called?
 Misinformation Effect
When
you are learning new
information about WWII that
blocks the old information about
WWI, what are you
experiencing?
Retroactive Interference
Proactive is when old info blocks
new info